龙门山断裂带断层岩在水热条件下的摩擦滑动特性实验研究
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摘要
为了探索断层岩石在断层带不同温度和压力条件下其摩擦强度和摩擦滑动稳定性对于断层活动性的影响，我们采集了龙门山断裂带地震发生区段出露的自然断层泥样品和后山断裂带韧性剪切带中的富含层状硅酸盐矿物的糜棱岩样品进行了水热条件下的摩擦滑动实验研究。我们根据自然断层泥样品的XRD分析结果选取了五种具有不同矿物组合及含量的自然断层泥样品并在50MPa的初始围压和25oC到150oC的温度条件下进行了摩擦滑动实验。在断层深部糜棱岩样品的实验中有效正压力分别为200MPa和300MPa，实验温度条件为100oC-600oC。上述自然断层泥和断层糜棱岩的实验条件分别被用来模拟断层浅部和深部的温压环境。为了获得表征样品摩擦滑动稳定性的速度依赖性参数（a-b），我们在0.0488-6.1μm/s的速率范围内对样品的摩擦滑动进行了剪切滑移速率的切换。
在自然断层泥样品的实验中，我们发现大多数的断层泥样品的摩擦强度系数随着粘土含量的增加而表现出减小的趋势。但是含有机质的平溪黑色断层泥的摩擦强度显著低于根据其摩擦强度随粘土含量的变化趋势所得出的预测强度值，而这种异常低的摩擦强度值是由于其9wt.%的有机质所造成的。在摩擦滑动的稳定性方面，我们发现温度对于含有机质断层泥和富碳酸盐矿物断层泥的摩擦滑动行为有着显著影响。在低温条件下平溪黑色断层泥（含有机质）表现出速度强化的摩擦滑动行为，而当温度增加到150oC时，表现出速度弱化的摩擦滑动行为，其典型特征是在滑移过程中发生显示不稳定的振荡。富碳酸盐矿物的断层泥样品（碳酸盐矿物含量高于50wt.%）的速度依赖性参数同时受到温度和剪切速率的影响，在较高的温度下表现出较小的速率依赖性（a-b）。其中，PX-2样品（碳酸盐矿物含量约79wt.%）的（a-b）在150oC和较小的剪切速率下减小到零附近。
糜棱岩的实验结果发现在200oC-500oC的温度范围内，摩擦强度系数随着温度的增加而显著增大。糜棱岩样品的摩擦滑动稳定性在100oC-600oC的温度范围内表现出随温度的升高由速度强化转变为速度弱化，然后又转变为速度强化的趋势。与此同时糜棱岩断层泥的速度依赖性（a-b）也表现出显著的压力敏感性，正压力的升高（300MPa）可以显著的增大糜棱岩的速度依赖性参数（a-b），从而提高糜棱岩摩擦滑动的稳定性。糜棱岩表现出的速度弱化向速度强化摩擦行为的转变可能是由于断层剪切带中的压溶愈合和扩容弱化机制的共同作用所造成。
在速率和状态的摩擦本构关系框架内，我们对于断层浅部断层泥样品和断层深部糜棱岩样品的摩擦特性对自然断层活动性的影响进行了讨论。在150oC的温度范围内，断层的快速滑移成核可以发生在含有机质的断层泥之上。当断层岩石中含有大量的碳酸盐矿物时在较高的温度条件下（>150oC）在该断层之上会发生触发性的地震滑移事件。含有机质以及富碳酸盐矿物断层泥的摩擦滑动行为随温度的变化为我们提供了一个解答海洋板块俯冲带浅部的无震蠕滑区域向深部发震区域的转变的可能线索。在模拟断层深部的温压条件下，糜棱岩样品的实验结果显示在200MPa的正压力条件下，糜棱岩发生不稳定滑移的温度范围约为250oC-550oC，而在600oC则出现了由速率控制的速度弱化向速度强化的转化。但是当正压力增大到300MPa时，断层糜棱岩发生不稳定滑移的温度范围缩小到260oC-320oC（其对应的可能的地震成核深度范围约为15-19km），而在400oC则出现了由速率控制的速度弱化向速度强化的转化。但是在100oC-600oC的温度范围内，当断层糜棱岩在稳态蠕滑过程中遇到较大的加载扰动时也会发生触发性的粘滑失稳事件。
To investigate the frictional sliding behavior of typical fault rocks as related todynamics of faulting under different temperature and pressure conditions, wecollected natural gouge samples from fault exposures ruptured during the2008Wenchuan Mw7.9earthquake and phyllosilicate-rich mylonite from a ductile thrustzone of the Gengda-Wenmao fault, respectively, and conducted frictional slidingexperiments under hydrothermal conditions. According to the XRD results of naturalgouge samples, five samples of different mineralogical assemblies are chosen forexperiments with initial confining pressure of50MPa and at different temperaturesfrom25°C to150°C. For the fault mylonite, we applied experiments under highertemperature in the range of100°C-600°C and effective normal stress of200MPa and300MPa to represent the deeper portion conditions (elevated temperature and pressure)of fault zone. In order to obtain velocity dependence of friction, shearing rates arestepped up and down in the range of0.0488μm/s-6.1μm/s.
