环境因子对沉水植物生活史对策的影响研究
|
摘要
本论文以长江中下游地区优势沉水植物微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus A．Benn)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus L．)以及刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa Yan)为研究对象，通过野外实验和室内种群生态学的方法探讨了沉水植物在水深、底质营养以及光照胁迫下的生活史对策。主要研究结果如下：
1、水深的变化影响了沉水植物的生活史对策。对于刺苦草来说，水深2米以下，随着水深的增加，刺苦草的地上生物量和地下生物量逐渐增加；水深超过2米后，生物量显著减少，刺苦草的有性繁殖受限；在水深1.4米到2.2米的范围内，刺苦草的有性繁殖体的生物量、有性繁殖体的收获系数和繁殖体个数都随水深的增加而减少；水深的变化在生长期和繁殖时期发生波动都影响冬芽的形成，并且生长期的水深的变化影响作用更大；刺苦草采用回避生活史策略响应水深的变化。对于微齿眼子菜来说，水深的增加，微齿眼子菜的抽条数减少，分配到叶的生物量增加，采用适应生活史策略应对水深的变化。
2、基质营养影响了沉水植物的生活史对策。对于刺苦草来说，当底质营养限制了刺苦草的正常生长活动时，刺苦草会增大根长、增加根冠比、减少匍匐茎等可塑性变化适应低营养条件；当刺苦草生长在肥沃底质上时，刺苦草体现出了对底质营养的耐受范围很宽的特点；刺苦草随底质营养的增加，种子生物量增加，有利于刺苦草的有性繁殖，以耐受策略适应底质营养生境。对于菹草来说，菹草面对底质肥力的胁迫出现了临时性的生理反应；菹草的根冠比随底质肥力的不同而变化；营养条件对菹草生长胁迫加重，根、冠的异速生长愈明显，菹草首先分配资源到无性繁殖体—石芽上以便维持种群的延续，以回避策略应对底质营养胁迫。对于微齿眼子菜来说，底质营养显著地影响微齿眼子菜的形态可塑性，在低的资源可利用环境中，微齿眼子菜降低它们的克隆生长速率，随底质营养的减少而减少抽条长度、节数以及节长，相应地微齿眼子菜的根长随底质营养的减少而增长。
3、光照胁迫影响了沉水植物的生活史对策。刺苦草面对遮阳生境表现出了大量形态可塑性反应。随着遮阳强度的增加，刺苦草的最大叶长和总的叶面积减少，遮阳强度越大，分配到地下的生物量越多，冠根比率越小；遮阳生境下的刺苦草的有性繁殖受限，无性繁殖形成的分株和冬芽也比自然状态少得多；刺苦草采用回避策略应对光照胁迫。
Submerged macrophytes Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn, Potamogeton crispus L. and Vallisneria spinulosa Yan. are the dominant species in middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In this thesis, large-scale population surveys and experimental studies are carried out to reveal the response of those species to environmental factors. The life-history strategies were used to estimate the response of submerged macrophytes to different water depth, sediment nutrient and the stress of light. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The life-history strategies of submerged macrophytes were influenced by water depth gradient. It shows that the above-ground and below-ground biomass of V. spinulosa gradually increased with the increasing water depth when it was less than 2 meters; when the water depth was more than 2 meters, the biomass of V. spinulosa decreased significantly, as well as the sexual reproduction was limited. From 1.4 meters to 2.2 meters water depth, the increase of water depth caused the decrease of biomass, harvest index and number of sexual propagules of V. spinulosa. Winter bud formation in V. spinulosa was significantly affected by water-level fluctuations in the growing season and propagating season. The disturbance would affect winter bud formation in V. spinulosa in the growing season more than in the propagating season. V. spinulosa subjected to changes in water depth had refuging life-history strategy for responding to this change. For submerged macrophytes P. maackianus, this species tended to produce less number of shoots, and allocate more biomass to leaves with the increase of water depth. P. maackianus adapted the change of water depth by means of adaptive strategy.
