保护性耕作对塿土碳氮分布及性质的影响
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摘要
随着全球气候和环境的变化,保护性耕作及土壤碳氮研究成为了目前全世界广泛关注的问题。本文以关中地区小麦玉米轮作条件下,历时7年不同耕作方式(深松、旋耕、免耕、传统耕作)的定位试验为研究对象,研究了保护性耕作方式对塿土有机碳含量、活性、结合形态的影响;对土壤结构体分布以及土壤结构体中碳氮含量、有机碳氧化稳定性的影响;对土壤可溶性有机碳氮含量及腐殖化性质的影响。主要结论如下:
1.研究了不同耕作处理下(深松、旋耕、免耕、秸秆还田+传统耕作、传统耕作)不同土层土壤的总有机碳,高、中活性有机碳含量以及松结态、稳结态、紧结态有机碳含量,并计算了松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值(松/紧)。与传统耕作比较,在小麦秸秆高留茬情况下,无论玉米秸秆是否还田,旋耕、深松和免耕处理均既能提高土壤有机碳含量,又能提高土壤的活性有机碳和松结态有机碳含量,提高松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值,且深松和旋耕的效果比免耕更明显。
2.研究了保护性耕作对土壤团聚体分布及团聚体中碳氮含量和有机碳氧化稳定性的影响。在各处理中,>5 mm粒级的团聚体含量最多,占团聚体总量的62.3 %～70.2 %,0.5～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体含量最小,占团聚体总量的1.10 %～1.80 %。与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕以及秸秆还田+传统耕作均提高了>5mm粒级团聚体的含量。随着土壤团聚体粒径的增大,团聚体有机碳含量逐渐减小,其中有机碳含量在<0.25 mm团聚体中含量最大,平均为10.87 g.kg-1。在>5 mm团聚体中最小,平均值为9.57 g.kg-1。,在>0.25 mm的各粒级团聚体中,全氮含量也随着团聚体粒径的增加而减小。在0.5～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体中全氮含量最大,平均为1.18 g.kg-1,在>5 mm粒级的团聚体中全氮含量最小,平均为0.99 g.kg-1。深松和旋耕处理较免耕和传统耕作更有利于团聚体中有机碳、氮含量的增加。深松、旋耕、免耕及秸秆还田+传统耕作均提高了各粒级团聚体中易氧化有机碳含量,且深松和旋耕效果达到显著水平,免耕作用不显著;深松、旋耕、免耕对难氧化有机碳含量的影响均不明显。各保护性耕作对土壤团聚体总有机碳含量的提高主要是通过团聚体中易氧化有机碳含量的提高来实现。各保护性耕作降低了团聚体有机碳的氧化稳定系数(Kos),但未达到显著水平。土壤较小粒级(0.5～0.25 mm和<0.25 mm)团聚体中的总有机碳,易氧化、难氧化有机碳含量均比大粒级团聚体中(>0.5 mm)的高,且其氧化稳定系数(Kos)较低。
3.研究了保护性耕作对土壤微团聚体分布及微团聚体碳氮含量及有机碳氧化稳定性的影响。秸秆粉碎旋耕、秸秆覆盖深松处理提高了特征微团聚体的组成比例,而秸秆还田+传统耕作和免耕处理对特征微团聚组成比例的影响较小。与传统耕作比较,旋耕、深松处理均能提高较大粒级微团聚体中(0.05～0.25 mm和0.01～0.05 mm)有机碳及全氮含量,而免耕使0.01～0.05 mm微团聚体中的有机碳和全氮含量有所降低;旋耕、深松和免耕对小粒级微团聚体(<0.01mm)中的有机碳和全氮含量影响较小。旋耕和深松使总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、难氧化有机碳含量在0.05～0.25和0.01～0.05 mm微团聚体中显著增加,而在<0.01 mm微团聚体中有所降低;深松和旋耕对微团聚体有机碳氧化稳定性的影响未达到显著水平,免耕明显降低了各粒级微团聚体有机碳的氧化稳定性。塿土微团聚体有机碳含量和氧化稳定性主要取决于0.05～0.25 mm微团聚体,深松、旋耕有利于微团聚体中有机碳含量的积累及有机碳氧化稳定性的降低。
4.研究了秸秆还田结合不同耕作方式对土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量及腐殖化性质的影响。塿土可溶性有机碳、氮含量分别在44.40～66.67 mg/kg和2.64～6.16 mg/kg之间。与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕和秸秆还田+传统耕作处理均提高了土壤可溶性有机碳含量。除裸地免耕外,各耕作措施也均增加了可溶性有机氮含量,且深松和旋耕对提高土壤可溶性有机碳、有机氮的效果更大。与传统耕作比较,在玉米秸秆还田的情况下,深松、旋耕处理均使土壤可溶性有机物的UV280值升高,反映出可溶性有机物中芳香类化合物增多,腐殖化作用加强;旋耕、深松、免耕以及秸秆还田+传统耕作均使可溶性有机物的腐殖化指数(HIXem)有所升高,且以秸秆覆盖浅松的最大。相关分析表明,土壤可溶性有机碳、氮和可溶性总碳、氮以及土壤总有机碳、全氮含量之间均显著相关。
Conservational tillage measures, organic carbon and nitrogen are concerned intensively at present in the world because of the changes of climate and environment. In this paper, a seven years’location experiment of different tillage modes (sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage ) in the condition of wheat-corn rotation of Lou soil in Guanzhong plain was conducted. We studied that the effects of conservational tillage measures on the content of soil organic carbon, activity and bound forms of soil organic carbon; on the content of organic carbon and nitrogen and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in soil aggregates; on the content and the humification properties of soil soluble organic carbon and nitrogen, The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The content of total soil organic carbon, highly labile organic carbon, mid-labile organic carbon, loosely combined organic