烟草蚜传病毒病发生规律的动态变化及防治技术的研究
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摘要
烟草病毒病是烟草整个生育期的重要病害,在我国绝大多数烟区发生和危害都相当严重。山东烟区自20世纪60年代起至今,以蚜虫为主要传播媒介的病毒病种类如黄瓜花叶病毒病(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)、马铃薯Y病毒病(Potato virus Y,PVY)等呈逐年加重趋势。
近几年,随着气温的转暖、保护地栽培规模的扩大和生长季节的延长以及越冬烟蚜基数的增大,蚜传病毒病已上升为主要病害,成为制约潍坊烟区烤烟生产持续、稳定、健康发展的首要因素。通过调查研究,发现烟蚜和蚜传病毒病随着气温等气象因子的变化而呈现一定的规律性动态变化。烟蚜危害烟草的时间提前,第一次有翅蚜迁飞高峰期也相应提前。1996和1997年第一次蚜量高峰期出现在5月25日至6月15日前后,而2004年有翅烟蚜发生早,数量大,持续时间长,第一次迁飞高峰在5月11日-20日前后,高峰期大约维持了12天,而且在第一次迁飞高峰后15天左右就发生了第二次迁飞高峰。2005年诸城第一次迁飞高峰在5月24-29日;安丘在5月19-24日,时间短,数量小。2005年第一次迁飞高峰始发期比2004年推迟了10天左右,而与1996年、1997年相比,大约前移5-10天。不同地域间存有较大差异,蚜传病毒病发病时间也有提前的趋势,有的年份在苗床上就发现病株。蚜传病毒病的发病高峰期在距第一次有翅烟蚜迁飞高峰期后大约15-30天,年度之间有明显差异,冬季气温偏高,4-6月干旱年份发病提前。
移栽后覆盖微孔膜时间越早,揭膜越迟,病毒病发病率越低,微孔膜的防病效果越好。2004年安丘和昌乐分别在移栽后7天和15天盖膜,防治效果较差。2005年移栽后接着盖膜,防治效果良好。
反光膜对有翅蚜虫的驱避作用距离是有限的。蚜虫中度以下发生时,铺设反光膜的烟垄及其邻近的3-5垄,驱避效果比较明显,超出这个范围,则效果不明显,而且在这个范围内,随着距离增加,效果明显减弱。2003年蚜虫中度发生,四个示范片平均发病率为10.8%,比对照降低了61.5%,防效达到73.8%。2005年蚜虫轻度发生,第一次有翅蚜迁飞高峰在5月19-24日前后,时间短,数量小,铺设反光膜对有翅烟蚜的忌避作用比较明显,铺设反光膜的烟垄及其邻近的5垄,基本没有发病,整个试验田蚜传病毒病发病率为18.2%,相对防效达到58.5%。
如果是烟蚜大发生或者是爆发,有翅蚜数量特别大,则反光膜对有翅蚜虫的驱避作用就会受到限制,相对防治效果就降低。
试验证明,纱网覆盖栽培有效地控制了有翅蚜虫的活动,控制了蚜传病毒病的传播,防治效果很好。烟叶内在化学成分和香吃味与对照无明显差异。
目前生产上用于防治烟草病毒病的化学药剂,防效在30-50%之间.应该说具有一定的防治效果,但不能很好的控制病毒病的发生和蔓延。
Tobacco virus diseases are very important destructive diseases,which frequently occurres in tobacco fields in China.From the 60's of the 20~(th) century to now,aphid transmitted virus disease like cucumber mosaic virus disease,potato virus Y disease etc.become more serious from year to year in Shandong province.