2. The life-history strategies of submerged macrophytes were influenced by sediment nutrient. For V. spinulosa, submerged macrophyte V. spinulosa tended to show a high degree of morphological plasticity through the changes of its total stolon length, maximal leaf area and root length under low sediment nutrient, and the very high morphological variability of V. spinulosa raised the issue of the capacity of the species to colonise the more width range of sediment nutrient. Seed biomass of V. spinulosa inceased significantly with gradually increasing sediment nutrient level. V. spinulosa subjected to changes in sediment nutrient level had tolerant life-history strategy for responding to this change. For P. crispus, the growth of submerged macrophyte P. crispus showed a temporary physiological response to different sediment nutrients. The ratios between below-ground and above-ground biomass exhibited a dependent change on any one sediment nutrient. Allometric growth relationships between below-biomass and above-biomass of P. crispus were significantly affected by the sediment nutrient. With biomass allocation regulation, P. crispus firstly allocated more biomass to the formation of turions in the stress of sediment nutrients. The allocation mode of P. crispus was benefit for the mainetance of the populations. P. crispus adopted refuging life-history strategy in stress of sediment nutrients. For submerged macrophytes P. maackianus, the plants tended to decrease the speed of clonal growth, and produce shorter shoots with shorter internodes, less number of nodes as well as the plants produced longer roots at lower levels of substrate nutrient.
3. The life-history strategies of submerged macrophytes were influenced by the stress of light. Light quantity adjusted by shaded treatments had profound influences on the associated morphological traits of V. spinulosa. The longest leaf length and leaf area significantly decreased with the degree of shaded treatments. The more degree shaded treatments were, the more biomass was allocated to the below-ground parts, resulting in the less ratios between above-ground and below-ground biomass. Shaded treatments limited sexual reproductive ability of V. spinulosa, which has reproduced less of ramets and tubers under shaded conditions versus natural conditions. V. spinulosa adapted the change of light by means of refuging life-history strategy.
1、水深的变化影响了沉水植物的生活史对策。对于刺苦草来说，水深2米以下，随着水深的增加，刺苦草的地上生物量和地下生物量逐渐增加；水深超过2米后，生物量显著减少，刺苦草的有性繁殖受限；在水深1.4米到2.2米的范围内，刺苦草的有性繁殖体的生物量、有性繁殖体的收获系数和繁殖体个数都随水深的增加而减少；水深的变化在生长期和繁殖时期发生波动都影响冬芽的形成，并且生长期的水深的变化影响作用更大；刺苦草采用回避生活史策略响应水深的变化。对于微齿眼子菜来说，水深的增加，微齿眼子菜的抽条数减少，分配到叶的生物量增加，采用适应生活史策略应对水深的变化。
2、基质营养影响了沉水植物的生活史对策。对于刺苦草来说，当底质营养限制了刺苦草的正常生长活动时，刺苦草会增大根长、增加根冠比、减少匍匐茎等可塑性变化适应低营养条件；当刺苦草生长在肥沃底质上时，刺苦草体现出了对底质营养的耐受范围很宽的特点；刺苦草随底质营养的增加，种子生物量增加，有利于刺苦草的有性繁殖，以耐受策略适应底质营养生境。对于菹草来说，菹草面对底质肥力的胁迫出现了临时性的生理反应；菹草的根冠比随底质肥力的不同而变化；营养条件对菹草生长胁迫加重，根、冠的异速生长愈明显，菹草首先分配资源到无性繁殖体—石芽上以便维持种群的延续，以回避策略应对底质营养胁迫。对于微齿眼子菜来说，底质营养显著地影响微齿眼子菜的形态可塑性，在低的资源可利用环境中，微齿眼子菜降低它们的克隆生长速率，随底质营养的减少而减少抽条长度、节数以及节长，相应地微齿眼子菜的根长随底质营养的减少而增长。
3、光照胁迫影响了沉水植物的生活史对策。刺苦草面对遮阳生境表现出了大量形态可塑性反应。随着遮阳强度的增加，刺苦草的最大叶长和总的叶面积减少，遮阳强度越大，分配到地下的生物量越多，冠根比率越小；遮阳生境下的刺苦草的有性繁殖受限，无性繁殖形成的分株和冬芽也比自然状态少得多；刺苦草采用回避策略应对光照胁迫。
Submerged macrophytes Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn, Potamogeton crispus L. and Vallisneria spinulosa Yan. are the dominant species in middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In this thesis, large-scale population surveys and experimental studies are carried out to reveal the response of those species to environmental factors. The life-history strategies were used to estimate the response of submerged macrophytes to different water depth, sediment nutrient and the stress of light. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The life-history strategies of submerged macrophytes were influenced by water depth gradient. It shows that the above-ground and below-ground biomass of V. spinulosa gradually increased with the increasing water depth when it was less than 2 meters; when the water depth was more than 2 meters, the biomass of V. spinulosa decreased significantly, as well as the sexual reproduction was limited. From 1.4 meters to 2.2 meters water depth, the increase of water depth caused the decrease of biomass, harvest index and number of sexual propagules of V. spinulosa. Winter bud formation in V. spinulosa was significantly affected by water-level fluctuations in the growing season and propagating season. The disturbance would affect winter bud formation in V. spinulosa in the growing season more than in the propagating season. V. spinulosa subjected to changes in water depth had refuging life-history strategy for responding to this change. For submerged macrophytes P. maackianus, this species tended to produce less number of shoots, and allocate more biomass to leaves with the increase of water depth. P. maackianus adapted the change of water depth by means of adaptive strategy.
