深水海底管道S型铺管形态及施工工艺研究
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摘要
海底管道是海洋油气资源开发的生命线,对海底石油和天然气的生产和外输起着关键性的作用。由于深水海洋环境十分恶劣,海底管道同时受到弯矩、轴向拉力和静水压力的共同作用,其安全性受到很大的挑战,因此开展深水海底管道铺设施工工艺和铺管形态的研究显得尤为重要。深水海底管道铺设有三种方法:S型铺管法、J型铺管法和卷管式铺管法,本文在系统地分析和总结国内外这三种铺管法现状和优缺点的基础上,运用悬链线理论对S型铺管法的铺设形态和受力性能进行了详细的研究,在理论研究的基础上开发了自然悬链线法和刚悬链线法的计算分析程序。利用悬链线程序对S型管道铺设进行了参数敏感性分析,总结了不同初始参数下管道张力、铺设形态和极限铺设水深的变化规律。提出了深水海底管道铺设的技术性建议,为实际管道铺设作业提供理论基础。
本文的主要研究内容和成果概述为以下几个方面:
(1)系统研究了S型铺管法国内外的发展现状和趋势,对管道的制作工艺和施工步骤进行了详细阐述,总结了S型铺管法的施工流程,比较分析了新型S型铺管法相对于传统S型铺管法的优势。并列出了近年来S型管道铺设的一些工程实例和遇到的问题。
(2)运用悬链线理论建立了S型铺管法的静平衡微分方程,分别用自然悬链线法和刚悬链线法对平衡微分方程进行了数值求解,并结合中间段和托管架部分研究了S型铺管法的铺设形态和受力性能。在理论研究的基础上应用数值方法开发了相应的计算分析程序,计算分析了从铺管船到海床的管道整体形态以及各点的弯矩和轴力,同时结合DNV-OS-F101规范还可以计算分析一定规格管道所能铺设的极限水深。
(3)通过悬链线程序对海底管道铺设进行了参数敏感性分析,得出不同初始参数下(水深、管径、壁厚、配重层厚度、托管架长度、管道初始倾角、钢材等级、控制应变等)管道的张力、铺设形态和极限铺设水深,总结了深水海底管道施工铺设的一些规律和建议。对不同水深下管道的弯矩和轴力进行了计算分析,发现铺设水深对管道弯矩图的形状有明显的影响,对轴力图的形状影响不大,水深越大反弯点以下部分的弯矩曲线越扁平。
本文的研究工作受到“十一五”国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)重大专项课题“深水海底管道铺设技术”的资助,是子课题《深水海底管道铺设工艺设计和计算分析技术研究》(课题编号:2006AA09A105-1)的重要组成部分。
Submarine pipe is the lifeline in the exploitation of marine oil and gas resources. Because of the severe ocean environment, pipelines inevitably subject to unpredictable risks and thus be very vulnerable, especially when they sustain external pressure, bending moment and tension simultaneously. In general there are three kinds of pipe-laying techniques can be used in the deepwater projects, which are respectively S-lay, J-lay and reel-lay methods, and the S-lay method is the most applicable one, it can be used to lay pipes in both shallow water and deepwater seas. Due to its good applicability, there is a great need to investigate the S-lay method and analyze its laying configuration of pipelines. The work presented in this paper is motivated by the construction need of deepwater submarine pipelines. The current state-of-arts and characteristics of the three methods are detailedly introduced, and the special studies are focused on the deepwater S-lay method. The catenary theory is applied to establish static equilibrium differential equation of pipe section, the natural catenary and stiffened catenary procedures are developed to calculate the laying configuration, bending moment and tension of pipelines. The sensitivity analysis of parameters influencing pipe configuration, tension and ultimate laying depth is carried out, and some technical advices are brought forth for deepwater pipe-laying. The major contents of the article are summarized as follows:
(1) The laying equipments and installation technics of S-lay method are systematically introduced, and the installation flow chart is also described. The comparative analysis between steep S-lay method and conventional S-lay method is conducted, and several S-lay projects in the deepwater sea are listed.