In recent years,along with the weather changing,the expanding of the shelter fields,the increase of the number of the aphids lived pass through winter and the extending of the vegetation period,the aphid transmitted virus diseases became the most important disease and the most important fact that curb the Weifang tobacco industry to be developed persistingly,stably and healthily.Our research results showed that the occurrence of the aphid transmitted virus have some regular dynamic changes interact with the weather facts.If the emergence time of the aphids was brought forward,the first peak hours of the migratory flight of the alatae also would be ahead of schedule.In 1996 and 1997,the first peak hours of the migratory flight of the alatae appeared about on May 25~(th) to June 15~(th),in the year 2004,the alatae appeared earlier and last longer together with large number.The first peak hours of the migration was about on May 11~(th) to 20~(th) and the continuance period was about 12 days.The second peak appeared just 15days after the first peak.In 2005,the first migration peak hours of Zhucheng tobacco fields was on May 24~(th) to 29~(th) and Anqiu tobacco fields was on May 19~(th) to 24~(th),so the peak time was short and the number was little.The first migration peak hours of the year 2005 was delayed 10 days.Compare with 1996 and 1997,the first migration peak was 5 to 10 days ahead of schedule.The time of the disease appearance varied largely among different terrains.The data showed that the time of the diseases appearance moved up gradually.In some years the diseased tobacco plants were even found in seed beds.The peak hours of aphid transmitted virus disease appeared about 15 to 30 days after the first migration peak of the alatae. varied with different year.If the temperature of the winter was higher and drought during April to June,the time of the disease appearance would be ahead of schedule.
If covered with micro-aperture membrane earlier and uncovered later,the incidence of a diseases would be lower and the effects of controlling disease by using micro-aperture membrane would be better.
The effect of controlling disease by glisten membrane was limited within distance.When aphids were not very serious,the effect of glisten membrane to drive aphids away was in evidence within 3 to 5 ridges in a field,but beyond this distance,the effect was not notable,The effect would dramatically decline when the distance increasing.In 2003,the aphids pest was at a average degree, the incidence of the disease of all the 4 model fields was 10.8%,61.5%lower than CK.,and the control effect was 73.8%.In 2005,the aphids pest was under average level.The first migration peak was ion May 19~(th) to 24~(th),and the time was short,the number was little.So the glisten membrane was effective,The ridge covered with glisten membrane and it's 5 neighboring ridges showed no disease tobacco plant,the incidence of disease of the whole field was 18.2%, and the relative control effect was 58.5%.
If the aphids burst to a large number,the glisten membrane had a limited effect to drive aphids away,and the relative control effect would decline.
The experiments results showed that covering planting with voile could control aphids effectively,and prevent aphids to transmit virus to the tobacco plant.The chemical elements and the aroma of tobacco leaves have no difference with the untreated leaves.
The effect of current available chemicals for controlling tobacco virus disease were 30%to 50%,though some how they have some effect,but in general,they could not curb the virus diseases effectively.
近几年,随着气温的转暖、保护地栽培规模的扩大和生长季节的延长以及越冬烟蚜基数的增大,蚜传病毒病已上升为主要病害,成为制约潍坊烟区烤烟生产持续、稳定、健康发展的首要因素。通过调查研究,发现烟蚜和蚜传病毒病随着气温等气象因子的变化而呈现一定的规律性动态变化。烟蚜危害烟草的时间提前,第一次有翅蚜迁飞高峰期也相应提前。1996和1997年第一次蚜量高峰期出现在5月25日至6月15日前后,而2004年有翅烟蚜发生早,数量大,持续时间长,第一次迁飞高峰在5月11日-20日前后,高峰期大约维持了12天,而且在第一次迁飞高峰后15天左右就发生了第二次迁飞高峰。2005年诸城第一次迁飞高峰在5月24-29日;安丘在5月19-24日,时间短,数量小。2005年第一次迁飞高峰始发期比2004年推迟了10天左右,而与1996年、1997年相比,大约前移5-10天。不同地域间存有较大差异,蚜传病毒病发病时间也有提前的趋势,有的年份在苗床上就发现病株。蚜传病毒病的发病高峰期在距第一次有翅烟蚜迁飞高峰期后大约15-30天,年度之间有明显差异,冬季气温偏高,4-6月干旱年份发病提前。