2. The life-history strategies of submerged macrophytes were influenced by sediment nutrient. For V. spinulosa, submerged macrophyte V. spinulosa tended to show a high degree of morphological plasticity through the changes of its total stolon length, maximal leaf area and root length under low sediment nutrient, and the very high morphological variability of V. spinulosa raised the issue of the capacity of the species to colonise the more width range of sediment nutrient. Seed biomass of V. spinulosa inceased significantly with gradually increasing sediment nutrient level. V. spinulosa subjected to changes in sediment nutrient level had tolerant life-history strategy for responding to this change. For P. crispus, the growth of submerged macrophyte P. crispus showed a temporary physiological response to different sediment nutrients. The ratios between below-ground and above-ground biomass exhibited a dependent change on any one sediment nutrient. Allometric growth relationships between below-biomass and above-biomass of P. crispus were significantly affected by the sediment nutrient. With biomass allocation regulation, P. crispus firstly allocated more biomass to the formation of turions in the stress of sediment nutrients. The allocation mode of P. crispus was benefit for the mainetance of the populations. P. crispus adopted refuging life-history strategy in stress of sediment nutrients. For submerged macrophytes P. maackianus, the plants tended to decrease the speed of clonal growth, and produce shorter shoots with shorter internodes, less number of nodes as well as the plants produced longer roots at lower levels of substrate nutrient.
3. The life-history strategies of submerged macrophytes were influenced by the stress of light. Light quantity adjusted by shaded treatments had profound influences on the associated morphological traits of V. spinulosa. The longest leaf length and leaf area significantly decreased with the degree of shaded treatments. The more degree shaded treatments were, the more biomass was allocated to the below-ground parts, resulting in the less ratios between above-ground and below-ground biomass. Shaded treatments limited sexual reproductive ability of V. spinulosa, which has reproduced less of ramets and tubers under shaded conditions versus natural conditions. V. spinulosa adapted the change of light by means of refuging life-history strategy.
引文
于丹．1994．水毛茛种群生态学研究[J]．水生生物学报，18：245—254．
马井泉，周怀东，董哲仁．2005．我国应用生态技术修复富营养化湖泊的研究进展[J]．中国水利水电科学研究院学报，3(3)：209—215．
马克平，张大勇．2001．通过交配系统了解植物生殖生态学[J]．植物生态学报，25：129．
王小雨，冯江．2003．湖泊富营养化治理的底泥疏浚工程[J]．环境保护，(2)：22—23．
王苏民，窦鸿身，主编．中国湖泊志[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998．
王海洋，陈家宽，周进．1999．水位梯度对湿地植物生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响[J]．植物生态学报，23(3)：269—274．
王斌，李伟．2002．不同N、P浓度条件下竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)的生理反应研究[J]．生态学报，22：1616—1621．
由文辉，宋永昌．1995．淀山湖3种沉水植物的种子萌发生态[J]．应用生态学报，6(2)：196—200．
刘贵华，李伟等．2002．普通野生稻种群恢复的生态学研究Ⅱ．种群动态[J]．植物生态学报，26：372—376．
孙凡，钟章成．1997．四川大头茶繁殖分配及其环境适应性的关联度研究[J]．植物生态学报，21(1)：44—52．
孙祥钟编辑．中国植物志(第八卷)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1992．
孙儒泳．1997．生活史对策[J]．生物学通报，32(5)：2—4．
