岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带不同植被类型土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的研究
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摘要
在岷江上游山地森林／干旱河谷交错带选择幼林、阔叶混交林、灌木林、针阔混交林、次生林等5个植被类型为研究对象,系统研究了不同植被类型土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的变异情况和变化规律,讨论了不同植被类型对土壤土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响,为认识和评价岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带植被恢复调节机制、恢复效果及充实交错带生态演化过程理论提供研究资料。主要研究结果如下：
1岷江上游山地森林／干旱河谷交错带不同植被类型土壤微生物数量的差异很大。三大类土壤微生物的数量关系为细菌>放线菌>真菌,生理类群微生物的数量关系为氨化细菌>固氮菌>纤维素分解菌。真菌数量以针阔混交林最多,细菌、放线菌数量以灌木林最多。真菌、细菌、放线菌、氨化菌、固氮菌的数量随海拔的升高先增多后减少,纤维素分解菌的数量随海拔的升高而增多。土壤微生物数量随季节不同有明显变化,除灌木林真菌数量上升到夏季后逐渐降低外,其他植被真菌数量均表现为秋季最高,春夏冬三季较低；细菌为夏季最高,春秋冬三季较低；放线菌除幼林外,均表现为夏季最高,随后逐渐降低,冬季最低。
2脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性灌木林最高,蔗糖酶活性针阔混交林最高,蛋白酶活性次生林最高。不同植被类型土壤酶活性随季节变化明显且因林分而异。脲酶、蔗糖酶活性在夏季较高,过氧化氢酶活性随季节变化规律不一致,土壤蛋白酶活性则从春季先降低到夏季后开始逐渐回升。
3交错带不同植被类型土壤pH值随海拔高度的增加而降低,在低海拔幼林地最高。土壤容重在0.96-1.39 g.cm-3之间,土壤容重阔叶混交林最大,灌木林最小,随土层加深土壤容重增大。土壤孔隙状况灌木林最好,阔叶混交林最差,土壤孔隙度是表层优于亚表层。随着海拔高度的增加,土壤养分的含量明显增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、速效氮和速效磷的含量以次生林土壤最高；全磷含量以灌木林土壤最高；全钾、速效钾的含量以阔叶混交林土壤最高；幼林地由于植被恢复时间短,土壤养分含量均处于最低水平。
4在交错带各植被类型中,土壤养分、微生物数量与酶活性在土壤剖面上具有显著的垂直分布特征。土壤养分含量均随着土层的加深而减少,各类微生物的数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,各种酶活性亦随着土层深度的增加而呈现减弱趋势,说明土壤养分、土壤微生物与土壤酶活性这三者之间存在着显著的相关关系。
5通过对土壤微生物量、土壤酶与土壤养分的相关性分析表明,本研究区域土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性均与土壤pH呈负相关,除蛋白酶与容重呈正相关以外均与容重呈负相关,与土壤养分均呈正相关。由此可见土壤微生物数量与土壤理化性质之间存在密切的相关关系,土壤微生物和土壤酶活性在交错带中随海拔的下降而减少与土壤养分的丧失有直接的关系,土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。说明土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性可以反映干旱河谷植被恢复的程度。
在岷江上游山地森林／干旱河谷交错带随着海拔的升高,水分条件逐步变好,土壤肥力、土壤微生物及土壤酶活性逐渐改善。这为干旱河谷区的植被恢复从上至下逐渐推进,提高植被恢复成效提供了理论依据。交错带内,由于灌木林多为带刺植物,减少了动物的干扰,恢复效果优于其它植被类型,表明在山地森林/干旱河谷交错带植被恢复中,进行封禁管理是确保植被恢复效果的重要措施之一。
This dissertation studied on five resume modes of degraded ecosystem in the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone of the upper reach of Minjiang River, they are young forest, broad-leaved mixed forest, shrub, theropencedrymion and secondary forest, Systematically studied the variations and changes in laws of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity under different vegetation, discussed the restoration of vegetation effect on soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity, for understanding and evaluation of the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone of the upper reach of Minjiang River vegetation restoration of the adjustment mechanism, and enrich Ecotone ecological theory of evolution. The results show:
1. The number of soil microorganisms in the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone of the upper reach of Minjiang River is very prominence. The relation with the quantity between hetero rophic microorganisms is that:bacterial>actinomyceto>fungi, the relation with the quantity between physiological groups of microorganisms is that:ammonifiers> azotobacteria>cellulose decomposing bacteria. The most number of fungi is in theropence-drymion, shrub have the most number of bacterial and actinomyceto. With the increase of the elevation, the numbers of fungi, bacteria, actinomyceto, ammonifiers and azotobacteria after the first increase is reducing, while the numbers of Cellulose-decomposing bacteria increases gradually. The number of soil microbial significant change with the seasons, except the number of fungi in shrub after the first increased is gradually decreased after the summer, other vegetation the number of fungi were highest in autumn, The other three quarters is lower; bacterial was highest in summer; except young forest, actinomy- ceto showed the highest in summer, then gradually decreased, the lowest in winter in other vegetation.
