论巨额财产来源不明罪的立法不足与完善
|
摘要
1988年1月21日全国人大常务委员会公布了《关于惩治贪污贿赂罪的补充规定》,该规定首次在立法上确立了巨额财产来源不明罪,该罪的确立对于严惩十分猖獗的经济犯罪、防止国家工作人员腐化变质,方便人民群众监督国家机关的工作具有积极的意义。该罪确立二十多年来,有效地打击了贪污腐败。而且我国的立法机关和司法机关在二十二年间对该罪不断进行修订和完善,使之适应反腐斗争的需要,取得了良好的法律效果。但是本罪在犯罪主体、犯罪客观方面、立案标准、法定刑等方面还存在着一些不足与缺陷,需要进一步加以完善,本文试从本罪的立法演进入手,客观分析其不足与缺陷,进而提出完善本罪的建议,以求严密法网、有效打击贪污腐败,促进我国社会主义法治建设的顺利进行。
Socialist modernization is an ongoing process of improving the rule of law, the building of law demand that public officials take integrity to carry out official duties. But China's socialist society is a major opportunity in a major turning point and a large number of civil servants showed massive proliferation of criminal tendency, in order to curb this corruption, China's legislature that National People's Congress in 1997 amended the Criminal Code of the new When the comprehensive strengthening of the penal treatment of the corruption efforts, and will include large amounts of property from unidentified sources that corruption and bribery chapter, large amounts of property from unidentified sources in the legislative purpose of judicial relief, mainly national staff in order to remedy the illegal means of obtaining large amounts of property, but because they circumvent the criminal law, evidence and other cover acts of destruction caused by the fact that a large number of criminal justice can not be identified vulnerabilities. Meanwhile in China's huge property from unidentified sources in the legislative designs, there are some deficiency and should be completed, for example: In China, The People's Republic of China’s existing criminal law section 395 provides: incumbent of the national staff of the property or his personal spending significantly more than if the national staff of legitimate income, and the difference between the relatively large part of the judiciary may be ordered to explain the sources. I can not explain the source is legitimate, the difference in the illegal gains of five years of imprisonment or criminal detention, the difference between the property to be recovered. Which provides for the paragraph's point of view from the following analysis: First, if the work of person and GOV perpetrator can explain huge property legality of the source, or to explain their huge property constitutes a crime behavior from inadequate, Then, the perpetrator's conduct will not constitute a huge amount of property from unidentified sources; Secondly, if the national staff could not explain the source of huge amounts of property when the property even if the judiciary can not prove the source of legitimacy, can not prove that the huge property belonging to corruption, bribery proceeds of crime, the perpetrator can be presumed source of the property is illegal and can be held under that subsection direct perpetrator of criminal responsibility.
To China's criminal law provisions of the Crime of the narrow, limited the implementation of legal deterrence. States, now serving staff constitute the subject of the crime, but for those who retired, retired national staff of the huge amount of property from unidentified sources in the state is helpless, let this part of the people at large, there may be a part of real life more " smart "elements of corruption in the huge illegal gains obtained after the application for retirement early," quit from dangerous" Happy ever after a rich life, and the law where they can be said to exist in name only. There is also a large amounts of property from unidentified sources placed on file standards and the legal punishment deficiency. Large amounts of property from unidentified sources in the legal provisions and basic principles of criminal law the principle of responsibility and punishment runs counter suit against the deterrence of the penalty is a huge damage.
Huge amounts of property from unidentified sources on the suspect on its legitimate source of large amounts of property obligations, China's current criminal law does not make effective provisions, but provides a reasonable explanation to be made, so that part can not be blocked by fabricating reasons for suspect explain the source of loopholes in the law of property. Therefore, I propose that vigorous description of the suspect obligations, must request the suspect to a satisfactory explanation of its legitimate source of large amounts of property. If the suspect within the prescribed time limit (this term I think that before the verdict that should be limit to) refused to explain the legal origin of their huge property or really be proof of evidence to support the reasons for it, may determine its interpretation or explanation does not belong to Yuan Man state, but we have to note a case is, if the prosecution, the judiciary can not say people have said the crime suspects are illegal, or if the suspect for physiological reasons, psychological reasons can not explain, I suggest it shouldn’t be placing it as not satisfactory.