曲仲湘等，植物生态学(第二版)[M]．高等教育出版社，1983．
朱志红，王刚．2002．燕麦表型可塑性与繁殖分配的研究[J]．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)，38：76—83．
朱海虹，张本．鄱阳湖——水文生物沉积湿地开发整治[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1997．
严雪，于丹等．2003．梁子湖苦草繁殖体的分布及其萌发初步研究[J]．水生生物学报，28：396—401．
何池全，赵魁义，余国营．1999．湿地克隆植物的繁殖对策与生态适应性[J]．生态学杂志，18(6)：38—46．
张大勇，姜新华．2001．植物交配系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性[J]．植物生态学报，25：130—143．
张大勇主编．植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2004．
张大勇等．理论生态学研究[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，施普林格出版社，2000，170—172．
张玉芬，张大勇．2006．克隆植物的无性与有性繁殖对策[J]．植物生态学报，30(1)：174—183．
张庆利，王芝明．2002．美国有关土壤粒度测定的简便方法[J]．水土保持科技情报，3：18—20．
李天煜，李洪敬，谢素霞．2000．水生维管植物克隆繁殖方式的多样性[J]．广西植物，20(3)：233—238．
李亚东，崔艳秋．2000．武汉东湖苦草种子和块茎发芽实验[J]．水生生物学报，24(3)：298—300．
李伟．洪湖水生植被及其演替研究[M]．博士论文，中国科学院水生生物研究所，1995．
李博等．生态学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
杨允菲等．1999．松嫩平原湿地菰无性系种群结构的研究[J]．草业科学，9：66—71．
苏智先，钟章成．1998．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究Ⅱ．种群生物量生殖配置格局研究[J]．生态学报，18(4)：379—385．
苏智先．1997．植物生殖生态学发展简史[J]．四川师范学院学报(自然科学版)，18(4)：278—286．
陈中义，雷泽湘，周进等．2000．梁子湖六种沉水植物种群数量和生物量周年动态[J]．水生生物学报．24：582—588．
陈开宁，兰策介，史龙新，陈伟民，许海，包先明．2006．苦草繁殖生态学研究[J]．植物生态学报，30(3)：487—495．
陈汉春．2004．水库水体富营养化及其控制对策[J]．今日科技，3：9—10．
陈洪达．1985．菹草的生活史、生物量和断枝的无性繁殖[J]．水生生物学报，9(1)：32—39．
周纪伦，郑师章，杨持．植物种群生态学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1993：10—94．
官少飞，郎青，张本．1987．鄱阳湖水生维管柬植物生物量及其合理开发利用的初步建[J]．水生生物学报，11(3)：219—227．
官少飞，朗青，张本．1987．鄱阳湖水生植被[J]．水生生物学报，11(1)：9—21．
祖元刚，王文杰，杨逢建等．2002．植物生活史型的多样性及动态分析[J]．生态学报，22(11)：1811—1818．
祖元刚，赵则海，杨逢建，唐中华，曹建国．2005．植物生活史型的划分及其相互转化[J]．生态学报，25(9)：2347—2353．
胡春华，姜加虎，朱悔虹．1997．蚌湖与鄱阳湖水位变化及滩地淹露分析[J]．海洋与潮沼，28(6)：617—623．
倪乐意．1996．武汉东湖水生植被结构及其生物多样性的长期变化[J]．水生生物学报，20：60—74．
倪乐意．2001．富营养水体中肥沃底质对沉水植物的胁迫[J]．水生生物学报，25(4)：399—405．
班勇．1995．土壤种子库结构与动态[J]．生态学杂志，14(6)：42—47．
秦伯强．2002．长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探[J]．湖泊科学，14(3)：193—202．
耿宇鹏，张文驹，李博，陈家宽．2004．表型可塑性与外来植物的入侵能力[J]．生物多样性，12(4)：447—455．
郭友好，黄双全，陈家宽．1998．水生被子植物的繁育系统与进化[J]．水生生笏学报，22(1)：79—85．
郭友好等．1985．陕西眼子菜属植物的地理分布及生境特点[J]．武汉大学学报(自然科学版)，(1)：97—104．
陶建平，钟章成．2003．光照对苦瓜形态可塑性及生物量配置的影响[J]．应用生态学报，14：336—340．
崔心红，熊秉红，李伟．1999．水深梯度对竹叶眼子菜生长和繁殖的影响[J]．水生生物学报，23：269—272．
崔心红等．2000．五种沉水植物无性繁殖和定居能力的比较研究[J]．植物生学态报，24：502—505．
梁彦龄，蔡庆华，黎道丰．保安湖鱼—草之间相互关系的数学解析．见：梁彦龄，刘伙泉主编．草型湖泊资源环境与渔业生态学管理[M]．北京科学出社，1995：213—218．
黄双全，郭友好．2000．传粉生物学的研究进展[J]．科学通报，45：225—237．
彭映辉，简永兴，倪乐意，李仁东．2003．西凉湖水生植物多样性研究[J]．广西植物，23(3)：211—216．
董文渊．2002．竹类无性系种群生态学研究现状及其应用前景[J]．林林业科学研究，15：235—241．
董鸣，何维明．2001．异质养分环境中一年生分孽草本黍根系的生长特征[J]．植物学报，43：843—851．
董鸣，张淑敏，陈玉福．2000．匍匐茎草本蛇莓对基质养分条件的克隆可塑性[J]．植物学报，42：518—522．
董鸣等．陆地生物群落调查与分析[M]．北京：中国标准出版社，1996．
谢平，陈宜瑜．1996．我国内陆水体中的“魔鬼四重奏”—生物多样性的丧失与人类活动[J]．水生生物学报，20：7—23．
楚建周等．2006．底质营养状况对黑藻生长及光合作用的影响[J]．生态环境，15(4)：702—707．
靳宝锋，郭友好．2001．微齿眼子菜繁殖生物学特性的初步研究[J]．水生生物学报，25(5)：439—448．
熊秉红，李伟．2000．我国苦草属(Vallisneria L．)植物的生态学研究[J]．武汉植物学研究，18(6)：500—508．
熊秉红，李伟．2002．鄱阳湖自然保护区蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽的调查[J]．水生生物学报，26(1)：19—24．
颜素珠主编．中国水生植物图说[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983．
Abraahamson W. G. Plant-Animal Interaction[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1989.