In the experiments of natural gouge samples, we found that the frictioncoefficient of most samples shows a decreasing trend with increasing clay content.But the Pingxi black gouge sample (PX-3) shows a much lower value than theprediction by the general trend, indicating further strength reduction due to the~9%organic matter included. We also found a significant effect of temperature on thefrictional sliding stability of organic-matter-bearing and carbonate-rich gouges. Whentemperature increases to150°C, the Pingxi black gouge (with organic matter) exhibitsunstable oscillation that indicates velocity-weakening frictional sliding behavior, incontrast to the velocity-strengthening behavior at lower temperatures. The velocitydependence of carbonate-rich samples with more than50wt.%carbonates is alsosensitive to temperature and shearing rates, and all samples have smaller velocitydependence of friction (a-b) at higher temperatures. The (a-b) value of the PX-2sample (with~80%carbonates) even decreases to the velocity neutral point at150°Cand slow shearing rates.
At higher temperature and pressure conditions, the frictional coefficient ofmylonite exhibits systematic increase with increasing temperature (100°C-600°C).The frictional behavior of mylonite shows a transition from initialvelocity-strengthening behavior to velocity-weakening behavior at about300°C, and then transitions back to velocity-strengthening behavior as temperature is elevated.The velocity dependence of mylonite also shows strong pressure sensitivity. When theeffective normal stress is increased to300MPa, the stable frictional behavior issignificantly enhanced with larger (a-b) compared to that under the lower pressurecondition. The transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening frictionalbehavior may be controlled by competition between pressure-solution healing anddilation weakening processes in the mylonite gouge.
In the framework of rate and state friction constitutive law, the effects offrictional properties of natural gouge and mylonite on faulting dynamics are discussed.We found that fast slip nucleation is possible for faults associated with theorganic-matter-bearing gouge at150°C, whereas triggered seismic slips are possiblein faults that contain the carbonate-rich samples which have a small (a-b) value at150°C. The temperature-dependent sliding behavior of carbonate-dominant andorganic-matter-bearing gouges probably provides a new clue to the problem oftransition from the shallow aseismic zone to the seismic zone on the subductioninterfaces of oceanic plates. From experimental results of mylonite, at200MPaeffective normal stress unstable slip events may nucleate in mylonite gouge under250oC-550oC temperature conditions, and transitional behavior is found at600oCwhich is rate dependent. At300MPa effective normal stress, the temperaturecondition for the nucleation of unstable slip events is constrained to260oC-320oC(corresponding to15-19km depth of Longmenshan fault zone), and rate dependent,transitional behavior is also found at400oC. For velocity-strengthening cases under100oC-600oC temperature conditions, a large loading disturbance from neighbouringarea may cause triggered slip events at the corresponding depth.
在自然断层泥样品的实验中，我们发现大多数的断层泥样品的摩擦强度系数随着粘土含量的增加而表现出减小的趋势。但是含有机质的平溪黑色断层泥的摩擦强度显著低于根据其摩擦强度随粘土含量的变化趋势所得出的预测强度值，而这种异常低的摩擦强度值是由于其9wt.%的有机质所造成的。在摩擦滑动的稳定性方面，我们发现温度对于含有机质断层泥和富碳酸盐矿物断层泥的摩擦滑动行为有着显著影响。在低温条件下平溪黑色断层泥（含有机质）表现出速度强化的摩擦滑动行为，而当温度增加到150oC时，表现出速度弱化的摩擦滑动行为，其典型特征是在滑移过程中发生显示不稳定的振荡。富碳酸盐矿物的断层泥样品（碳酸盐矿物含量高于50wt.%）的速度依赖性参数同时受到温度和剪切速率的影响，在较高的温度下表现出较小的速率依赖性（a-b）。其中，PX-2样品（碳酸盐矿物含量约79wt.%）的（a-b）在150oC和较小的剪切速率下减小到零附近。
糜棱岩的实验结果发现在200oC-500oC的温度范围内，摩擦强度系数随着温度的增加而显著增大。糜棱岩样品的摩擦滑动稳定性在100oC-600oC的温度范围内表现出随温度的升高由速度强化转变为速度弱化，然后又转变为速度强化的趋势。与此同时糜棱岩断层泥的速度依赖性（a-b）也表现出显著的压力敏感性，正压力的升高（300MPa）可以显著的增大糜棱岩的速度依赖性参数（a-b），从而提高糜棱岩摩擦滑动的稳定性。糜棱岩表现出的速度弱化向速度强化摩擦行为的转变可能是由于断层剪切带中的压溶愈合和扩容弱化机制的共同作用所造成。
在速率和状态的摩擦本构关系框架内，我们对于断层浅部断层泥样品和断层深部糜棱岩样品的摩擦特性对自然断层活动性的影响进行了讨论。在150oC的温度范围内，断层的快速滑移成核可以发生在含有机质的断层泥之上。当断层岩石中含有大量的碳酸盐矿物时在较高的温度条件下（>150oC）在该断层之上会发生触发性的地震滑移事件。含有机质以及富碳酸盐矿物断层泥的摩擦滑动行为随温度的变化为我们提供了一个解答海洋板块俯冲带浅部的无震蠕滑区域向深部发震区域的转变的可能线索。在模拟断层深部的温压条件下，糜棱岩样品的实验结果显示在200MPa的正压力条件下，糜棱岩发生不稳定滑移的温度范围约为250oC-550oC，而在600oC则出现了由速率控制的速度弱化向速度强化的转化。但是当正压力增大到300MPa时，断层糜棱岩发生不稳定滑移的温度范围缩小到260oC-320oC（其对应的可能的地震成核深度范围约为15-19km），而在400oC则出现了由速率控制的速度弱化向速度强化的转化。但是在100oC-600oC的温度范围内，当断层糜棱岩在稳态蠕滑过程中遇到较大的加载扰动时也会发生触发性的粘滑失稳事件。