carbon, stably combined organic carbon and tightly combined organic carbon in different soil layers of different tillage modes (sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage with straw return and conventional tillage) were analysed, The ratios of loosely to tightly combined organic carbon also was calculated. Compared to the conventional tillage, Rotary tillage, sub-soiling and no-tillage all increase the content of soil organic carbon, loosely combined organic carbon, labile organic carbon and the ratios of loosely to tightly combined organic carbon in the condition of wheat high stubble mulching with core stubble mulching or not. The comparison between several cultivation measures indicated that the effect of rotary tillage and sub-soiling were more significantly than no-tillage.
2. The effects of conservational tillage measures on distributions of soil aggregates, the content of organic carbon and nitrogen and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in soil aggregates are studied. Among all the soil aggregates under different tillage treatments, the content was the highest in >5 mm fractions of aggregates and the lowest in 0.5～0.25 mm soil aggregates. The >5 mm size fraction occupied 62.3 %～70.2 % of the total soil aggregates and 0.5～0.25 mm size fraction occupied 1.10 %～1.80 %. Compared to the conventional tillage, sub-soiling, rotary tillage and no-tillage all increased the content of >5 mm aggregates. With aggregates sizes increasing, the content of organic carbon and total N in aggregates decreased. The organic carbon content averaged 10.87 g.kg～1 in the <0.25 mm fraction, being highest among all soil aggregates. In >5 mm soil aggregates, the content of soil organic carbon was 9.57 g.kg～1, being the lowest. Sub-soiling and rotary tillage increased the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil aggregates significantly than conventional tillage and no-tillage. The effect of conservational tillage on the storage of organic carbon in soil aggregates were more significant than that on the storage of total nitrogen.Sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage with straw incorporated all increased the content of readily oxidizable organic carbon in soil aggregates. The effects of sub-soiling and rotary tillage were significant, but no-tillage have a little effect, Effects of sub-soiling, rotary tillage and no-tillage on the content of difficultly oxidizable organic in soil aggregates were insignificant. The increase of total organic carbon in soil aggregates by conservational tillage measures was mainly by enhancing the content of readily oxidizable organic carbon. The oxidation stablility coefficient (Kos) of organic carbon in soil aggregates was decreased by conservational tillage measures, but the effect was insignificant. The content of total organic carbon, readily oxidizable organic carbon and difficultly oxidizable organic carbon in smaller sizes (0.5~0.25 mm and <0.25 mm) of soil aggregates were higer than that in lager sizes (>0.5 mm) of soil aggregates. But the oxidation stablility coefficients (Kos) of organic carbon in smaller sizes of soil aggregates were lower than that in lager sizes of soil aggregates.