Then there is the huge amount of property from unidentified sources in the other of supporting the establishment and improvement system, I think that can refer to the United States, Europe, Hong Kong and other countries and regions by setting up their own income with the national staff or in their families which share ownership of property associated with the property declaration system, such property declaration system is often called "sunshine laws", which the sun of the practice income countries in our country is also reflected in the civil service system, our sun in the implementation of pay, a number of monopoly industry, functional departments, specific industries, specific areas and positions, given the wages of civil servants in leadership positions are a disarray of aged accounts, in addition to this part of their wages, there are units, the regions and some potential trade rules, some special treatment, special benefits, often under the name of these benefits to dividing the state-owned property, public property and public resources, allocation of means to a lot of property, in a way that they have a lot of and can not explain this part of the legitimate sources of large amounts of property, if deeply held, they could say it violated the huge amount of property from unidentified sources, but the current political situation in China is impossible to determine the detailed property past investigated, as is very likely affect the stability of our political system, so from the last few years, the Chinese government from the top down, step by step, focused in the area above the county level units of government agencies, the judiciary, the legislature, the functions of organs and specialized agencies work the progressive introduction of wages inside the sun. Although this part of the sunlight of wages may not fully reflect the complete picture of China's civil service system of property, it can not fully contain the state, therefore the staff could not explain the legal sources with large property, but at least the road to the property declaration system has been taken fruitful step is to state property declaration system to prepare the initial construction of a stage, I think that property declaration system should include government officials (including, of course in the broad sense of national staff) and private property, the property inside the home share of other assets acquired through legal means. Including all the property. This should be their children, spouses, close relatives, distinguish the property, but we can to some extent share the property of their close relatives, to do a more detailed registration to the amount in the future when the property changes, they can make a detailed comparison, be documented, of course, this also may be a few Road, officials and their family members, private ownership of property, privacy issues, but one national staff already have more than an ordinary citizen powers and rights, they must take some special obligations, those obligations may be an ordinary citizen does not need commitment, but it is a necessary system of state power, or say where the special design. So this is not as we in the property declaration system design, we should scruple of; Another aspect that may be related to national staff in privacy, as long as the national judicial authorities for investigation, or inspect the object's property review their privacy the right to be protected, in accordance with legal procedures to carry out, I think that privacy will not be any great problem, because the judiciary in dealing with other cases, privacy issues will also be involved, it is not because of privacy may be a certain degree of restriction does not implement the construction of the property declaration system.
All in all, to strengthen the crime of huge unidentified property legislation related to our lack of sound legal system and the overall situation of socialist modernization, we must attach importance to.
Socialist modernization is an ongoing process of improving the rule of law, the building of law demand that public officials take integrity to carry out official duties. But China's socialist society is a major opportunity in a major turning point and a large number of civil servants showed massive proliferation of criminal tendency, in order to curb this corruption, China's legislature that National People's Congress in 1997 amended the Criminal Code of the new When the comprehensive strengthening of the penal treatment of the corruption efforts, and will include large amounts of property from unidentified sources that corruption and bribery chapter, large amounts of property from unidentified sources in the legislative purpose of judicial relief, mainly national staff in order to remedy the illegal means of obtaining large amounts of property, but because they circumvent the criminal law, evidence and other cover acts of destruction caused by the fact that a large number of criminal justice can not be identified vulnerabilities. Meanwhile in China's huge property from unidentified sources in the legislative designs, there are some deficiency and should be completed, for example: In China, The People's Republic of China’s existing criminal law section 395 provides: incumbent of the national staff of the property or his personal spending significantly more than if the national staff of legitimate income, and the difference between the relatively large part of the judiciary may be ordered to explain the sources. I can not explain the source is legitimate, the difference in the illegal gains of five years of imprisonment or criminal detention, the difference between the property to be recovered. Which provides for the paragraph's point of view from the following analysis: First, if the work of person and GOV perpetrator can explain huge property legality of the source, or to explain their huge property constitutes a crime behavior from inadequate, Then, the perpetrator's conduct will not constitute a huge amount of property from unidentified sources; Secondly, if the national staff could not explain the source of huge amounts of property when the property even if the judiciary can not prove the source of legitimacy, can not prove that the huge property belonging to corruption, bribery proceeds of crime, the perpetrator can be presumed source of the property is illegal and can be held under that subsection direct perpetrator of criminal responsibility.
