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汉语形容词重叠结构在哈萨克语中的对应表达及其教学
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摘要
汉语形容词的重叠结构是语言学家们较为关注的一种语言现象。它可以分为有基式的重叠结构和无基式的重叠结构两种(为了论述方便,我们把重叠之前的形式称为“基式”,把重叠之后的形式称为“重叠式”)。有基式的重叠结构是一种用词方式,其语法意义与度量(程度的高低)有关;无基式的重叠结构是一种造词方式,其语法意义并非与度量有关,而是表达一种复杂的状态。笔者在前人研究成果的基础上,对汉语形容词重叠结构的构成类型进行了更为细致的划分,即AA式、ABB式、AABB式、A里AB式、ABAB式和AAB式。同时对这些大类之下的次类也进行了较为详细的阐释分析。
    现代哈萨克语的形容词没有重叠结构(根据耿世民先生的观点)。汉语形容词的重叠结构在哈萨克语中虽然没有形式对等的表现形式,但却有语义对等的表现形式,即主要是重叠词的第一个音节或整个词以及前面加程度副词的方式构成,有时在表述上甚至只使用原形形容词本身。到目前为止,有关汉语形容词重叠结构在哈萨克语中的对应表达方面的研究尚属空白,笔者在这方面进行了尝试性的对比研究,总结出了哈萨克族学生在学习汉语形容词重叠结构时遇到的困难,并针对这些困难找到了几种解决方法,相信对我们的汉语教学会有一定的帮助。
The overlapped structure of Chinese adjective is a kind of language phenomenon that the linguists pay close attention to. It can be divided into overlapped structure with basic structure and overlapped structure with no basic structure (in order to state it conveniently, we call the form before overlapping “the basic structure", and the form after that “the overlapped structure "). The overlapped structure with basic structure is a way of using words, its grammatical meaning is related to its tolerance(the level of the degree); while overlapped structure with no basic structure is a way of word-building , its grammatical meaning has nothing to do with its tolerance , but to express a complicated state. On the basis of forefathers' research results, I have divided carefully the composition type of Chinese adjective overlapped structure into more subtle types, they are AA Type, ABB Type, AABB Type, ALIAB Type, ABAB Type and AAB Type. Meanwhile, I state and explain the sub-types of these original types in more details.
    The adjective of modern Kazak has no overlapped
    
    
    structure (according to Geng Shimin's view). The overlapped structure of Chinese adjective has no respective form of expression in Kazak, but it has semantic reciprocity form of expression, namely, adding adverbial word of the degree to the first syllable or the whole word to the overlapped structure, sometimes, even the prototype adjective itself is used. So far, the research of overlapped structures about Chinese adjective with corresponding Kazak expression is still a blank. I have carried on research on this field in a comparative way. First I have summarized the difficulties the Kazak students encountered in learning Chinese overlapped structures of adjectives and then I have found several kinds of solutions to the difficulty, which I believe is sure to help our Chinese teaching.
引文
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