(2) According to the catneary theory the static equilibrium of pipe section is established to analysize the S-lay configuration. The procedures about natural catenary method and stiffened catenary method are respectively developed to calculate total configuration and mechanical performance of the pipelines from the deck of the barge to the sea floor. The DNV-OS-F101 criterion is imported into the procedure to predict the ultimate laying depth.
(3) The effects of a series of parameters such as sea depth, the diameter of pipe, pipe wall thickness, the maximum strain, initial angle of pipe, the radius of stinger, yield and ultimate strength of pipeline steel on pipe tension, laying configuration and limited laying depth are analized. The distributions of bending moment along the pipeline exist obvious distinctions for the different pipe-lay depth, however the distributon shapes of axial tension along the pipeline are almost similar.
This research work is partly sponsored by the special subject of the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China ("863" program) with its title as "Technique of deepwater pipelaying". And it is an important part of the subject titled as "Investigation on Technological design and computational analysis for deepwater pipelaying" (Grant No. 2006AA09A105-1).
本文的主要研究内容和成果概述为以下几个方面:
(1)系统研究了S型铺管法国内外的发展现状和趋势,对管道的制作工艺和施工步骤进行了详细阐述,总结了S型铺管法的施工流程,比较分析了新型S型铺管法相对于传统S型铺管法的优势。并列出了近年来S型管道铺设的一些工程实例和遇到的问题。
(2)运用悬链线理论建立了S型铺管法的静平衡微分方程,分别用自然悬链线法和刚悬链线法对平衡微分方程进行了数值求解,并结合中间段和托管架部分研究了S型铺管法的铺设形态和受力性能。在理论研究的基础上应用数值方法开发了相应的计算分析程序,计算分析了从铺管船到海床的管道整体形态以及各点的弯矩和轴力,同时结合DNV-OS-F101规范还可以计算分析一定规格管道所能铺设的极限水深。
(3)通过悬链线程序对海底管道铺设进行了参数敏感性分析,得出不同初始参数下(水深、管径、壁厚、配重层厚度、托管架长度、管道初始倾角、钢材等级、控制应变等)管道的张力、铺设形态和极限铺设水深,总结了深水海底管道施工铺设的一些规律和建议。对不同水深下管道的弯矩和轴力进行了计算分析,发现铺设水深对管道弯矩图的形状有明显的影响,对轴力图的形状影响不大,水深越大反弯点以下部分的弯矩曲线越扁平。
本文的研究工作受到“十一五”国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)重大专项课题“深水海底管道铺设技术”的资助,是子课题《深水海底管道铺设工艺设计和计算分析技术研究》(课题编号:2006AA09A105-1)的重要组成部分。
Submarine pipe is the lifeline in the exploitation of marine oil and gas resources. Because of the severe ocean environment, pipelines inevitably subject to unpredictable risks and thus be very vulnerable, especially when they sustain external pressure, bending moment and tension simultaneously. In general there are three kinds of pipe-laying techniques can be used in the deepwater projects, which are respectively S-lay, J-lay and reel-lay methods, and the S-lay method is the most applicable one, it can be used to lay pipes in both shallow water and deepwater seas. Due to its good applicability, there is a great need to investigate the S-lay method and analyze its laying configuration of pipelines. The work presented in this paper is motivated by the construction need of deepwater submarine pipelines. The current state-of-arts and characteristics of the three methods are detailedly introduced, and the special studies are focused on the deepwater S-lay method. The catenary theory is applied to establish static equilibrium differential equation of pipe section, the natural catenary and stiffened catenary procedures are developed to calculate the laying configuration, bending moment and tension of pipelines. The sensitivity analysis of parameters influencing pipe configuration, tension and ultimate laying depth is carried out, and some technical advices are brought forth for deepwater pipe-laying. The major contents of the article are summarized as follows:
(1) The laying equipments and installation technics of S-lay method are systematically introduced, and the installation flow chart is also described. The comparative analysis between steep S-lay method and conventional S-lay method is conducted, and several S-lay projects in the deepwater sea are listed.