To China's criminal law provisions of the Crime of the narrow, limited the implementation of legal deterrence. States, now serving staff constitute the subject of the crime, but for those who retired, retired national staff of the huge amount of property from unidentified sources in the state is helpless, let this part of the people at large, there may be a part of real life more " smart "elements of corruption in the huge illegal gains obtained after the application for retirement early," quit from dangerous" Happy ever after a rich life, and the law where they can be said to exist in name only. There is also a large amounts of property from unidentified sources placed on file standards and the legal punishment deficiency. Large amounts of property from unidentified sources in the legal provisions and basic principles of criminal law the principle of responsibility and punishment runs counter suit against the deterrence of the penalty is a huge damage.
Huge amounts of property from unidentified sources on the suspect on its legitimate source of large amounts of property obligations, China's current criminal law does not make effective provisions, but provides a reasonable explanation to be made, so that part can not be blocked by fabricating reasons for suspect explain the source of loopholes in the law of property. Therefore, I propose that vigorous description of the suspect obligations, must request the suspect to a satisfactory explanation of its legitimate source of large amounts of property. If the suspect within the prescribed time limit (this term I think that before the verdict that should be limit to) refused to explain the legal origin of their huge property or really be proof of evidence to support the reasons for it, may determine its interpretation or explanation does not belong to Yuan Man state, but we have to note a case is, if the prosecution, the judiciary can not say people have said the crime suspects are illegal, or if the suspect for physiological reasons, psychological reasons can not explain, I suggest it shouldn’t be placing it as not satisfactory.
Then there is the huge amount of property from unidentified sources in the other of supporting the establishment and improvement system, I think that can refer to the United States, Europe, Hong Kong and other countries and regions by setting up their own income with the national staff or in their families which share ownership of property associated with the property declaration system, such property declaration system is often called "sunshine laws", which the sun of the practice income countries in our country is also reflected in the civil service system, our sun in the implementation of pay, a number of monopoly industry, functional departments, specific industries, specific areas and positions, given the wages of civil servants in leadership positions are a disarray of aged accounts, in addition to this part of their wages, there are units, the regions and some potential trade rules, some special treatment, special benefits, often under the name of these benefits to dividing the state-owned property, public property and public resources, allocation of means to a lot of property, in a way that they have a lot of and can not explain this part of the legitimate sources of large amounts of property, if deeply held, they could say it violated the huge amount of property from unidentified sources, but the current political situation in China is impossible to determine the detailed property past investigated, as is very likely affect the stability of our political system, so from the last few years, the Chinese government from the top down, step by step, focused in the area above the county level units of government agencies, the judiciary, the legislature, the functions of organs and specialized agencies work the progressive introduction of wages inside the sun. Although this part of the sunlight of wages may not fully reflect the complete picture of China's civil service system of property, it can not fully contain the state, therefore the staff could not explain the legal sources with large property, but at least the road to the property declaration system has been taken fruitful step is to state property declaration system to prepare the initial construction of a stage, I think that property declaration system should include government officials (including, of course in the broad sense of national staff) and private property, the property inside the home share of other assets acquired through legal means. Including all the property. This should be their children, spouses, close relatives, distinguish the property, but we can to some extent share the property of their close relatives, to do a more detailed registration to the amount in the future when the property changes, they can make a detailed comparison, be documented, of course, this also may be a few Road, officials and their family members, private ownership of property, privacy issues, but one national staff already have more than an ordinary citizen powers and rights, they must take some special obligations, those obligations may be an ordinary citizen does not need commitment, but it is a necessary system of state power, or say where the special design. So this is not as we in the property declaration system design, we should scruple of; Another aspect that may be related to national staff in privacy, as long as the national judicial authorities for investigation, or inspect the object's property review their privacy the right to be protected, in accordance with legal procedures to carry out, I think that privacy will not be any great problem, because the judiciary in dealing with other cases, privacy issues will also be involved, it is not because of privacy may be a certain degree of restriction does not implement the construction of the property declaration system.
All in all, to strengthen the crime of huge unidentified property legislation related to our lack of sound legal system and the overall situation of socialist modernization, we must attach importance to.