3. The effects of conservational tillage measures on distributions of soil microaggregates, the content of organic carbon and nitrogen and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in soil microaggregates are studied. The compositional proportions of soil characteristic micro-aggregates are increased under the rotary tillage with straw pulverizing and the subsoiling with straw mulching, while there are little effects on the proportion under the conventional tillage (plow and rotary tillage) with straw incorporated and no-tillage. Compared with the conventional tillage, the subsoiling and rotary tillage could increase the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in 0.05～0.25 mm and 0.01～0.05 mm micro-aggregates, and the no-tillage could decrease the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in 0.01～0.05 mm micro-aggregates. The rotary tillage, subsoiling and no-tillage have little effects on the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in <0.01 mm micro-aggregates. Sub-soiling and rotary tillage increased significantly the content of total organic carbon, readily oxidizable organic carbon and difficultly oxidizable organic carbon in 0.05～0.25 mm and 0.01～0.05 mm micro-aggregates, but decreased the content of them in <0.01mm soil micro-aggregates. The effects of sub-soiling and rotary tillage on the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates were insignificant. No-tillage decreased significantly the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates.The content and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates mainly depended on the 0.05～0.25 mm micro-aggregates. Rotary tillage, sub-soiling can increase the content of soil organic carbon and decreased the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates.
4. Effect of tillage methods with straw returning on the content and the humification Properties of soil Soluble Organic Carbon and Nitrogen are studied. The content of soluble organic carbon was 44.40～66.67 mg/kg , the content of soluble organic nitrogen was 2.64～6.16 mg/kg in Lou soil. Compared with conventional tillage, sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage with straw incorporated all increased the content of soluble organic carbon. Except no-tillage without corn straw returned, other conservational tillage measures all increased the content of soluble organic nitrogen. Effects of sub-soiling and rotary tillage on increasing the content of soluble organic carbon, nitrogen all more significant. Compared with conventional tillage, at the condition of corn straw return to field, sub-soiling and rotary tillage all increased UV280 value that reflect the content of aromatic compounds in soluble organic matter increased and humification strengthened. Rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage with straw incorporated all increased HIXem value of soluble organic matter, the value in the treatment of surface tillage with straw mulching was highest. The correlation analysis demonstrated that soil soluble organic carbon, soluble organic nitrogen were significantly correlated with soil soluble carbon, soluble nitrogen, soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen.
1.研究了不同耕作处理下(深松、旋耕、免耕、秸秆还田+传统耕作、传统耕作)不同土层土壤的总有机碳,高、中活性有机碳含量以及松结态、稳结态、紧结态有机碳含量,并计算了松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值(松/紧)。与传统耕作比较,在小麦秸秆高留茬情况下,无论玉米秸秆是否还田,旋耕、深松和免耕处理均既能提高土壤有机碳含量,又能提高土壤的活性有机碳和松结态有机碳含量,提高松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值,且深松和旋耕的效果比免耕更明显。
