某炼油厂地下水系统石油烃运移机理研究
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摘要
我国经济的快速发展给环境带来了极大的压力,除大量开采自然资源外,生产加工过程所排放的各种污染物质也产生了一系列环境问题,其中,石油烃类污染由于有机烃类物质特殊的理化性质和危害程度,已成为当今世界面临的一种主要污染形式。本文以济南市西部某炼油厂周边地区为研究对象,研究石油烃类污染物的污染特征和其在岩溶介质含水层系统中的运移机理。
研究区所在地区为古生届奥陶系灰岩及第四系松散岩类含水地层,主要发育奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙。地势南高北低,含水层稳定,渗透性和导水性较强。由于炼油厂生产加工过程中的跑冒滴漏和隐蔽排污沟渠,石油类污染物通过包气带石灰岩或双层介质渗入含水层,引入已受污染的地下水灌溉又造成二次污染。
对取自研究区的原状土进行吸附机理实验,实验结果显示,pH值降低,作为土壤骨架颗粒的碳酸钙与氢离子发生反应,使土壤固相颗粒表面积增大,从而吸附能力增强。吸附模式可以使用Henry型吸附等温曲线表征。对取自炼油厂附近的污染土壤进行释放机理实验,结果发现,溶液碱性增强后胶体颗粒的表面特性改变,使固相吸附量下降,从而液相含油浓度增大。
原状土污水淋滤实验由取自研究区周边未受污染的原状土,装填两支相同条件的土柱进行平行实验,分别加入污水浓度56.52mg/L和污水浓度5.6mg/L的石油烃类污水淋滤,结果显示,研究区土层对石油烃类截留能力有一定限度,石油烃类污染物将进入含水层污染地下水。淋滤污水的浓度差异对土层的截留能力也有一定的影响,污水浓度较低时,淋滤出水中的浓度变化较小。对采自炼油厂附近的已被污染的土壤进行污染土柱清水淋滤实验,共加入相当于当地多年年平均降雨量的淋滤清水,充分淋滤后,含油污土中石油烃类物质的释放量仅占0.3%,如果淋滤继续,该释放量将随时间延续而增加,但增加幅度不大,被石油烃类污染的包气带环境将长期受其影响。
对土柱淋滤实验的数学模拟结果显示,吸附作用是控制石油烃类在包气带运移的主要因素,对流项对模型方程的作用小于弥散项。含石油烃污水浓度较高时,模型方程的拟合越好。计算中使用了显示差分与隐式差分格式,通过比较误差函数ERROR,表明在模拟土柱淋滤的一维对流弥散过程时,显示差分格式即能较好的满足计算要求。
沿炼油厂-井家沟-腊山一线作剖面,根据水文地质条件在垂向上将矩形剖面概化为上层第四系含砂粘土层和下层奥陶系灰岩裂隙含水层。研究区岩溶裂隙含水层层位稳定,岩溶裂隙发育相对均匀,可将下层奥陶系灰岩含水介质概化为均质介质层。建立二维对流弥散方程模拟该剖面上石油烃类运移,利用交替方向隐式差分格式计算,应用MATLAB软件进行矩阵计算并生成浓度分布等值线图,比较剖面所经各观测井的计算值与实测值,相对误差<10%,符合计算要求。应用该模型模拟预测10年期与15年期石油烃扩散,结果显示研究区未来呈石油烃类污染态势,井家沟附近与后魏华污染严重,大部分地区污染浓度超过标准值0.05mg/L。
With the rapid development of economic, our environment is facing great pressure. In addition to excessive exploitation of natural resources, various kinds of pollutants discharged from industrial production also create a series of environmental problems. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination has become a main kind of pollution of the world because of the special physical and chemical properties of organic hydrocarbon material and the harm extent of it. In this paper, I take the area surrounding the refinery in the southwest of Jinan City as the research object, and study the pollution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in the underground environment as well as the transport mechanism of it in the aquifer system.
Most parts of the refinery area are covered with exposed limestone and thinner layer of Quaternary soil. It is Paleozoic Ordovician limestone and quaternary loose rocks aquifer in this area. And the main rock group is Ordovician limestone, which is karst developed and has water-rich conditions, aquifer stability and water permeability. The contaminants are carried into the aquifer mainly with the surface water passing through unsaturated zone. Therefore, the general pollution system of groundwater is composed of pollution sources, unsaturated zone and aquifer.
