黄土丘陵沟壑区农田土壤有机碳和作物产量动态变化
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摘要
黄土高原地区作为我国典型的雨养旱作农业区,贫瘠的土壤和严重匮乏的水资源,严重制约着农业生产的稳定及可持续发展。研究如何使土壤碳库增汇(土壤培肥)、农作物增产,这不仅对该区乃至我国农业的可持续发展有重要意义,而且对全球大气CO2减排也起着不可忽视的作用。前人通过实地观测的常规方法,证明了增加肥料投入是土壤增汇、粮食增产的关键措施。因此,研究不同施肥措施对农田土壤碳循环规律和SOC含量长期变化趋势的影响,及对农作物产量变化趋势的影响,有助于揭示农田土壤碳源汇的特征,对土壤培肥和保障粮食安全作出相应的贡献。本研究采用DNDC模型模拟的方法,主要研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区坡耕地、梯田和川地三种农田类型在单施化肥、单施有机肥、化肥有机肥配施三种施肥措施,以及不施肥条件下土壤碳循环规律、SOC含量变化趋势、农作物产量变化趋势等基本特征,取得了以下主要结果:
(1)DNDC模型模拟结果的可信度,只有与实测数据进行比较才能确定,本文利用安塞试验站三个养分长期定位试验场上的实测结果,从模型模拟SOC含量及作物产量动态变化方面进一步验证DNDC模型在黄土丘陵沟壑区的适用性。验证结果表明:验证选用的实测数据与DNDC模型模拟数据间均达到了极显著相关,表明DNDC模型可用来模拟和预测该地区农田SOC含量及作物产量的动态变化。
(2)环境影响因子中,SOC年均变化量对的土壤初始有机碳含量升降的响应最为敏感,且均促进土壤的“碳源”效应;而在耕作管理措施中,则对秸秆还田率与有机肥施用量增减的响应最为敏感,且均促进土壤的“碳汇”效应。通过DNDC模型对各参数因子值增减后响应敏感度的分析,结果一方面说明土壤碳库的维持较为敏感的受初始SOC含量等环境因子的影响,另一方面也揭示了为提高土壤固碳能力,通过改良耕作管理措施具有很大的潜力。
(3)在三种耕地类型上,施肥能显著提高作物残体与根系分泌物的外源C携入量,也能提高土壤异氧呼吸对内源C的消耗量,即能同时提高土壤碳库的“碳汇”与“碳源”能力,且单施有机肥、有机肥配施氮肥提高效果极显著。在坡耕地与川地上,不施肥,由于土壤亏缺土壤肥力持续下降,而在梯田上,由于豆科作物黄豆的引入,促进了土壤肥力的累积;单施氮肥,在坡耕地与川地上,虽能保证作物生产,但表层土壤肥力增加不明显,甚至会有降低趋势;在三种耕地类型上,单施或配施有机肥,均能极显著提高SOC含量,且氮肥配施有机肥的培肥效果较好。
(4)在坡耕地与川地上,不施肥,由于土壤亏缺土壤肥力持续下降,作物产量也持续降低,而在梯田上,由于豆科作物黄豆的引入,促进了农作物增产;单施氮肥,在坡耕地与川地上,基本能保证作物生产,但对土壤肥力有不良影响。在三种耕地类型上,氮肥配施有机肥对作物增产效果较好,宜予以推广。因此,生产管理中,为实现粮食增产的目标,在黄土丘陵沟壑区坡耕地、梯田与川地上,应大力推广有机肥配施氮肥的措施。
(5)在贫瘠的土壤上采取必要措施提升土壤肥力,能极显著的促进作物产量。然而,当土壤肥力上升后,其他因素,如年降水量、年均温或作物自身生产力差异则会取代土壤肥力,成为制约作物生产的限制因子。本次相关性分析结果表明,在坡耕地、梯田和川地上,配施均能兼顾土壤固碳与粮食增产、稳产、高产的双赢目标,这符合农业可持续发展的大方向,宜予以推广。
As a typical rainfed agricultural area in China, the Loess Plateau region has poor soil and severe water shortage, seriously hindering the stability of agricultural production and its sustainable development. To study how to increase soil carbon sequestration (soil fertility) and yield-increasing, is important and necessary not only for the sustainable development of agricultural in this region as well as our country, but also for the global atmospheric CO2 mitigation. Previous researchers through conventional field observation methods had proved that to increase fertilizer input was the key measure to enhance soil carbon sequestration and crop yield-increasing. Therefore, to study the effects of different fertilization on soil carbon cycling rules, SOC content change trends and crop yield-increasing trends, could help us reveal the characteristics of soil carbon storage whether as a sink or a source, contributing to soil fertility and food security. In this study, DNDC model was used to simulate and predict both the farmland SOC content and crop yield dynamic changes under three types of fertilization treatments, single fertilizer application, single manure amendment and combined application of fertilizer and manure, as well as a no fertilizer treatment. Soil carbon cycling rules, SOC content changes, yield-increasing trends and so on were investigated by the simulated results. The main obtained results are as follows:
(1) The credibility of DNDC model's simulation results could only be determined by comparing with the measured data. In this study, the long-term observed data collected from three long-term fertilization experiments, supported by Ansai Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, were compared with the simulated dynamic changes of SOC content and crop yield, in order to further verify the applicability of DNDC model in hilly and gully areas of the Loess Plateau. The validation results showed that the comparisons between observed and the simulated SOC content and crop yield were all significance at 0.01 level, suggesting the DNDC model can be used to simulate and predict both the farmland SOC content and crop yield dynamics.