Abrahamson W. G & Gadgil M. 1973. Growth form and reproductive effort in goldenrods[J]. American Naturalist, 107: 651—661.
Abrahamson W. G. 1975. Reproductive strategies in dewberries[J]. Ecology, 56: 721—726.
Abrahamson W. G. 1980. Demography and Vegetative Reproduction.Demography and evolution in plant populations (In ed.Solbrig O. T.)[M]. vol: 15, University of California Press, Los Angeles, pp. 89—106.
Abrahamson W. Q. 1982. On the comparative allocation of biomass, energy, and nutrients in plant[J]. Ecology, 63: 982—991.
Agrawal A. A. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species[J]. Science, 294: 321—326.
Ajmal M., Khan M. A. & Nomani A. A. 1985. Distribution of heavy metals in plants and fish of the Yamuna River(India)[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 5:361.
Amsberry L., Baker M. A., Ewanchuk P. J. & Bermess M. D. 2000. Clonal integration and the expansion of Phragmites australis[J]. Ecological Applications, 10:1110—11118.
Arts G. H. R 2002. Deterioration of Atlantic softwater macrophyte communities by acidification, eutrophication and alkalinisation[J]. Aquatic Botany, 73: 373—393.
Assmann S. M. 1992. Effects of light quality during development on the morphology and stomatal physiology of Commelina communis[J]. Oecologia, 92:188—195.
Baker H. G Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: Baker, H. G. and Stebbins, G. L. (eds), The genetics of colonizing species[M]. Academic Press, 1965, pp 147—169.
Barko J. W. & Smart R. M. 1981. Comparative influences of light and temperature on the growth and metabolism of selected submersed freshwater macrophytes[J]. Ecological Monographs, 51: 219—235.
Barko J. W. & Smart R. M. 1983. Effects of organic matter additions to sediment on the growth of aquatic plants[J]. Journal of Ecology, 71: 161—175.
Barko J. W. & Smart R. M. 1986. Sediment-related mechanisms of growth limitation in submersed macrophytes[J]. Ecology, 67:1328—1340
Barko J. W., Adams M. S. & Clesceri N. L. 1986. Environmental factors and their consideration in the management of submersed aquatic vegetation: A review[J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 24:1—10.
Barko J. W., Hardin D. G. & Matthews M. S. 1982. Growth and morphology of submersed freshwater macrophytes in relation to light and temperature[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 877—887.
Barko J. W., Smart R. M. & McFarland D. G. 1991. Interactive effects on environmental conditions on the growth of submersed aquatic macrophytes [J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 6: 199—207.
Barrett S. C. H. 1980. Sexual reproduction in Eichhornia crassipes(Water Hyacinth). 1. Fertility of clones from diverse regions[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 17: 101—112.
Barrett S. C. H. 2003. Mating strategies in flowering plants: the outcrossing-selfing paradigm and beyond[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358: 991—1004.
Barrett S. C. H., Echert C. G. & Husband B. C. 1993. Evolutionary processes in aquatic plant populations[J]. Aquatic Botany, 44: 105—145.
Battey N. H. & Lyndon R. F. 1990. Reversion of flowering[J]. Bot. Review, 56 (2): 162—165
Bazzaz F. A. & Ackerly D. D. Reproductive allocation and reproductive effort in plants. In: M Fenner, ed. Seeds. The ecology of regeneration in plant communities[M]. Oxford, UK: CAB International, 1992, 1—26.
Bell A. D. Dynamic morphology: a contribution to plant population ecology. In R. Dirzo and J. Sarukhan (eds) Perspectives on Plant Population Ecology[M]. Sinauer, Sunderland, 1984. pp48—65.