(2) According to the catneary theory the static equilibrium of pipe section is established to analysize the S-lay configuration. The procedures about natural catenary method and stiffened catenary method are respectively developed to calculate total configuration and mechanical performance of the pipelines from the deck of the barge to the sea floor. The DNV-OS-F101 criterion is imported into the procedure to predict the ultimate laying depth.
(3) The effects of a series of parameters such as sea depth, the diameter of pipe, pipe wall thickness, the maximum strain, initial angle of pipe, the radius of stinger, yield and ultimate strength of pipeline steel on pipe tension, laying configuration and limited laying depth are analized. The distributions of bending moment along the pipeline exist obvious distinctions for the different pipe-lay depth, however the distributon shapes of axial tension along the pipeline are almost similar.
This research work is partly sponsored by the special subject of the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China ("863" program) with its title as "Technique of deepwater pipelaying". And it is an important part of the subject titled as "Investigation on Technological design and computational analysis for deepwater pipelaying" (Grant No. 2006AA09A105-1).
引文
[1]杨捷.中国参与世界石油合作的思考.商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院报告.[OL].[2005-05-24]http://www.caitec.org.cn/c/cn/news/2007-11/09/news_294.html.
[2]世界海洋石油工业发展现状[OL].慧典市场研究报告网.[2007-09-20]http://www.hdcmr.com/
[3]海洋管道工程[OL].百度百科.http://baike.baidu.com/view/546305.html.
[4]张凤成.中国海洋油气产业发展战略研究[J].海洋开发与管理,2007,24(2):99-102.
[5]深海采油关键装备亟待国产化[OL].中国机械资讯网.[2008-04-02].http://www.cmiw.cn/html/77/n-274677.html.
[6]王立忠.论我国海洋石油工程技术的现状与发展[J].中国海洋平台,2006,21(4):9-18.
[7]马良.海洋管道技术综述[J].油气储运,1989,8(5):7-13.
[8]李金成.海底管道拖拉法施工分析及其软件[D].[硕士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2007.
[9]张建萍,赵冬岩.加利福尼亚近海深水管道敷设新方法[J].国外油气储运,1994,12(4):54-59.
[10]张世坤,许晓光.我国当前的能源问题及未来能源发展战略[J].能源研究与信息.2004,20(4):210-219.
[11]刘巍辉,曾宝,程景彬.国内外铺管船概况[J].油气储运.2007,26(6):11-15.
[12]章龙江,司广树.海洋管道工业的未来[J].国外油气储运.1994,12(6):54-65.
[13]刘英宝,王德禹,冯春健.海底管道设计壁厚和计算壁厚的选取[J].中国海洋平台.2003,18(4):38-40.
[14]GARY E,HARRISON KATY Tex.Method of deepwater pipelay:US 4992001[P].1991-02-12.
[15]KALKMAN PIET.Method and Installation for laying a pipeline on a surface located under water:US5823712[P].1996-03-08.
[16]Solitaire,the largest pipelay vessel in the world[OL].Allseas公司网站. http://www.allseas.com/uk/20/equipment/solitaire.html.
[17]GERNON G.o,KENNEY T.D.,HARRISON G.Installation of deepwater pipelines utilizing S-lay methods[C].//OTC7843,1995.
[18]SMITH NEIL,PHILLIPS DAVID.Deepwater Subsea and Pipeline Projects in the Asia Pacific Region-Where Next?[C]//The Australasian Remote Field and Deepwater Development Conference,August 26,2002.
[19]JAMIE F,MATTHEWS Jr.Offshore pipeline installation method:US 3690111[P].1972-09-12.
[20]JASON I,GOBAT MARK A.A simple modle for heave-induced dynamic tension in catenary moorings[J].Applied Ocean Research,2001,23(3):159-174.
[21]BENTON F.Apparatus for deploying an underwater pipe string:US 6273643 B1[P].2001-08-14.
[22]GU Yong-ning.Analysis of pipeline behaviours during laying operation[J].China Ocean Engineering,1989,3(4):477-486.