2.研究了保护性耕作对土壤团聚体分布及团聚体中碳氮含量和有机碳氧化稳定性的影响。在各处理中,>5 mm粒级的团聚体含量最多,占团聚体总量的62.3 %～70.2 %,0.5～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体含量最小,占团聚体总量的1.10 %～1.80 %。与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕以及秸秆还田+传统耕作均提高了>5mm粒级团聚体的含量。随着土壤团聚体粒径的增大,团聚体有机碳含量逐渐减小,其中有机碳含量在<0.25 mm团聚体中含量最大,平均为10.87 g.kg-1。在>5 mm团聚体中最小,平均值为9.57 g.kg-1。,在>0.25 mm的各粒级团聚体中,全氮含量也随着团聚体粒径的增加而减小。在0.5～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体中全氮含量最大,平均为1.18 g.kg-1,在>5 mm粒级的团聚体中全氮含量最小,平均为0.99 g.kg-1。深松和旋耕处理较免耕和传统耕作更有利于团聚体中有机碳、氮含量的增加。深松、旋耕、免耕及秸秆还田+传统耕作均提高了各粒级团聚体中易氧化有机碳含量,且深松和旋耕效果达到显著水平,免耕作用不显著;深松、旋耕、免耕对难氧化有机碳含量的影响均不明显。各保护性耕作对土壤团聚体总有机碳含量的提高主要是通过团聚体中易氧化有机碳含量的提高来实现。各保护性耕作降低了团聚体有机碳的氧化稳定系数(Kos),但未达到显著水平。土壤较小粒级(0.5～0.25 mm和<0.25 mm)团聚体中的总有机碳,易氧化、难氧化有机碳含量均比大粒级团聚体中(>0.5 mm)的高,且其氧化稳定系数(Kos)较低。
3.研究了保护性耕作对土壤微团聚体分布及微团聚体碳氮含量及有机碳氧化稳定性的影响。秸秆粉碎旋耕、秸秆覆盖深松处理提高了特征微团聚体的组成比例,而秸秆还田+传统耕作和免耕处理对特征微团聚组成比例的影响较小。与传统耕作比较,旋耕、深松处理均能提高较大粒级微团聚体中(0.05～0.25 mm和0.01～0.05 mm)有机碳及全氮含量,而免耕使0.01～0.05 mm微团聚体中的有机碳和全氮含量有所降低;旋耕、深松和免耕对小粒级微团聚体(<0.01mm)中的有机碳和全氮含量影响较小。旋耕和深松使总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、难氧化有机碳含量在0.05～0.25和0.01～0.05 mm微团聚体中显著增加,而在<0.01 mm微团聚体中有所降低;深松和旋耕对微团聚体有机碳氧化稳定性的影响未达到显著水平,免耕明显降低了各粒级微团聚体有机碳的氧化稳定性。塿土微团聚体有机碳含量和氧化稳定性主要取决于0.05～0.25 mm微团聚体,深松、旋耕有利于微团聚体中有机碳含量的积累及有机碳氧化稳定性的降低。
4.研究了秸秆还田结合不同耕作方式对土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量及腐殖化性质的影响。塿土可溶性有机碳、氮含量分别在44.40～66.67 mg/kg和2.64～6.16 mg/kg之间。与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕和秸秆还田+传统耕作处理均提高了土壤可溶性有机碳含量。除裸地免耕外,各耕作措施也均增加了可溶性有机氮含量,且深松和旋耕对提高土壤可溶性有机碳、有机氮的效果更大。与传统耕作比较,在玉米秸秆还田的情况下,深松、旋耕处理均使土壤可溶性有机物的UV280值升高,反映出可溶性有机物中芳香类化合物增多,腐殖化作用加强;旋耕、深松、免耕以及秸秆还田+传统耕作均使可溶性有机物的腐殖化指数(HIXem)有所升高,且以秸秆覆盖浅松的最大。相关分析表明,土壤可溶性有机碳、氮和可溶性总碳、氮以及土壤总有机碳、全氮含量之间均显著相关。
Conservational tillage measures, organic carbon and nitrogen are concerned intensively at present in the world because of the changes of climate and environment. In this paper, a seven years’location experiment of different tillage modes (sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage ) in the condition of wheat-corn rotation of Lou soil in Guanzhong plain was conducted. We studied that the effects of conservational tillage measures on the content of soil organic carbon, activity and bound forms of soil organic carbon; on the content of organic carbon and nitrogen and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in soil aggregates; on the content and the humification properties of soil soluble organic carbon and nitrogen, The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The content of total soil organic carbon, highly labile organic carbon, mid-labile organic carbon, loosely combined organic carbon, stably combined organic carbon and tightly combined organic carbon in different soil layers of different tillage modes (sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage with straw return and conventional tillage) were analysed, The ratios of loosely to tightly combined organic carbon also was calculated. Compared to the conventional tillage, Rotary tillage, sub-soiling and no-tillage all increase the content of soil organic carbon, loosely combined organic carbon, labile organic carbon and the ratios of loosely to tightly combined organic carbon in the condition of wheat high stubble mulching with core stubble mulching or not. The comparison between several cultivation measures indicated that the effect of rotary tillage and sub-soiling were more significantly than no-tillage.