Bell D. L. & Sultan S. E. 1999. Dynamic phenotypic plasticity for root growth in Polygonum: a comparative study[J]. American Journal of Botany,, 86: 807—819
Benzing D. H. & Renfrow A. 1971. The biology of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia circinata Schlecht. I. The nutrient status of populations in South Florida[J]. American Journal of Botany, 58: 867—873.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1995a. The effects of trichloroethylene, plant sex and site of origin on modular demography in Vallisneria americana[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32: 761—777.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1996. Vallisneria americana as a biomonitor of aquatic ecosystems: leaf-to-root surface area ratios and organic contamination in the Huron-Erie corridor[J]. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 22: 289—303.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1997. Laboratory assay of sediment phytotoxicity using the macrophyte Vallisneria americana[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chememistry, 16: 472-478.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1997. Temporal biomonitoring using wild celery, Vallisneria americana[J]. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 3: 97—107.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. Sediment effects on the uptake of trichloroethylene by roots and leaves of Vallisneria americana. in M. Munawar, T. Edsall, and J. Leach, editors. The Lake Huron ecosystem:ecology, fisheries and management[M]. Ecovision World Monograph Series, S. P. B. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1995b, pp 413—426.
Bilbrough C. J. & Caldwell M. M. 1997. Exploitation of springtime ephemeral N pulses by six Great Basin plant species[J]. Ecology, 78:231—243.
Bintz J. C. & Nixon S. W. 2001. Responses of eelgrass Zostera marina seedlings to reduced light[J]. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 223: 133—141.
Bj6rkman O. Responses to different quantum flux densities. In: Lange O. L., Nobel P. S., Osmond C. B., Ziegler H. (eds) Physiological plant ecology Ⅰ. Encyclopedia of plant physiology[M]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981, pp 57—101.
Blanch S. J., Ganf G. G. & Walker K. F. 1999. Growth and resource allocation in response to flooding in the emergent sedge Bolboschoenus medianus[J]. Aquatic Botany, 63: 145—160.
Blom C. W. P. M. 1999. Adaptations to flooding stress: from plant community to molecule[J]. Plant Biology, 1: 261—273.
Bloom A. J., Chapin F. S. & Mooney H. A. 1985. Resource limitation in plant—an economic analogy[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16: 363—392.
Bonis A. & Grillas P. 2002. Deposition, germination and spatio-temporal patterns of charophyte propagule banks: a review[J]. Aquatic Botany, 72: 235—248.
Bostock S. J. & Benton R. A. 1979. The reproductive strategies of five perennial copositea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 67:91—107.
Bostock S. J. 1980. Variation in reproductive allocation in Tussilagofarfara[J]. Oikos, 34: 359—363.
Bradshaw A. D. & Hardwick K. 1989. Evolution and Stress—Genotypic and Phenotypic Conponents[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 37: 137—155.
Bradshaw A. D. 1965.Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. Advances in Genetics, 13: 115—155.
Brock M. A. & Casanova M. T. Plant life at the edges of wetlands, Ecological responses to wetting and drying patterns. In: Klomp N., Lunt I. (Eds), Frontiers in Ecology: Building the Links[M]. Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1997, pp181—192.
Brock M. A., Nielsen D. L., Shiel R. J., Green J. D. & Langley J. D. 2003. Drought and aquatic community resilience: the role of eggs and seeds in sediments of temporary wetlands[J]. Freshwater Biology, 48(7): 1207—1218.
Bryant J., Chapin III F. & Klein D. 1983. Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory[J]. Oikos, 40: 357—368.
Calow P. 1979. The cost of reproduction—a physiological approach[J]. Biological Review, 54: 23—40.
Campbell N. Biologie.Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH. 1997.
Carter V. & Rybicki N. B. 1985. The effects of grazers and light penetration on the survival of transplants of Vallisneria americana Michx. in the tidal Potomac River, Maryland[J]. Aquatic Botany, 23: 197—213.
Carter V., Rybicki N. B. & Turtora M. 1996. Effect of increasing photon irradiance on the growth of Vallisneria americana in the tidal Potomac River[J]. Aquatic Botany, 54: 337—345.
Caswell H. 1982. Optimal Life Histories and The Maximization of Reproductive Value: A General Theorem for Complex Life Cycles[J]. Ecology, 63: 1218—1222.
Chambers P. A. & Kalff J. 1985. Depth distribution and biomass of submersed aquatic macrophyte communities in relation to secchi depth[J]. Canadian Journal of Fishes andAquatic Sciences, 42: 701—709.