[23]RIENSTRA S.W..Analytical approximations for offshore pipelaying problems[C]//Proceedings ICIAM 87,Paris-La Villette,1987.
[24]BULENT OVUNC,MALLAREDDY H.Stress Analysis of offshore Pipelines[C]//OTC1222,1970.
[25]郭艳林,梁政.海底管道铺设施工设计分析[J].石油学报.1999,20(4):83-87.
[26]顾永宁.海底管线铺管作业状态分析[J].海洋工程.1988,6(2):11-23.
[27]朱达善,黄玉盈.海底管线用铰接式托架铺设时的大变形分析[J].华中工学院学报.1986,14(3):38-44.
[28]宋甲宗,戴英杰.海底管道铺设时的二维静力分析[J].大连理工大学学报.1999,39(1):91-94.
[29]DIXON D.A.,RUTLEDGE D.R..Stiffened catenary calculaIions in pipeline laying problem[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1968,90(2):153-160.
[30]HUANG Yu-ying,ZHU Shan-da,1986.Static analysis of submarine pipeline during laying operations[J].The Ocean Engineering,1986,4(1):32-46.
[31]PALMER,HUTCHINSON,ELLS.Configuration of submarine pipelines during operations[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1974,73(4):1112-1118.
[32]PLUNKETT R.Static bending stress in catenaries and drill string[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1967,89(1):31-36.
[33]WILKINS J.R.Offshore pipeline stress analysis[C]//OTC1227.1967.
[34]WILHOIT,J.C.,MERWIN J.E.,Pipe stress induced in laying offShore pipeline[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1967,89(1):37-43.
[35]POWERS J.T.,FINN L.D.Stress analysis of offShore pipelines during installation [C].OTC1071,1969.
[36]PALMER,A.C.Limit Analysis of Cylindrical Shells by Dynamic Proguamming [J].International Journal of Solids and Structures,1969,5(2):289-302.
[37]KASHANI M,YOUNG R.Installation load consideration in ultra-deepwater Pipeline Sizing[J].ASCE,Journal of Transportation Engineering,2005,131(8):632-639.
[38]HERVE QUINTIN,JEAN-LUC LEGRAS,KEVIN HUANG.Steel catenary riser challenges and solutions for deepwater applications[C].OTC19118,2007.
[39]帅健,吕英民.用动坐标迭代法分析海洋管道敷设时的应力[J].油气储运.1996,15(10):21-24.
[40]戴英杰,宋甲忠,郭东明.多点支撑托管架支撑下的海洋管道铺设中的静力分析[J].海洋工程.1999,17(2):1-9.
[2]世界海洋石油工业发展现状[OL].慧典市场研究报告网.[2007-09-20]http://www.hdcmr.com/
[3]海洋管道工程[OL].百度百科.http://baike.baidu.com/view/546305.html.
[4]张凤成.中国海洋油气产业发展战略研究[J].海洋开发与管理,2007,24(2):99-102.
[5]深海采油关键装备亟待国产化[OL].中国机械资讯网.[2008-04-02].http://www.cmiw.cn/html/77/n-274677.html.
[6]王立忠.论我国海洋石油工程技术的现状与发展[J].中国海洋平台,2006,21(4):9-18.
[7]马良.海洋管道技术综述[J].油气储运,1989,8(5):7-13.
[8]李金成.海底管道拖拉法施工分析及其软件[D].[硕士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2007.
[9]张建萍,赵冬岩.加利福尼亚近海深水管道敷设新方法[J].国外油气储运,1994,12(4):54-59.
[10]张世坤,许晓光.我国当前的能源问题及未来能源发展战略[J].能源研究与信息.2004,20(4):210-219.
[11]刘巍辉,曾宝,程景彬.国内外铺管船概况[J].油气储运.2007,26(6):11-15.
[12]章龙江,司广树.海洋管道工业的未来[J].国外油气储运.1994,12(6):54-65.
[13]刘英宝,王德禹,冯春健.海底管道设计壁厚和计算壁厚的选取[J].中国海洋平台.2003,18(4):38-40.
[14]GARY E,HARRISON KATY Tex.Method of deepwater pipelay:US 4992001[P].1991-02-12.
[15]KALKMAN PIET.Method and Installation for laying a pipeline on a surface located under water:US5823712[P].1996-03-08.
[16]Solitaire,the largest pipelay vessel in the world[OL].Allseas公司网站. http://www.allseas.com/uk/20/equipment/solitaire.html.
[17]GERNON G.o,KENNEY T.D.,HARRISON G.Installation of deepwater pipelines utilizing S-lay methods[C].//OTC7843,1995.
[18]SMITH NEIL,PHILLIPS DAVID.Deepwater Subsea and Pipeline Projects in the Asia Pacific Region-Where Next?[C]//The Australasian Remote Field and Deepwater Development Conference,August 26,2002.
[19]JAMIE F,MATTHEWS Jr.Offshore pipeline installation method:US 3690111[P].1972-09-12.
[20]JASON I,GOBAT MARK A.A simple modle for heave-induced dynamic tension in catenary moorings[J].Applied Ocean Research,2001,23(3):159-174.
[21]BENTON F.Apparatus for deploying an underwater pipe string:US 6273643 B1[P].2001-08-14.
[22]GU Yong-ning.Analysis of pipeline behaviours during laying operation[J].China Ocean Engineering,1989,3(4):477-486.
[23]RIENSTRA S.W..Analytical approximations for offshore pipelaying problems[C]//Proceedings ICIAM 87,Paris-La Villette,1987.
[24]BULENT OVUNC,MALLAREDDY H.Stress Analysis of offshore Pipelines[C]//OTC1222,1970.
[25]郭艳林,梁政.海底管道铺设施工设计分析[J].石油学报.1999,20(4):83-87.
[26]顾永宁.海底管线铺管作业状态分析[J].海洋工程.1988,6(2):11-23.
[27]朱达善,黄玉盈.海底管线用铰接式托架铺设时的大变形分析[J].华中工学院学报.1986,14(3):38-44.
[28]宋甲宗,戴英杰.海底管道铺设时的二维静力分析[J].大连理工大学学报.1999,39(1):91-94.
[29]DIXON D.A.,RUTLEDGE D.R..Stiffened catenary calculaIions in pipeline laying problem[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1968,90(2):153-160.
[30]HUANG Yu-ying,ZHU Shan-da,1986.Static analysis of submarine pipeline during laying operations[J].The Ocean Engineering,1986,4(1):32-46.
[31]PALMER,HUTCHINSON,ELLS.Configuration of submarine pipelines during operations[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1974,73(4):1112-1118.
[32]PLUNKETT R.Static bending stress in catenaries and drill string[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1967,89(1):31-36.
[33]WILKINS J.R.Offshore pipeline stress analysis[C]//OTC1227.1967.
[34]WILHOIT,J.C.,MERWIN J.E.,Pipe stress induced in laying offShore pipeline[J].ASME,Journal of Engineering for Industry,1967,89(1):37-43.
[35]POWERS J.T.,FINN L.D.Stress analysis of offShore pipelines during installation [C].OTC1071,1969.
[36]PALMER,A.C.Limit Analysis of Cylindrical Shells by Dynamic Proguamming [J].International Journal of Solids and Structures,1969,5(2):289-302.
[37]KASHANI M,YOUNG R.Installation load consideration in ultra-deepwater Pipeline Sizing[J].ASCE,Journal of Transportation Engineering,2005,131(8):632-639.
[38]HERVE QUINTIN,JEAN-LUC LEGRAS,KEVIN HUANG.Steel catenary riser challenges and solutions for deepwater applications[C].OTC19118,2007.
[39]帅健,吕英民.用动坐标迭代法分析海洋管道敷设时的应力[J].油气储运.1996,15(10):21-24.
[40]戴英杰,宋甲忠,郭东明.多点支撑托管架支撑下的海洋管道铺设中的静力分析[J].海洋工程.1999,17(2):1-9.