2. Both the activity of urease and catalase is highest in the shrub sites, the activity of invertase is hightest in the theropencedrymion sites, the activity of protease is hightest in the secondary forest sites. The soil activity of enzyme represents the significantly seasonal dynamics, urease and invertase are higher in autumn, catalase inconsistent with the seasonal variation, and protease decreased from spring to summer, and then increased gradually.
3. The pH is greatest in lower altitude (young forest) and with the increase in altitude to reduce, besides young forest the value of its upper (0-10cm) is small than the lower (10-20cm). The soil bulk density under different vegetation types is around 0.96～1.39 g.cm-3 in the study area, soil bulk density in broad-leaved mixed forest is the largest, shrub is the smallest and with soil depth the soil bulk increased. The soil porosity in shrub is the best, broad-leaved mixed worst, and surface layer is better than the lower. With the increase in altitude and vegetation restoration, the content of soil nutrient have a marked increase in the study area, secondary forest have the highest content of organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus; shrub have the highest content of total phosphorus; broad-leaved mixed forest have the highest contest of total potassium and available potassium; young forest vegetation recovery time is short, soil nutrient content is at the lowest level.
4. Among the five types of restoration mode of vegetation in mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone, the content of soil nutrients, the amount of microorganism and the activity of enzyme have evident gradient. They decrease rapidly with increasing soil depth. Among they have a significant correlation
5. The correlation analysis among the amount of microorganism, the activity of enzyme and the content of soil nutrients shows, the minus correlation between the pH and the amount of microorganism、the activity of enzyme. The activity of protease and soil bulk density has positive correlation, the amount of microorganism、the other activity of enzyme and soil bulk density has minus correlation. Otherwise, the amount of microor-ganism、the activity of enzyme were positively correlated with soil nutrients. Thus it can be seen that between the amount of microorganism、the activity of enzyme and soil nutrients has close relationship. Soil microorganisms and the activities of enzyme decreased with altitude are directly related to soil nutrient loss. The amount of microorganism、the activity of enzyme can be used as indicators of soil fertility, and could reflect the extent of vegeta-tion restoration in dry valley.
Vegetation recovery with the return of a lot of litter and vegetation on wind erosion and dust interception effect, soil fertility and soil biological activity gradually improved. It provides a theoretical basis on dry valley area to promote vegetation gradually from top to bottom, to improve the effectiveness of vegetation. In the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone, shrub has most barbed shrub plants, reducing the interference of the animal, so the recovery is better than other vegetation types. Show that in the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone vegetation restoration process, make the block management is the important measures in vegetation restoration
1岷江上游山地森林／干旱河谷交错带不同植被类型土壤微生物数量的差异很大。三大类土壤微生物的数量关系为细菌>放线菌>真菌,生理类群微生物的数量关系为氨化细菌>固氮菌>纤维素分解菌。真菌数量以针阔混交林最多,细菌、放线菌数量以灌木林最多。真菌、细菌、放线菌、氨化菌、固氮菌的数量随海拔的升高先增多后减少,纤维素分解菌的数量随海拔的升高而增多。土壤微生物数量随季节不同有明显变化,除灌木林真菌数量上升到夏季后逐渐降低外,其他植被真菌数量均表现为秋季最高,春夏冬三季较低；细菌为夏季最高,春秋冬三季较低；放线菌除幼林外,均表现为夏季最高,随后逐渐降低,冬季最低。
2脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性灌木林最高,蔗糖酶活性针阔混交林最高,蛋白酶活性次生林最高。不同植被类型土壤酶活性随季节变化明显且因林分而异。脲酶、蔗糖酶活性在夏季较高,过氧化氢酶活性随季节变化规律不一致,土壤蛋白酶活性则从春季先降低到夏季后开始逐渐回升。
3交错带不同植被类型土壤pH值随海拔高度的增加而降低,在低海拔幼林地最高。土壤容重在0.96-1.39 g.cm-3之间,土壤容重阔叶混交林最大,灌木林最小,随土层加深土壤容重增大。土壤孔隙状况灌木林最好,阔叶混交林最差,土壤孔隙度是表层优于亚表层。随着海拔高度的增加,土壤养分的含量明显增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、速效氮和速效磷的含量以次生林土壤最高；全磷含量以灌木林土壤最高；全钾、速效钾的含量以阔叶混交林土壤最高；幼林地由于植被恢复时间短,土壤养分含量均处于最低水平。
4在交错带各植被类型中,土壤养分、微生物数量与酶活性在土壤剖面上具有显著的垂直分布特征。土壤养分含量均随着土层的加深而减少,各类微生物的数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,各种酶活性亦随着土层深度的增加而呈现减弱趋势,说明土壤养分、土壤微生物与土壤酶活性这三者之间存在着显著的相关关系。
5通过对土壤微生物量、土壤酶与土壤养分的相关性分析表明,本研究区域土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性均与土壤pH呈负相关,除蛋白酶与容重呈正相关以外均与容重呈负相关,与土壤养分均呈正相关。由此可见土壤微生物数量与土壤理化性质之间存在密切的相关关系,土壤微生物和土壤酶活性在交错带中随海拔的下降而减少与土壤养分的丧失有直接的关系,土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。说明土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性可以反映干旱河谷植被恢复的程度。
在岷江上游山地森林／干旱河谷交错带随着海拔的升高,水分条件逐步变好,土壤肥力、土壤微生物及土壤酶活性逐渐改善。这为干旱河谷区的植被恢复从上至下逐渐推进,提高植被恢复成效提供了理论依据。交错带内,由于灌木林多为带刺植物,减少了动物的干扰,恢复效果优于其它植被类型,表明在山地森林/干旱河谷交错带植被恢复中,进行封禁管理是确保植被恢复效果的重要措施之一。