Chambers P. A. & Kalff J. 1985b. The influence of sediment composition and irradiance on the growth and morphology of Myriophyllum spicatum L[J]. Aquatic Botany, 22: 253—263.
Chambers P. A. 1987a. Light and nutrients in the control of aquatic plant community structure. Ⅱ. In situ observations[J]. J. Ecol, 75: 621—628.
Chambers P. A., Prepas E. E., Bothwell M. L. & Hamilton H. R. 1989. Roots versus shoots in nutrient uptake by aquatic macrophytes in flowing waters[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 46:435—439.
Chambers P. A., Kalff J. 1987. Light and nutrients in the control of aquatic plant community structure. Ⅰ. In situ experiments[J]. Journal of Ecology, 75: 611—619.
Chapin F. S. Effects of multiple environmental stresses on nutrient availability and use. in H. A. Mooney., W. E. Winner. and E. J. Pell., (eds). Responses of plants to multiple stresses[M]. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 1991, pp 67—88.
Chapin F. S., Bloom A. J., Field C. B. & Waring R. H. 1987. Plant responses to multiple environmental factors[J]. BioScience, 37: 49—57.
Charnov E. L. 1982. Parent Off spring conflict over reproductive effort[J]. American Naturalist, 119: 736—747.
Chen R. L. & Barko J. W. 1988. Effects of freshwater macrophytes on sediment chemistry[J]. Journal of Freshwater Biology, 4: 279—289.
Cheplick G. P. 1995. Genotypic variation and plasticity of clonal growth in relation to nutrient availability in Amphibromus scabrivalvis[J]. Journal of Ecology, 83: 459—468.
Chu C. C., Coleman J. S. & Mooney H. A. 1992. Examining the controls on the partitioning of biomass between roots and shoots: effects of elevated levels of CO2 on growth and resource use of California coastal wild radish[J]. Oecologia, 89: 580—587.
Cipollini M. L. & Stiles E. W. 1991. Costs of reproduction in Nyssa sylvatica: sexual dimorphism in reproductive frequency and nutrient flux[J]. Oecologia, 86: 585—593.
Clapham A. R., Tutin T. G. & Warburg E. F. Flora of the British Isles[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1962.
Clevering O. A. & Hundscheid M. P. J. 1998. Plastic and non-plastic variation in growth of newly established clones of Scirpus(Bolboschoenus) maritimus L. groen at different water depths[J]. Aquatic Botany, 62: 1—17.
Cockburn A. An Introduction to Evolutionary Ecology (Ch7)[M]. Blackwell Scientific, 1991.
Cole L. 1954. The population consequences of life history phenomena[J]. Qua. Rev. Bio., 29: 103—137.
Coleman J. S., McConnaughay K. D. M. & Ackerly D. D. 1994. Interpreting phenotypic variation in plants[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 187—191.
Cook R. E. 1983. Clonal plant populations [J]. Amer Sci, 71: 244—253.
Coops H., van den Brink F. W. B. & van der Velde G. 1996. Growth and morphological responses of four helophytes species in an experimental water-depth gradient[J]. Aquatic Botany, 54: 11—24.
Cordell S., Goldstein G, Mueller-Dombois D., Webb D. & Vitousek P. M. 1998. Physiological and morphological variation in Metrosideros polymorpha, a dominant Hawaiian tree species,along an altitudinal gradient: the role of phenotypic plasticity[J]. Oecologia, 113: 188—196.
Crawley M. J. 1990. Rabbit grazing, plant competition and seedling recruitment in acid grassland[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27: 803—820.
Crowder A. & Painter D. S. 1991. Submerged macrophytes in Lake Ontario: current knowledge,importance,threats to stability,and needed studies [J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48(8): 1539—1545.
Crum G. H. & Bachmann R. W. 1973. Submersed aquatic macrophytes of the Iowa great lakes region[J]. Iowa St: J. Res., 48: 147—173.
Darwin C. On the Origin of Species. John Murray, London, 1859.
Day K. J., Hutchings M. J. & John E. A. 2003b. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on the early stages of growth in plant populations [J]. Journal of Ecology, 91: 305—315.
Day K. J., Hutchings M. J. & John E. A. 2003c. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on yield, structure and mortality in plant populations[J]. Journal of Ecology, 91: 541—553.