移栽后覆盖微孔膜时间越早,揭膜越迟,病毒病发病率越低,微孔膜的防病效果越好。2004年安丘和昌乐分别在移栽后7天和15天盖膜,防治效果较差。2005年移栽后接着盖膜,防治效果良好。
反光膜对有翅蚜虫的驱避作用距离是有限的。蚜虫中度以下发生时,铺设反光膜的烟垄及其邻近的3-5垄,驱避效果比较明显,超出这个范围,则效果不明显,而且在这个范围内,随着距离增加,效果明显减弱。2003年蚜虫中度发生,四个示范片平均发病率为10.8%,比对照降低了61.5%,防效达到73.8%。2005年蚜虫轻度发生,第一次有翅蚜迁飞高峰在5月19-24日前后,时间短,数量小,铺设反光膜对有翅烟蚜的忌避作用比较明显,铺设反光膜的烟垄及其邻近的5垄,基本没有发病,整个试验田蚜传病毒病发病率为18.2%,相对防效达到58.5%。
如果是烟蚜大发生或者是爆发,有翅蚜数量特别大,则反光膜对有翅蚜虫的驱避作用就会受到限制,相对防治效果就降低。
试验证明,纱网覆盖栽培有效地控制了有翅蚜虫的活动,控制了蚜传病毒病的传播,防治效果很好。烟叶内在化学成分和香吃味与对照无明显差异。
目前生产上用于防治烟草病毒病的化学药剂,防效在30-50%之间.应该说具有一定的防治效果,但不能很好的控制病毒病的发生和蔓延。
Tobacco virus diseases are very important destructive diseases,which frequently occurres in tobacco fields in China.From the 60's of the 20~(th) century to now,aphid transmitted virus disease like cucumber mosaic virus disease,potato virus Y disease etc.become more serious from year to year in Shandong province.
In recent years,along with the weather changing,the expanding of the shelter fields,the increase of the number of the aphids lived pass through winter and the extending of the vegetation period,the aphid transmitted virus diseases became the most important disease and the most important fact that curb the Weifang tobacco industry to be developed persistingly,stably and healthily.Our research results showed that the occurrence of the aphid transmitted virus have some regular dynamic changes interact with the weather facts.If the emergence time of the aphids was brought forward,the first peak hours of the migratory flight of the alatae also would be ahead of schedule.In 1996 and 1997,the first peak hours of the migratory flight of the alatae appeared about on May 25~(th) to June 15~(th),in the year 2004,the alatae appeared earlier and last longer together with large number.The first peak hours of the migration was about on May 11~(th) to 20~(th) and the continuance period was about 12 days.The second peak appeared just 15days after the first peak.In 2005,the first migration peak hours of Zhucheng tobacco fields was on May 24~(th) to 29~(th) and Anqiu tobacco fields was on May 19~(th) to 24~(th),so the peak time was short and the number was little.The first migration peak hours of the year 2005 was delayed 10 days.Compare with 1996 and 1997,the first migration peak was 5 to 10 days ahead of schedule.The time of the disease appearance varied largely among different terrains.The data showed that the time of the diseases appearance moved up gradually.In some years the diseased tobacco plants were even found in seed beds.The peak hours of aphid transmitted virus disease appeared about 15 to 30 days after the first migration peak of the alatae. varied with different year.If the temperature of the winter was higher and drought during April to June,the time of the disease appearance would be ahead of schedule.
If covered with micro-aperture membrane earlier and uncovered later,the incidence of a diseases would be lower and the effects of controlling disease by using micro-aperture membrane would be better.
The effect of controlling disease by glisten membrane was limited within distance.When aphids were not very serious,the effect of glisten membrane to drive aphids away was in evidence within 3 to 5 ridges in a field,but beyond this distance,the effect was not notable,The effect would dramatically decline when the distance increasing.In 2003,the aphids pest was at a average degree, the incidence of the disease of all the 4 model fields was 10.8%,61.5%lower than CK.,and the control effect was 73.8%.In 2005,the aphids pest was under average level.The first migration peak was ion May 19~(th) to 24~(th),and the time was short,the number was little.So the glisten membrane was effective,The ridge covered with glisten membrane and it's 5 neighboring ridges showed no disease tobacco plant,the incidence of disease of the whole field was 18.2%, and the relative control effect was 58.5%.