The experiments designed to study the adsorption mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbon in the undisturbed soil show that, with the decreasing of pH values, the surface area of the solid particles of soil increase as a result of the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrogen ion, thus adsorption capacity of the solid-phase increases. Ionic strength has a certain role in promoting the adsorption function, and the adsorption mode can be described as Henry-type adsorption isotherm. The experiments designed to study the desorption mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbon in the disturbed soil show that, the surface of solid particles has been changed as the increasing of pH, so that the amount of adsorption on solid-phase decreased.
In the leaching experiments of undisturbed soil by sewage with petroleum hydrocarbon, we set two parallel soil columns with the same state of experiment conditions, but filling with different concentration of sewage into each column, one with 56.52mg/L and another 5.6mg/L. The leaching results show that the retention capacity of this study area for petroleum hydrocarbon is limited, and beyond a certain level, the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants will enter the aquifer system and cause groundwater contamination. Differences in the concentration of leaching water have a certain influence on the retaining capacity of the soil. When the sewage concentration is low, the concentration of the water leaching out has no notable change. The experiments of disturbed soil leached by clean water show that the release of petroleum hydrocarbons from oil-contaminated soil material accounted for only 0.3%. While the leaching continues, the release amount is certainly increasing over time, but with a low rate. The vadose zone environment will be polluted in the long-term.
As a conclusion of the soil column leaching experiments, sorption is one of the most important functions that controls the transportation of petroleum hydrocarbons in vadose zone. The model equation is impacted by convection less than diffusion. The model equation will fit better if wastewater containing high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons. By comparing the error function ERROR, I find that the display difference scheme is able to better simulating one-dimensional advection-dispersion process.
I choose a profile through the line from Jingjia Ditch to Lashan Mountain, and generalize it with two layers, the Quaternary clay layer and the ordovician limestone fracture. For the limestone fracture is stable and uniform, it can be generalized as a layer with homogeneous medium. In this situation, I use a two dimensional convection dispersion equation to simulate the migration of petroleum hydrocarbon with implicit difference method. All the matrix calculation is done within the software MATLAB, and the results show the relative error is less than 10%, which means the model is right for simulating the migration of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants. The calculating results in the future 10 and 15 years show that the oil pollution condition in the aquifer system is getting worse, and the concentration is over 0.05mg/L in most parts, especially around Jingjia Ditch and Back Weihua.
研究区所在地区为古生届奥陶系灰岩及第四系松散岩类含水地层,主要发育奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙。地势南高北低,含水层稳定,渗透性和导水性较强。由于炼油厂生产加工过程中的跑冒滴漏和隐蔽排污沟渠,石油类污染物通过包气带石灰岩或双层介质渗入含水层,引入已受污染的地下水灌溉又造成二次污染。
对取自研究区的原状土进行吸附机理实验,实验结果显示,pH值降低,作为土壤骨架颗粒的碳酸钙与氢离子发生反应,使土壤固相颗粒表面积增大,从而吸附能力增强。吸附模式可以使用Henry型吸附等温曲线表征。对取自炼油厂附近的污染土壤进行释放机理实验,结果发现,溶液碱性增强后胶体颗粒的表面特性改变,使固相吸附量下降,从而液相含油浓度增大。
原状土污水淋滤实验由取自研究区周边未受污染的原状土,装填两支相同条件的土柱进行平行实验,分别加入污水浓度56.52mg/L和污水浓度5.6mg/L的石油烃类污水淋滤,结果显示,研究区土层对石油烃类截留能力有一定限度,石油烃类污染物将进入含水层污染地下水。淋滤污水的浓度差异对土层的截留能力也有一定的影响,污水浓度较低时,淋滤出水中的浓度变化较小。对采自炼油厂附近的已被污染的土壤进行污染土柱清水淋滤实验,共加入相当于当地多年年平均降雨量的淋滤清水,充分淋滤后,含油污土中石油烃类物质的释放量仅占0.3%,如果淋滤继续,该释放量将随时间延续而增加,但增加幅度不大,被石油烃类污染的包气带环境将长期受其影响。
对土柱淋滤实验的数学模拟结果显示,吸附作用是控制石油烃类在包气带运移的主要因素,对流项对模型方程的作用小于弥散项。含石油烃污水浓度较高时,模型方程的拟合越好。计算中使用了显示差分与隐式差分格式,通过比较误差函数ERROR,表明在模拟土柱淋滤的一维对流弥散过程时,显示差分格式即能较好的满足计算要求。
沿炼油厂-井家沟-腊山一线作剖面,根据水文地质条件在垂向上将矩形剖面概化为上层第四系含砂粘土层和下层奥陶系灰岩裂隙含水层。研究区岩溶裂隙含水层层位稳定,岩溶裂隙发育相对均匀,可将下层奥陶系灰岩含水介质概化为均质介质层。建立二维对流弥散方程模拟该剖面上石油烃类运移,利用交替方向隐式差分格式计算,应用MATLAB软件进行矩阵计算并生成浓度分布等值线图,比较剖面所经各观测井的计算值与实测值,相对误差<10%,符合计算要求。应用该模型模拟预测10年期与15年期石油烃扩散,结果显示研究区未来呈石油烃类污染态势,井家沟附近与后魏华污染严重,大部分地区污染浓度超过标准值0.05mg/L。