Day K. J., John E. A. & Hutchings M. J. 2003a. The effects of spatially heterogeneous nutrient supply on yield, intensity of competition and root placement patterns in Briza media and Festuca ovina[J]. Functional Ecology, 17: 454—463.
de Angelis D. Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs[M]. Chapman & Hall, USA, 1992.
de Kroon H. & Hutchings M. J. 1995. Morphological plasticity in clonal plants—the foraging concept reconsidered[J]. Journal of Ecology, 83: 143—152.
de Kroon H. & Knops J. 1990. Habitat exploration through morphological plasticity in two chalk grassland perennials[J]. Oikos, 59: 39—49.
de Kroon H. & Schieving F. 1991. Resource allocation patterns as a function of clonal morphology:a general model applied to foraging clonal plant[J]. Journal of Ecology, 79: 519—530.
de Kroon H., Huber H., Stuefer J. F. & van Groenendael J. M. 2005. A modular consept of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 166: 73—82.
de Souza M. P., Huang C. P. A., Chee N. & Terry N. 1999. Rhizosphere Bacteria enhance the accumulation of selenium and mercury in wetland plants[J]. Planta, 209: 259—263.
Dennison W. C. & Alberte R. S. 1985. Role of daily light period in the depth distribution of Zostera marina(eelgrass)[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 25:51—61.
Dennison W. C. & Alberte R. S. 1986. Photoadaptation and growth of Zostera marina L.(eelgrass) transplants along a depth gradient[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 98: 265—282.
Denny P. 1980. Solute movement in submerged angiosperms[J]. Biological Reviews, 55: 65—92.
Dewar R. C. 1993. A root-shoot partitioning model based on carbon-nitrogen-water interactions and Munch phloem flow[J]. Functional Ecology, 7: 356—368.
Diggle P. K. 1994. The expression of andromonoecy in Solanum hirtum(Solanaceae): phenotypic plasticity and ontogenetic contingency[J]. American Journal of Botany, 81: 1354—1365.
Dole J. A. 1992. Reproduct ive assurance mechanisms in three taxa of the Mimulus guttatus complex[J]. American Journal of Botany, 79: 650—659.
Dong M. & Alaten B. 1999. Clonal plasticity in response to rhizome severing and heterogeneous resource supply in them rhizomatous grass Psammochloa villosa in an inner Mongolian dune, China[J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 53—58.
Dong M. 1993. Morphological plasticity of the clonal herb Lamiastrum galeobdolon(L.) Ehrend. and Polatschek in response to partial shading[J]. New Phytologist, 124: 291—300.
Drew M. C. & Lynch J. M. 1980. Soil anaerobiosis, micro-organisms and root function[j]. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 18: 37—66.
Duarte C. M. & Sand-Jensen K. 1996. Nutrient constraints on establishment from seed and on vegetative expansion of the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa[J]. Aquatic Botany, 54: 279—286.
Duarte C. M. 1995. Submerged aquatic vegetation in relation to different nutrient regimes[J]. Ophelia, 41: 87—112.
Dube M. & Morisset P. 1996. La plasticite phenotypique des caracteres anatomiques foliaires chezle Festuca rubra L.(Poaceae)[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 74:1708—1718.
Dudley S. A. & Schmitt J. 1996. Testing the adaptive plasticity hypothesis: density-dependent selection on manipulated stem length in Impatiens capensis[J]. American Naturalist, 147: 445—465.
Dunton K. H. & Tomasko D. A. 1994. In situ photosynthesis in the seagrass Haldule wrightii in a hypersaline subtropical lagoon[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 107:281—295.
Eckert C. G. & Barrett S. C. H. 1993. Clonal Reproduction and patterns of genotypic diversity in Decodon verticillatus[J]. American Journal of Botany, 80:1175—1185.
Eckert C. G, Massonnet B. & Thomas J. J. 2000. Variation in sexual and clonal reproduction among introduced populations of flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus(Butomaceae )[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78: 437—446.
Eriksson O. & Bremer B.1993.Genet dynamics of the clonal plant Rubus saxatilis[J]. Journal of Ecology, 81:533—542.
Ewel J. J. Restoration is the ultimate test of ecology theory[M]. In Restoration Ecology, Cambridge Univercity Press, U. K. 1987, pp 31—33.
Facelli E. & Facelli J. M. 2002. Soil phosphorus heterogeneity and mycorrhizal symbiosis regulate plant intra-specific competition and size distribution[J]. Oecologia, 133: 54—61.
Falconer D. S. & Mackay T. F. C. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (4th edn.)[M]. Longman Group Ltd., Earlow, Essex, England, 1996, pp 335—337.
Fang J. Y. et al., 2006. Biodiversity changes in the lakes of the central Yangze[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(7): 369—377.
Fernandez-Lopez M., Goormachtig S., