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财务重述、高管控制权与高管薪酬的关系研究
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摘要
在垄断行业的上市公司中,83.4%的公司由国家控股,公司高管的任命往往采用政府委派制,较少采用经理人市场。同时,高管作为委托代理关系中的受托人,在所有者缺位、内部人控制严重的情形下,有可能采用财务重述的手段影响其自身的薪酬,以达到自身高薪的目的,特别是当高管拥有控制权的情况下,重述的可能性更大。这样的现象值得关注,有必要对其进行深入的研究。
     本文以公司治理、财务学等为理论基础,借鉴国内外理论和实证的研究成果,将2000年~2009年曾发生过财务重述的代表性垄断行业上市公司,共292个重述样本作为研究对象,以描述性统计的方法考查了这类上市公司的重述行为、重述特征。此外,采用剔除了证券业、银行业、保险业的重述样本后的266个样本,考察了高管控制权、财务重述与高管薪酬的关系,试图探索高管是否会利用财务重述的手段干预自身薪酬。进行多元线性回归后,结果发现:由以两职合一、股权分散、总经理是否来自控股股东、总经理任职年限和综合高管控制权(即两职合一、股权分散、总经理是否来自控股股东、总经理任职年限之和)作为高管控制权的衡量指标,财务重述类型中的更正公告、补充公告与报告当期的高管薪酬、重述当期的高管薪酬呈显著的正相关关系;补充更正公告与高管薪酬无关。这反映出垄断行业上市公司的治理结构存在缺陷,监督力度不足,薪酬契约缺少约束作用,使得高管利用其控制权,操纵报告,自定薪酬,谋取私利。
     为此,垄断行业上市公司应改善公司治理结构,提高治理结构的效率,增强委托代理关系的制衡力度,建立长效的激励和约束机制,在保证对高管激励的前提下,提高高管目标与企业目标的一致性,提高财务报告信息的准确性和透明度;监管部门应完善披露的法律法规,加快市场监管、促进市场建设和健全市场功能,提高重述的惩治力度。
83.4% of the listed companies of monopoly industry in China are owned by the State.In these companies, the managers are always government appointed, instead of professional manager market, because there is certain relevance between the managers and government officers.On the other hand, in the situation of absence of owner and insider control, as the trustee in the principal-agent relationship, managers may influence their own compensations in the method of financial restatement to improve their compensations.Especially, when the managers have managerial power, there will be high proportion of financial restatement. So, it is necessary to pay close attention and study this theme intensively.
     In the base of the theories of corporate governance and science of finance,using theoretical and empirical study at home and abroad for reference, this paper chose a sample of listed companies of monopoly industry that happened financial restatement once in 2000-2009,292 samples of financial restatement totally as research object. Then, it used the method of descriptive statistics to examine the behaviors and characteristics of financial restatement with 266 samples which are rejected the samples from securities industry, bank industry and insurance industry. Furthermore, it studied the relationship between financial restatement and executive compensation under the control of managerial power, to try to explore whether managers intervene their own compensations through financial restatement. After Multiple linear regression, two duty syncretism, stock diversification, CEO belonging to dominant stockholder, CEO's tenture and integrated managerial power (it totals up the first four indexs) measured as managerial power, this paper finds that in the type of financial restatement, correction notice and supplement notice is significantly and positively related to the executive compensations both in the report period and the restatement period; while correction and supplement notice is not related to executive compensations.The result reflected the condition of indication of governance structure, weakness of supervision, lack of inhibition, which led that using managerial power, managers could manipulate the financial reports to decide their own compensation.
     Therefore, the listed companies in monopoly industry should improve the corporate governance structure, increase the effectiveness of governance, enhance balance force in the principal-agent relationship, and establish effective incentive and commitment mechanism to advance goal congruence between managers and companies, and to advance the accuracy and transparency of financial information. The supervisory authorities should perfect the laws and regulations of closure, accelerate market supervision, promote the market building, perfect market function, and improve punishment of financial restatement.
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