If the aphids burst to a large number,the glisten membrane had a limited effect to drive aphids away,and the relative control effect would decline.
The experiments results showed that covering planting with voile could control aphids effectively,and prevent aphids to transmit virus to the tobacco plant.The chemical elements and the aroma of tobacco leaves have no difference with the untreated leaves.
The effect of current available chemicals for controlling tobacco virus disease were 30%to 50%,though some how they have some effect,but in general,they could not curb the virus diseases effectively.
引文
(1) 陈瑞泰等编.烟草病虫害防治.济南:山东科技出版社
(10) 李厥鲁编.烟蚜的研究与防治.中国农艺出版社,1989.01
(11) 陈捷等.植物病理生理学.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1994
(12) 徐树云编著.烟草虫害防治.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1992.05
(13) 韩晓东等.山东烟草病毒病鉴定与防治的初步研究.中国烟草,1980(3) 14-18281
(14) 陈保善.广东省烟草花叶病原病毒的鉴定.病毒学报,1996,2(2):1661-73
(15) 高翔等.烟草马铃薯Y病毒病防治措施初探.安徽农业科学,2002,30(5):785-786
(16) 李淑君等.烟草病虫草害防治彩色图说.北京:中国农业出版社,2000
(17) 烟草病理学.河南:科学技术出版社,1989,218-220
(18) 王风龙等.烟草马铃薯Y病毒病国内外研究现状及今后我国的防治对策.中国烟草学报,1998,4(2):49-55
(19) 成巨龙等.陕西省烟草蚜传病毒病的发生发展规律及预测预报模型的初步研究.中国烟草学报,1998,4(2):43-48
(2) 陈瑞泰.台湾省烟草病毒病害简要综述.中国烟草科学,1997(Ⅰ):29-33
(20) 周本国等.安徽省烟草脉斑病(PVY)的发生趋势及防治措施.安徽农学通报,1998.4(1):34-35
(21) 烟草种植编写组编写.烟草病虫害.北京:中国财政经济出版社,1992.02
(22) 山农大植物病理研究室.烟草病理学,1990
(23) 李现道等.粘蚜板的研究与应用初报,山东农业大学学报,1999(1)
(3) 陈瑞泰等.全国16个主产烟省(区)烟草侵染性病害调研报告.中国烟草科学,1997(4):1-7
(4) 朱贤朝.王彦亭.王智发 主编.中国烟草病害.北京:农业出版社,2002.4
(5) 徐树云等主编.中国烟草害虫防治.北京:科学出版社,2001.5
(6) 刘联仁 编著.烟草病虫害防治.北京:科学出版社,1998.9
(7) 刘树杰.王 毅编.烟草病虫害防治.北京:气象出版社.1992.12
(8) 韩晓东等.CMV和PVY复合感染引起的叶脉坏死病.中国烟草,1981(3):34
(9) 韩晓东等.我国烟草的一个重要病毒马铃薯Y病毒.生物化学与生物物理学报,1983(3):279
(24) Brunt,A.A.The general properties of potyviruses.Archives of Virology Supplementum,1992,5:3-16
(25) Forbes,A.R.1977 in Harris,K.F.,and Maramorosch,K.(eds.) Aphids as Virus Vectors,pp.83-103.
(26) Gamez,R.,Watson,M.Failure of anaesthetized aphids to acquire or transmit henbane mosaic virus when their stylets were artificially inserted into leaves of infected or healthy tobacco plants.Virology,1964,22:292-295
(27) Govier,D.A.,Kassanis,B.Evidence that a component other than the virus particle is needed for aphid transmission of potato virus Y.Virology,1974,57:285-286
(28) Govier,D.A.,and Kassanis,B.A virus-induced component of plant sap needed when aphids acquire potato virus Y from purified preparation.Virology,1974,61:420-426.
(29) Harris.K.F.,Maramorosch,K.,eds.Aphids as virus vectors.New York: Academic, 1977.