(2) Among the environmental factors, initial SOC content was the most sensitive factor for regulating SOC sequestration rate as a“carbon source”; among the farm management factors, crop residue incorporation and manure amendment are the most sensitive factors affecting the SOC dynamics as a“carbon sink”. Results from the sensitivity tests have a dual implication, which indicate that SOC dynamics is sensitive to some input factors (e.g., initial SOC content, crop residue incorporation, manure amendment) more than others. It also revealed there are potentials for enhancing SOC sequestration through improved farming management practices.
(3) On the three types of farmland, fertilizition could significantly increase crop residues and root exudates amount, bringing more exogenous C into soil; it also could significantly enhance soil heterotrophic respiration, increasing endogenous C consumption. That suggesting it could both increase soil carbon pool's capability as "carbon sink" and "carbon source", and single manure and combined applications had more significant effects. On the slope land and plain field, no fertilizer made their soil fertility declined due to soil nutrients stress, even though soil fertility on terrace was improved, due to the introduction of a leguminous crop, soybean. Single nitrogen fertilizer application on the slope land and plain field, could ensure crop production, but the surface soil's fertility improvement was not obvious, or even be reduced slightly. On the three types of farmland, single manure or combined application both could increase SOC content significantly, and the fertilizing effect of combined nitrogen fertilizer with manure application is better.
(4) On slope land and plain field, no fertilizer made their crop yields declined continually due to a continuous deterioration in soil fertility, on terrace, the crop yield was promoted due to the introduction of soybeans, a leguminous crop. Single nitrogen fertilizer application, on slope land and plain field, could ensure crop production basicly, but had an serious effect on soil fertility. Therefore, on the three types of cultivated land, combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and manure should be advised as a better yield-increasing measure in this region.
(5) On the barren farmland, the necessary measures would not only enhance its soil fertility, but also play a very significant role in promoting crop yields. However, when the soil fertility beyond a threshold value that might exist, other factor, such as annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, crops’own productivity differences and so on, would replace soil fertility, becoming a new limiting factor for crop production. Standing on the sustainable development of agriculture, in this study, the combined application on slope land, terrace field and plain field should be a better choice, which would achieve the win-win goal of soil carbon sequestration and food production security.
(1)DNDC模型模拟结果的可信度,只有与实测数据进行比较才能确定,本文利用安塞试验站三个养分长期定位试验场上的实测结果,从模型模拟SOC含量及作物产量动态变化方面进一步验证DNDC模型在黄土丘陵沟壑区的适用性。验证结果表明:验证选用的实测数据与DNDC模型模拟数据间均达到了极显著相关,表明DNDC模型可用来模拟和预测该地区农田SOC含量及作物产量的动态变化。
(2)环境影响因子中,SOC年均变化量对的土壤初始有机碳含量升降的响应最为敏感,且均促进土壤的“碳源”效应;而在耕作管理措施中,则对秸秆还田率与有机肥施用量增减的响应最为敏感,且均促进土壤的“碳汇”效应。通过DNDC模型对各参数因子值增减后响应敏感度的分析,结果一方面说明土壤碳库的维持较为敏感的受初始SOC含量等环境因子的影响,另一方面也揭示了为提高土壤固碳能力,通过改良耕作管理措施具有很大的潜力。
(3)在三种耕地类型上,施肥能显著提高作物残体与根系分泌物的外源C携入量,也能提高土壤异氧呼吸对内源C的消耗量,即能同时提高土壤碳库的“碳汇”与“碳源”能力,且单施有机肥、有机肥配施氮肥提高效果极显著。在坡耕地与川地上,不施肥,由于土壤亏缺土壤肥力持续下降,而在梯田上,由于豆科作物黄豆的引入,促进了土壤肥力的累积;单施氮肥,在坡耕地与川地上,虽能保证作物生产,但表层土壤肥力增加不明显,甚至会有降低趋势;在三种耕地类型上,单施或配施有机肥,均能极显著提高SOC含量,且氮肥配施有机肥的培肥效果较好。
(4)在坡耕地与川地上,不施肥,由于土壤亏缺土壤肥力持续下降,作物产量也持续降低,而在梯田上,由于豆科作物黄豆的引入,促进了农作物增产;单施氮肥,在坡耕地与川地上,基本能保证作物生产,但对土壤肥力有不良影响。在三种耕地类型上,氮肥配施有机肥对作物增产效果较好,宜予以推广。因此,生产管理中,为实现粮食增产的目标,在黄土丘陵沟壑区坡耕地、梯田与川地上,应大力推广有机肥配施氮肥的措施。
(5)在贫瘠的土壤上采取必要措施提升土壤肥力,能极显著的促进作物产量。然而,当土壤肥力上升后,其他因素,如年降水量、年均温或作物自身生产力差异则会取代土壤肥力,成为制约作物生产的限制因子。本次相关性分析结果表明,在坡耕地、梯田和川地上,配施均能兼顾土壤固碳与粮食增产、稳产、高产的双赢目标,这符合农业可持续发展的大方向,宜予以推广。