引文
1.柯存壮主编:《中国经济刑法发展史》,黑龙江人民出版社2009年第1版,第460页。
2.柯存壮主编:《中国经济刑法发展史》,黑龙江人民出版社2009年第1版,第460页。
3.陈兴良著:《职务犯罪认定实务全书》,中国方正出版社1996年版,第694页。
4.冯治明、申谨著:《巨额财产来源不明罪量刑畸轻的危害》,载于《辽宁警专学报》2003年1月第1期(总第13期)。
5.孙谦主编:《国家工作人员职务犯罪研究》,法律出版社1998版,第161页。
6.赵建平著:《贪污贿赂犯罪界限与定罪量刑研究(修订版)》,中国方正出版社2000年第1版,第378页。
7.赵建平著:《贪污贿赂犯罪界限与定罪量刑研究(修订版)》,中国方正出版社2000年第1版,第379页。
8.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第475页。
9.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第475页。
10.中共中央纪委教育室编:《惩腐兴廉》,法律出版社1990年版,第291页。
11.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第479页。
12.刘生荣,但伟著:《腐败七罪刑法精要》,中国方正出版社2001年版,第295页。
13.刘武俊:《贪官"健忘症"的法理分析》,载《人民法院报》2001年7月20日第3版。
14.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第480页。
1.许海波著《贪污贿赂罪若干问题研究》知识产权出版社2005年第1版。
2.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版。
3.孙谦主编:《国家工作人员职务犯罪研究》,法律出版社1998年第1版。
4.高铭暄、马克昌主编:《刑法学》,北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社2000年第1版。
5.陈兴良著:《职务犯罪认定实务全书》,中国方正出版社,1996年第1版。
6.赵建平著:《贪污贿赂犯罪界限与定罪量刑研究(修订版)》2000年第1版。
7.张明楷著:《刑法学(第二版)》法律出版社2003年第2版。
8.孙谦主编:《国家工作人员职务犯罪研究》,法律出版社1998年第1版。
9.柯存壮主编,张震、张亚杰副主编《中国经济刑法发展史》,黑龙江人民出版社,2009年第1版。
10.陈雷著:《反腐败国际公约视野下我国反腐败刑事立法及其完善》,中国人民公安大学出版社,2008年第1版。
11.高铭暄、赵秉志主编:《新中国刑法学五十年》,中国方正出版社,1999年第1版。
12.吴学斌著:《刑法适用方法的基本准则—构成要件复合性判断研究》,中国人民公安大学出版社,2008年第1版。
13.陈兴良主编:《中国刑法现代化研究》,中国方正出版社,2000年第1版。
14.童伟华著:《法律与宽容—以中国刑政为视点》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年第1版。
15.马松建、史卫忠主编:《刑法理论与司法认定问题研究》,中国检察出版社,2001年第1版。
1.段慧芳:《巨额财产来源不明罪的立法完善》,载于《湖北经济学院学报》2007年第7期。
2.姚继平:《对巨额财产来源不明罪的探讨》,载于《郧阳师范高等专科学校学报》2006年10月第26卷第5期。
3.韩啸:《巨额财产来源不明罪立法完善》,载于《河北法学》2006年第8期。
4.鄢康来:《巨额财产来源不明罪的立法缺陷及其完善》,载于《贵阳市委党校校报》2005年第6期。
5.时延安:《巨额财产来源不明罪的法理研析》,载于《法学》2002年第3期;
6.卢建平:《刑事视野中的巨额财产来源不明罪》,载于《中国刑事法杂志》2002年第1期。
7.陈世伟:《论巨额财产来源不明罪及其立法完善》,载于《法制与社会》2009年第19期。
8.徐松林:《巨额财产来源不明罪若干疑难问题研究》,载于《广州市经济管理干部学院学报》2006年第4期。
9.卢建平:《刑事视野中的巨额财产来源不明罪》,载于《中国刑事法杂志》2002年第1期。
10.安子锋:《论巨额财产来源不明罪犯罪主体的立法缺陷》,载于《法制与社会》2009年第19期。
11.储槐植:《惩治腐败的锐利武器》,载于《法制日报》1989年第12期。
12.唐陆奇:《巨额财产来源不明罪的比较研究及其对策》,载于《法学教育》2009年第3期。