To investigate the frictional sliding behavior of typical fault rocks as related todynamics of faulting under different temperature and pressure conditions, wecollected natural gouge samples from fault exposures ruptured during the2008Wenchuan Mw7.9earthquake and phyllosilicate-rich mylonite from a ductile thrustzone of the Gengda-Wenmao fault, respectively, and conducted frictional slidingexperiments under hydrothermal conditions. According to the XRD results of naturalgouge samples, five samples of different mineralogical assemblies are chosen forexperiments with initial confining pressure of50MPa and at different temperaturesfrom25°C to150°C. For the fault mylonite, we applied experiments under highertemperature in the range of100°C-600°C and effective normal stress of200MPa and300MPa to represent the deeper portion conditions (elevated temperature and pressure)of fault zone. In order to obtain velocity dependence of friction, shearing rates arestepped up and down in the range of0.0488μm/s-6.1μm/s.
In the experiments of natural gouge samples, we found that the frictioncoefficient of most samples shows a decreasing trend with increasing clay content.But the Pingxi black gouge sample (PX-3) shows a much lower value than theprediction by the general trend, indicating further strength reduction due to the~9%organic matter included. We also found a significant effect of temperature on thefrictional sliding stability of organic-matter-bearing and carbonate-rich gouges. Whentemperature increases to150°C, the Pingxi black gouge (with organic matter) exhibitsunstable oscillation that indicates velocity-weakening frictional sliding behavior, incontrast to the velocity-strengthening behavior at lower temperatures. The velocitydependence of carbonate-rich samples with more than50wt.%carbonates is alsosensitive to temperature and shearing rates, and all samples have smaller velocitydependence of friction (a-b) at higher temperatures. The (a-b) value of the PX-2sample (with~80%carbonates) even decreases to the velocity neutral point at150°Cand slow shearing rates.
At higher temperature and pressure conditions, the frictional coefficient ofmylonite exhibits systematic increase with increasing temperature (100°C-600°C).The frictional behavior of mylonite shows a transition from initialvelocity-strengthening behavior to velocity-weakening behavior at about300°C, and then transitions back to velocity-strengthening behavior as temperature is elevated.The velocity dependence of mylonite also shows strong pressure sensitivity. When theeffective normal stress is increased to300MPa, the stable frictional behavior issignificantly enhanced with larger (a-b) compared to that under the lower pressurecondition. The transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening frictionalbehavior may be controlled by competition between pressure-solution healing anddilation weakening processes in the mylonite gouge.
In the framework of rate and state friction constitutive law, the effects offrictional properties of natural gouge and mylonite on faulting dynamics are discussed.We found that fast slip nucleation is possible for faults associated with theorganic-matter-bearing gouge at150°C, whereas triggered seismic slips are possiblein faults that contain the carbonate-rich samples which have a small (a-b) value at150°C. The temperature-dependent sliding behavior of carbonate-dominant andorganic-matter-bearing gouges probably provides a new clue to the problem oftransition from the shallow aseismic zone to the seismic zone on the subductioninterfaces of oceanic plates. From experimental results of mylonite, at200MPaeffective normal stress unstable slip events may nucleate in mylonite gouge under250oC-550oC temperature conditions, and transitional behavior is found at600oCwhich is rate dependent. At300MPa effective normal stress, the temperaturecondition for the nucleation of unstable slip events is constrained to260oC-320oC(corresponding to15-19km depth of Longmenshan fault zone), and rate dependent,transitional behavior is also found at400oC. For velocity-strengthening cases under100oC-600oC temperature conditions, a large loading disturbance from neighbouringarea may cause triggered slip events at the corresponding depth.
引文
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