(30) Kassanis, B, Govier, D. A. The role of the helper virus in aphid transmission of potato aucuba mosaic virus and potato vims C. Journal of General Virology, 1971, 13: 221-228
(31) Kassanis, B. The transmission of potato aucuba mosaic vims by aphids from plant also infected by potato viruses A or Y. Virology, 1961, 13: 93-97
(32) Miles, P. W., Aphid salivary secretions and their involvement in plant toxicoses. In Aphid-Plant Genotype Interactions (edited by Campell, R. K. and Eikenbary, R. D.). Elsevier Science Publishers, 1990
(33) Pirone, T. P., Thorybury, D. W. Role of virion and helper-component in regulating aphid transmission of tobacco etch vims. Phytopathology, 1983, 73: 872-875
(34) Powell, G., Pirone, T., Hardie, J. Aphid stylet activities during potyvirus acquisition from plants and an in vitro system that correlate with subsequent transmission. European Journal of Plant pathology, 1995,101: 411-420
(10) 李厥鲁编.烟蚜的研究与防治.中国农艺出版社,1989.01
(11) 陈捷等.植物病理生理学.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1994
(12) 徐树云编著.烟草虫害防治.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1992.05
(13) 韩晓东等.山东烟草病毒病鉴定与防治的初步研究.中国烟草,1980(3) 14-18281
(14) 陈保善.广东省烟草花叶病原病毒的鉴定.病毒学报,1996,2(2):1661-73
(15) 高翔等.烟草马铃薯Y病毒病防治措施初探.安徽农业科学,2002,30(5):785-786
(16) 李淑君等.烟草病虫草害防治彩色图说.北京:中国农业出版社,2000
(17) 烟草病理学.河南:科学技术出版社,1989,218-220
(18) 王风龙等.烟草马铃薯Y病毒病国内外研究现状及今后我国的防治对策.中国烟草学报,1998,4(2):49-55
(19) 成巨龙等.陕西省烟草蚜传病毒病的发生发展规律及预测预报模型的初步研究.中国烟草学报,1998,4(2):43-48
(2) 陈瑞泰.台湾省烟草病毒病害简要综述.中国烟草科学,1997(Ⅰ):29-33
(20) 周本国等.安徽省烟草脉斑病(PVY)的发生趋势及防治措施.安徽农学通报,1998.4(1):34-35
(21) 烟草种植编写组编写.烟草病虫害.北京:中国财政经济出版社,1992.02
(22) 山农大植物病理研究室.烟草病理学,1990
(23) 李现道等.粘蚜板的研究与应用初报,山东农业大学学报,1999(1)
(3) 陈瑞泰等.全国16个主产烟省(区)烟草侵染性病害调研报告.中国烟草科学,1997(4):1-7
(4) 朱贤朝.王彦亭.王智发 主编.中国烟草病害.北京:农业出版社,2002.4
(5) 徐树云等主编.中国烟草害虫防治.北京:科学出版社,2001.5
(6) 刘联仁 编著.烟草病虫害防治.北京:科学出版社,1998.9
(7) 刘树杰.王 毅编.烟草病虫害防治.北京:气象出版社.1992.12
(8) 韩晓东等.CMV和PVY复合感染引起的叶脉坏死病.中国烟草,1981(3):34
(9) 韩晓东等.我国烟草的一个重要病毒马铃薯Y病毒.生物化学与生物物理学报,1983(3):279
(24) Brunt,A.A.The general properties of potyviruses.Archives of Virology Supplementum,1992,5:3-16
(25) Forbes,A.R.1977 in Harris,K.F.,and Maramorosch,K.(eds.) Aphids as Virus Vectors,pp.83-103.
(26) Gamez,R.,Watson,M.Failure of anaesthetized aphids to acquire or transmit henbane mosaic virus when their stylets were artificially inserted into leaves of infected or healthy tobacco plants.Virology,1964,22:292-295
(27) Govier,D.A.,Kassanis,B.Evidence that a component other than the virus particle is needed for aphid transmission of potato virus Y.Virology,1974,57:285-286
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