With the rapid development of economic, our environment is facing great pressure. In addition to excessive exploitation of natural resources, various kinds of pollutants discharged from industrial production also create a series of environmental problems. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination has become a main kind of pollution of the world because of the special physical and chemical properties of organic hydrocarbon material and the harm extent of it. In this paper, I take the area surrounding the refinery in the southwest of Jinan City as the research object, and study the pollution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in the underground environment as well as the transport mechanism of it in the aquifer system.
Most parts of the refinery area are covered with exposed limestone and thinner layer of Quaternary soil. It is Paleozoic Ordovician limestone and quaternary loose rocks aquifer in this area. And the main rock group is Ordovician limestone, which is karst developed and has water-rich conditions, aquifer stability and water permeability. The contaminants are carried into the aquifer mainly with the surface water passing through unsaturated zone. Therefore, the general pollution system of groundwater is composed of pollution sources, unsaturated zone and aquifer.
The experiments designed to study the adsorption mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbon in the undisturbed soil show that, with the decreasing of pH values, the surface area of the solid particles of soil increase as a result of the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrogen ion, thus adsorption capacity of the solid-phase increases. Ionic strength has a certain role in promoting the adsorption function, and the adsorption mode can be described as Henry-type adsorption isotherm. The experiments designed to study the desorption mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbon in the disturbed soil show that, the surface of solid particles has been changed as the increasing of pH, so that the amount of adsorption on solid-phase decreased.
In the leaching experiments of undisturbed soil by sewage with petroleum hydrocarbon, we set two parallel soil columns with the same state of experiment conditions, but filling with different concentration of sewage into each column, one with 56.52mg/L and another 5.6mg/L. The leaching results show that the retention capacity of this study area for petroleum hydrocarbon is limited, and beyond a certain level, the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants will enter the aquifer system and cause groundwater contamination. Differences in the concentration of leaching water have a certain influence on the retaining capacity of the soil. When the sewage concentration is low, the concentration of the water leaching out has no notable change. The experiments of disturbed soil leached by clean water show that the release of petroleum hydrocarbons from oil-contaminated soil material accounted for only 0.3%. While the leaching continues, the release amount is certainly increasing over time, but with a low rate. The vadose zone environment will be polluted in the long-term.
As a conclusion of the soil column leaching experiments, sorption is one of the most important functions that controls the transportation of petroleum hydrocarbons in vadose zone. The model equation is impacted by convection less than diffusion. The model equation will fit better if wastewater containing high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons. By comparing the error function ERROR, I find that the display difference scheme is able to better simulating one-dimensional advection-dispersion process.
I choose a profile through the line from Jingjia Ditch to Lashan Mountain, and generalize it with two layers, the Quaternary clay layer and the ordovician limestone fracture. For the limestone fracture is stable and uniform, it can be generalized as a layer with homogeneous medium. In this situation, I use a two dimensional convection dispersion equation to simulate the migration of petroleum hydrocarbon with implicit difference method. All the matrix calculation is done within the software MATLAB, and the results show the relative error is less than 10%, which means the model is right for simulating the migration of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants. The calculating results in the future 10 and 15 years show that the oil pollution condition in the aquifer system is getting worse, and the concentration is over 0.05mg/L in most parts, especially around Jingjia Ditch and Back Weihua.
引文
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