As a typical rainfed agricultural area in China, the Loess Plateau region has poor soil and severe water shortage, seriously hindering the stability of agricultural production and its sustainable development. To study how to increase soil carbon sequestration (soil fertility) and yield-increasing, is important and necessary not only for the sustainable development of agricultural in this region as well as our country, but also for the global atmospheric CO2 mitigation. Previous researchers through conventional field observation methods had proved that to increase fertilizer input was the key measure to enhance soil carbon sequestration and crop yield-increasing. Therefore, to study the effects of different fertilization on soil carbon cycling rules, SOC content change trends and crop yield-increasing trends, could help us reveal the characteristics of soil carbon storage whether as a sink or a source, contributing to soil fertility and food security. In this study, DNDC model was used to simulate and predict both the farmland SOC content and crop yield dynamic changes under three types of fertilization treatments, single fertilizer application, single manure amendment and combined application of fertilizer and manure, as well as a no fertilizer treatment. Soil carbon cycling rules, SOC content changes, yield-increasing trends and so on were investigated by the simulated results. The main obtained results are as follows:
(1) The credibility of DNDC model's simulation results could only be determined by comparing with the measured data. In this study, the long-term observed data collected from three long-term fertilization experiments, supported by Ansai Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, were compared with the simulated dynamic changes of SOC content and crop yield, in order to further verify the applicability of DNDC model in hilly and gully areas of the Loess Plateau. The validation results showed that the comparisons between observed and the simulated SOC content and crop yield were all significance at 0.01 level, suggesting the DNDC model can be used to simulate and predict both the farmland SOC content and crop yield dynamics.
(2) Among the environmental factors, initial SOC content was the most sensitive factor for regulating SOC sequestration rate as a“carbon source”; among the farm management factors, crop residue incorporation and manure amendment are the most sensitive factors affecting the SOC dynamics as a“carbon sink”. Results from the sensitivity tests have a dual implication, which indicate that SOC dynamics is sensitive to some input factors (e.g., initial SOC content, crop residue incorporation, manure amendment) more than others. It also revealed there are potentials for enhancing SOC sequestration through improved farming management practices.
(3) On the three types of farmland, fertilizition could significantly increase crop residues and root exudates amount, bringing more exogenous C into soil; it also could significantly enhance soil heterotrophic respiration, increasing endogenous C consumption. That suggesting it could both increase soil carbon pool's capability as "carbon sink" and "carbon source", and single manure and combined applications had more significant effects. On the slope land and plain field, no fertilizer made their soil fertility declined due to soil nutrients stress, even though soil fertility on terrace was improved, due to the introduction of a leguminous crop, soybean. Single nitrogen fertilizer application on the slope land and plain field, could ensure crop production, but the surface soil's fertility improvement was not obvious, or even be reduced slightly. On the three types of farmland, single manure or combined application both could increase SOC content significantly, and the fertilizing effect of combined nitrogen fertilizer with manure application is better.
(4) On slope land and plain field, no fertilizer made their crop yields declined continually due to a continuous deterioration in soil fertility, on terrace, the crop yield was promoted due to the introduction of soybeans, a leguminous crop. Single nitrogen fertilizer application, on slope land and plain field, could ensure crop production basicly, but had an serious effect on soil fertility. Therefore, on the three types of cultivated land, combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and manure should be advised as a better yield-increasing measure in this region.
(5) On the barren farmland, the necessary measures would not only enhance its soil fertility, but also play a very significant role in promoting crop yields. However, when the soil fertility beyond a threshold value that might exist, other factor, such as annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, crops’own productivity differences and so on, would replace soil fertility, becoming a new limiting factor for crop production. Standing on the sustainable development of agriculture, in this study, the combined application on slope land, terrace field and plain field should be a better choice, which would achieve the win-win goal of soil carbon sequestration and food production security.
引文
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