13.王骏:《巨额财产来源不明罪的法律完善》,载于《鄂州大学学报》2005年第12卷第2期。
2.柯存壮主编:《中国经济刑法发展史》,黑龙江人民出版社2009年第1版,第460页。
3.陈兴良著:《职务犯罪认定实务全书》,中国方正出版社1996年版,第694页。
4.冯治明、申谨著:《巨额财产来源不明罪量刑畸轻的危害》,载于《辽宁警专学报》2003年1月第1期(总第13期)。
5.孙谦主编:《国家工作人员职务犯罪研究》,法律出版社1998版,第161页。
6.赵建平著:《贪污贿赂犯罪界限与定罪量刑研究(修订版)》,中国方正出版社2000年第1版,第378页。
7.赵建平著:《贪污贿赂犯罪界限与定罪量刑研究(修订版)》,中国方正出版社2000年第1版,第379页。
8.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第475页。
9.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第475页。
10.中共中央纪委教育室编:《惩腐兴廉》,法律出版社1990年版,第291页。
11.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第479页。
12.刘生荣,但伟著:《腐败七罪刑法精要》,中国方正出版社2001年版,第295页。
13.刘武俊:《贪官"健忘症"的法理分析》,载《人民法院报》2001年7月20日第3版。
14.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版,第480页。
1.许海波著《贪污贿赂罪若干问题研究》知识产权出版社2005年第1版。
2.孙国祥著:《贪污贿赂犯罪疑难问题学理与判解》,中国检察出版社2003年第1版。
3.孙谦主编:《国家工作人员职务犯罪研究》,法律出版社1998年第1版。
4.高铭暄、马克昌主编:《刑法学》,北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社2000年第1版。
5.陈兴良著:《职务犯罪认定实务全书》,中国方正出版社,1996年第1版。
6.赵建平著:《贪污贿赂犯罪界限与定罪量刑研究(修订版)》2000年第1版。
7.张明楷著:《刑法学(第二版)》法律出版社2003年第2版。
8.孙谦主编:《国家工作人员职务犯罪研究》,法律出版社1998年第1版。
9.柯存壮主编,张震、张亚杰副主编《中国经济刑法发展史》,黑龙江人民出版社,2009年第1版。
10.陈雷著:《反腐败国际公约视野下我国反腐败刑事立法及其完善》,中国人民公安大学出版社,2008年第1版。
11.高铭暄、赵秉志主编:《新中国刑法学五十年》,中国方正出版社,1999年第1版。
12.吴学斌著:《刑法适用方法的基本准则—构成要件复合性判断研究》,中国人民公安大学出版社,2008年第1版。
13.陈兴良主编:《中国刑法现代化研究》,中国方正出版社,2000年第1版。
14.童伟华著:《法律与宽容—以中国刑政为视点》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年第1版。
15.马松建、史卫忠主编:《刑法理论与司法认定问题研究》,中国检察出版社,2001年第1版。
1.段慧芳:《巨额财产来源不明罪的立法完善》,载于《湖北经济学院学报》2007年第7期。
2.姚继平:《对巨额财产来源不明罪的探讨》,载于《郧阳师范高等专科学校学报》2006年10月第26卷第5期。
3.韩啸:《巨额财产来源不明罪立法完善》,载于《河北法学》2006年第8期。
4.鄢康来:《巨额财产来源不明罪的立法缺陷及其完善》,载于《贵阳市委党校校报》2005年第6期。
5.时延安:《巨额财产来源不明罪的法理研析》,载于《法学》2002年第3期;
6.卢建平:《刑事视野中的巨额财产来源不明罪》,载于《中国刑事法杂志》2002年第1期。
7.陈世伟:《论巨额财产来源不明罪及其立法完善》,载于《法制与社会》2009年第19期。
8.徐松林:《巨额财产来源不明罪若干疑难问题研究》,载于《广州市经济管理干部学院学报》2006年第4期。
9.卢建平:《刑事视野中的巨额财产来源不明罪》,载于《中国刑事法杂志》2002年第1期。
10.安子锋:《论巨额财产来源不明罪犯罪主体的立法缺陷》,载于《法制与社会》2009年第19期。
11.储槐植:《惩治腐败的锐利武器》,载于《法制日报》1989年第12期。
12.唐陆奇:《巨额财产来源不明罪的比较研究及其对策》,载于《法学教育》2009年第3期。
13.王骏:《巨额财产来源不明罪的法律完善》,载于《鄂州大学学报》2005年第12卷第2期。