This dissertation studied on five resume modes of degraded ecosystem in the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone of the upper reach of Minjiang River, they are young forest, broad-leaved mixed forest, shrub, theropencedrymion and secondary forest, Systematically studied the variations and changes in laws of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity under different vegetation, discussed the restoration of vegetation effect on soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity, for understanding and evaluation of the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone of the upper reach of Minjiang River vegetation restoration of the adjustment mechanism, and enrich Ecotone ecological theory of evolution. The results show:
1. The number of soil microorganisms in the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone of the upper reach of Minjiang River is very prominence. The relation with the quantity between hetero rophic microorganisms is that:bacterial>actinomyceto>fungi, the relation with the quantity between physiological groups of microorganisms is that:ammonifiers> azotobacteria>cellulose decomposing bacteria. The most number of fungi is in theropence-drymion, shrub have the most number of bacterial and actinomyceto. With the increase of the elevation, the numbers of fungi, bacteria, actinomyceto, ammonifiers and azotobacteria after the first increase is reducing, while the numbers of Cellulose-decomposing bacteria increases gradually. The number of soil microbial significant change with the seasons, except the number of fungi in shrub after the first increased is gradually decreased after the summer, other vegetation the number of fungi were highest in autumn, The other three quarters is lower; bacterial was highest in summer; except young forest, actinomy- ceto showed the highest in summer, then gradually decreased, the lowest in winter in other vegetation.
2. Both the activity of urease and catalase is highest in the shrub sites, the activity of invertase is hightest in the theropencedrymion sites, the activity of protease is hightest in the secondary forest sites. The soil activity of enzyme represents the significantly seasonal dynamics, urease and invertase are higher in autumn, catalase inconsistent with the seasonal variation, and protease decreased from spring to summer, and then increased gradually.
3. The pH is greatest in lower altitude (young forest) and with the increase in altitude to reduce, besides young forest the value of its upper (0-10cm) is small than the lower (10-20cm). The soil bulk density under different vegetation types is around 0.96～1.39 g.cm-3 in the study area, soil bulk density in broad-leaved mixed forest is the largest, shrub is the smallest and with soil depth the soil bulk increased. The soil porosity in shrub is the best, broad-leaved mixed worst, and surface layer is better than the lower. With the increase in altitude and vegetation restoration, the content of soil nutrient have a marked increase in the study area, secondary forest have the highest content of organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus; shrub have the highest content of total phosphorus; broad-leaved mixed forest have the highest contest of total potassium and available potassium; young forest vegetation recovery time is short, soil nutrient content is at the lowest level.
4. Among the five types of restoration mode of vegetation in mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone, the content of soil nutrients, the amount of microorganism and the activity of enzyme have evident gradient. They decrease rapidly with increasing soil depth. Among they have a significant correlation
5. The correlation analysis among the amount of microorganism, the activity of enzyme and the content of soil nutrients shows, the minus correlation between the pH and the amount of microorganism、the activity of enzyme. The activity of protease and soil bulk density has positive correlation, the amount of microorganism、the other activity of enzyme and soil bulk density has minus correlation. Otherwise, the amount of microor-ganism、the activity of enzyme were positively correlated with soil nutrients. Thus it can be seen that between the amount of microorganism、the activity of enzyme and soil nutrients has close relationship. Soil microorganisms and the activities of enzyme decreased with altitude are directly related to soil nutrient loss. The amount of microorganism、the activity of enzyme can be used as indicators of soil fertility, and could reflect the extent of vegeta-tion restoration in dry valley.
Vegetation recovery with the return of a lot of litter and vegetation on wind erosion and dust interception effect, soil fertility and soil biological activity gradually improved. It provides a theoretical basis on dry valley area to promote vegetation gradually from top to bottom, to improve the effectiveness of vegetation. In the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone, shrub has most barbed shrub plants, reducing the interference of the animal, so the recovery is better than other vegetation types. Show that in the mountain forests-the arid valley ecotone vegetation restoration process, make the block management is the important measures in vegetation restoration
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