2. The effects of conservational tillage measures on distributions of soil aggregates, the content of organic carbon and nitrogen and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in soil aggregates are studied. Among all the soil aggregates under different tillage treatments, the content was the highest in >5 mm fractions of aggregates and the lowest in 0.5～0.25 mm soil aggregates. The >5 mm size fraction occupied 62.3 %～70.2 % of the total soil aggregates and 0.5～0.25 mm size fraction occupied 1.10 %～1.80 %. Compared to the conventional tillage, sub-soiling, rotary tillage and no-tillage all increased the content of >5 mm aggregates. With aggregates sizes increasing, the content of organic carbon and total N in aggregates decreased. The organic carbon content averaged 10.87 g.kg～1 in the <0.25 mm fraction, being highest among all soil aggregates. In >5 mm soil aggregates, the content of soil organic carbon was 9.57 g.kg～1, being the lowest. Sub-soiling and rotary tillage increased the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil aggregates significantly than conventional tillage and no-tillage. The effect of conservational tillage on the storage of organic carbon in soil aggregates were more significant than that on the storage of total nitrogen.Sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage with straw incorporated all increased the content of readily oxidizable organic carbon in soil aggregates. The effects of sub-soiling and rotary tillage were significant, but no-tillage have a little effect, Effects of sub-soiling, rotary tillage and no-tillage on the content of difficultly oxidizable organic in soil aggregates were insignificant. The increase of total organic carbon in soil aggregates by conservational tillage measures was mainly by enhancing the content of readily oxidizable organic carbon. The oxidation stablility coefficient (Kos) of organic carbon in soil aggregates was decreased by conservational tillage measures, but the effect was insignificant. The content of total organic carbon, readily oxidizable organic carbon and difficultly oxidizable organic carbon in smaller sizes (0.5~0.25 mm and <0.25 mm) of soil aggregates were higer than that in lager sizes (>0.5 mm) of soil aggregates. But the oxidation stablility coefficients (Kos) of organic carbon in smaller sizes of soil aggregates were lower than that in lager sizes of soil aggregates.
3. The effects of conservational tillage measures on distributions of soil microaggregates, the content of organic carbon and nitrogen and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in soil microaggregates are studied. The compositional proportions of soil characteristic micro-aggregates are increased under the rotary tillage with straw pulverizing and the subsoiling with straw mulching, while there are little effects on the proportion under the conventional tillage (plow and rotary tillage) with straw incorporated and no-tillage. Compared with the conventional tillage, the subsoiling and rotary tillage could increase the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in 0.05～0.25 mm and 0.01～0.05 mm micro-aggregates, and the no-tillage could decrease the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in 0.01～0.05 mm micro-aggregates. The rotary tillage, subsoiling and no-tillage have little effects on the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in <0.01 mm micro-aggregates. Sub-soiling and rotary tillage increased significantly the content of total organic carbon, readily oxidizable organic carbon and difficultly oxidizable organic carbon in 0.05～0.25 mm and 0.01～0.05 mm micro-aggregates, but decreased the content of them in <0.01mm soil micro-aggregates. The effects of sub-soiling and rotary tillage on the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates were insignificant. No-tillage decreased significantly the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates.The content and the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates mainly depended on the 0.05～0.25 mm micro-aggregates. Rotary tillage, sub-soiling can increase the content of soil organic carbon and decreased the oxidation stability of soil organic carbon in micro-aggregates.
4. Effect of tillage methods with straw returning on the content and the humification Properties of soil Soluble Organic Carbon and Nitrogen are studied. The content of soluble organic carbon was 44.40～66.67 mg/kg , the content of soluble organic nitrogen was 2.64～6.16 mg/kg in Lou soil. Compared with conventional tillage, sub-soiling, rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage with straw incorporated all increased the content of soluble organic carbon. Except no-tillage without corn straw returned, other conservational tillage measures all increased the content of soluble organic nitrogen. Effects of sub-soiling and rotary tillage on increasing the content of soluble organic carbon, nitrogen all more significant. Compared with conventional tillage, at the condition of corn straw return to field, sub-soiling and rotary tillage all increased UV280 value that reflect the content of aromatic compounds in soluble organic matter increased and humification strengthened. Rotary tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage with straw incorporated all increased HIXem value of soluble organic matter, the value in the treatment of surface tillage with straw mulching was highest. The correlation analysis demonstrated that soil soluble organic carbon, soluble organic nitrogen were significantly correlated with soil soluble carbon, soluble nitrogen, soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen.
引文
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