几种禾草种子显微结构研究与半透层定位
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摘要
种子半透层是指种子覆盖物中存在具半透性的某层组织,它允许种子内外气体和水分的自由出入,而阻止其他物质的交换。目前,禾草种子半透层的研究是以往关注不够的领域。本文以苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)3种禾草种子为材料,通过硝酸镧示踪、透射电镜观测和能量色散X射线光谱仪分析(EDX)等技术,研究了3种禾草种子的显微结构、半透层及其位置,并研究了不同发育期苏丹草种子的光镜显微结构和透性变化,主要结论如下:
1供试3种禾草的种子生活力与电导率测定结果呈不同响应趋势。苏丹草和老芒麦种子的生活力与电导率不相关(P＞0.05),不同质量种子的水浸液电导率值变化较小;而高羊茅种子的生活力与水浸电导率呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。
2对3种种子光镜下的基本结构观测表明,种皮及临近胚乳的结构有一定差异。苏丹草和老芒麦的种皮结构致密,具栅栏组织等特化结构;且苏丹草糊粉层和淀粉细胞之间存在2-3层未分化细胞。而高羊茅种子种皮及糊粉层结构疏松,无栅栏组织。
3通过电镜和EDX对3种种子种皮的镧通透性的研究表明:苏丹草具有胚乳半透层,该半透层位于糊粉层内侧细胞膜,紧靠未分化细胞;老芒麦具有种皮半透层,且位于种皮最内侧,紧靠栅栏组织;高羊茅种皮及胚乳对镧元素通透性较好,不存在种子半透层。
4镧在老化苏丹草种子内的渗入程度较未老化稍深,但均未进入苏丹草的未分化细胞。表明老化对苏丹草种子的糊粉层膜系统有一定损伤,但未伤及半透层。
5对不同发育期苏丹草种子的结构和透性研究表明,随种子成熟度增加,种子千粒重和发芽率逐渐增加,吸水率和电导率逐渐降低,至盛花期后25 d达到生理成熟。盛花期后16 d,糊粉层内侧的未分化细胞层出现,种子的电导率与吸水率均已达到较低水平,与25 d生理成熟的种子差异不显著。再次证明种子半透层是在种子成熟过程中逐渐发育形成的。电导率不能评价苏丹草种子活力,但可以反映种子的成熟度。
Seed semi-permeable layer may be defined as the layer of seed coverings to allow water and gas exchange while solution is restricted or prevented.The research of semi-permeable layer in grass seed is a field which has been paid rare attention previously. Microstructure,semi-permeable layer and it's location of seeds in 3 grass species,namely Sorghum sudanense,Elymus sibiricus and Festuca arundinacea were studied using the techniques of lanthanum tracer,transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX).The microstructure of and permeability changes of S.sudanense during seed development were also studied.The main results obtained were as follows:
1 The correlations between seed viability and seed leakage of electrical conductivity (EC)were not relevant(P＞0.05)and the EC values were very low for both S.sudanense and E.sibiricus.However significant positive correlation(P＜0.01)presented between viability and EC value in seeds of F.arundinacea.
2 The basic structures,under light microscope observation were different between species at seed envelop and endosperm nearby.The epidermis was compact in S. sudanense and E.sibiricus with specialized structure palisade tissues.And 2-3 layers of undifferentiated cells existed between aleurone layer and starch cells in S.sudanense seed. But for F.arundinacea seed,the structure of epidermis and aleurone layer was loose,and palisade tissues and undifferentiated cells did not presented.
3 The variations between 3 grass species in seed coat permeability were observed through the detection using lanthanum tracer,electron microscope and EDX.An endosperm semi-permeable layer was found in S.sudanense which located at the innermost of the aleurone layer,close to undifferentiated cells.A seed coat Semi-permeable layer presented in E.sibiricus which lied at the inside of the seed coat, just next to palisade tissues.But no semi-permeable layer was observed in seed coat and endosperm in F.arundinacea.
4 Diffusion of La to seed was deeper in aged than unaged seeds in S.sudanense.But La did not diffuse through the undifferentiated cells in both aged and unaged seeds.This indicated that ageing slightly damaged aleurone layer membrane,but did not damage the semi-permeable layer.
5 As S.sudanense seed developed,the grain weight and seed germination rate increased,but the EC value and imbibition rate decreased gradually.Seed reached physiological maturity at 25d after full-bloom(AFB).Undifferentiated cells emergenced at 16d AFB.The EC value and imbibition rate had decreased to a lower level,with no significant difference with that of 25d of AFB.The results further proved that seed semi-permeable layer gradually formed during seed maturation.The EC test is not able to detect seed lot deterioration,but it can reflect the degree of seed maturation.
1供试3种禾草的种子生活力与电导率测定结果呈不同响应趋势。苏丹草和老芒麦种子的生活力与电导率不相关(P＞0.05),不同质量种子的水浸液电导率值变化较小;而高羊茅种子的生活力与水浸电导率呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。
2对3种种子光镜下的基本结构观测表明,种皮及临近胚乳的结构有一定差异。苏丹草和老芒麦的种皮结构致密,具栅栏组织等特化结构;且苏丹草糊粉层和淀粉细胞之间存在2-3层未分化细胞。而高羊茅种子种皮及糊粉层结构疏松,无栅栏组织。
3通过电镜和EDX对3种种子种皮的镧通透性的研究表明:苏丹草具有胚乳半透层,该半透层位于糊粉层内侧细胞膜,紧靠未分化细胞;老芒麦具有种皮半透层,且位于种皮最内侧,紧靠栅栏组织;高羊茅种皮及胚乳对镧元素通透性较好,不存在种子半透层。
4镧在老化苏丹草种子内的渗入程度较未老化稍深,但均未进入苏丹草的未分化细胞。表明老化对苏丹草种子的糊粉层膜系统有一定损伤,但未伤及半透层。
5对不同发育期苏丹草种子的结构和透性研究表明,随种子成熟度增加,种子千粒重和发芽率逐渐增加,吸水率和电导率逐渐降低,至盛花期后25 d达到生理成熟。盛花期后16 d,糊粉层内侧的未分化细胞层出现,种子的电导率与吸水率均已达到较低水平,与25 d生理成熟的种子差异不显著。再次证明种子半透层是在种子成熟过程中逐渐发育形成的。电导率不能评价苏丹草种子活力,但可以反映种子的成熟度。
Seed semi-permeable layer may be defined as the layer of seed coverings to allow water and gas exchange while solution is restricted or prevented.The research of semi-permeable layer in grass seed is a field which has been paid rare attention previously. Microstructure,semi-permeable layer and it's location of seeds in 3 grass species,namely Sorghum sudanense,Elymus sibiricus and Festuca arundinacea were studied using the techniques of lanthanum tracer,transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX).The microstructure of and permeability changes of S.sudanense during seed development were also studied.The main results obtained were as follows:
1 The correlations between seed viability and seed leakage of electrical conductivity (EC)were not relevant(P＞0.05)and the EC values were very low for both S.sudanense and E.sibiricus.However significant positive correlation(P＜0.01)presented between viability and EC value in seeds of F.arundinacea.
2 The basic structures,under light microscope observation were different between species at seed envelop and endosperm nearby.The epidermis was compact in S. sudanense and E.sibiricus with specialized structure palisade tissues.And 2-3 layers of undifferentiated cells existed between aleurone layer and starch cells in S.sudanense seed. But for F.arundinacea seed,the structure of epidermis and aleurone layer was loose,and palisade tissues and undifferentiated cells did not presented.
3 The variations between 3 grass species in seed coat permeability were observed through the detection using lanthanum tracer,electron microscope and EDX.An endosperm semi-permeable layer was found in S.sudanense which located at the innermost of the aleurone layer,close to undifferentiated cells.A seed coat Semi-permeable layer presented in E.sibiricus which lied at the inside of the seed coat, just next to palisade tissues.But no semi-permeable layer was observed in seed coat and endosperm in F.arundinacea.
4 Diffusion of La to seed was deeper in aged than unaged seeds in S.sudanense.But La did not diffuse through the undifferentiated cells in both aged and unaged seeds.This indicated that ageing slightly damaged aleurone layer membrane,but did not damage the semi-permeable layer.
5 As S.sudanense seed developed,the grain weight and seed germination rate increased,but the EC value and imbibition rate decreased gradually.Seed reached physiological maturity at 25d after full-bloom(AFB).Undifferentiated cells emergenced at 16d AFB.The EC value and imbibition rate had decreased to a lower level,with no significant difference with that of 25d of AFB.The results further proved that seed semi-permeable layer gradually formed during seed maturation.The EC test is not able to detect seed lot deterioration,but it can reflect the degree of seed maturation.
引文
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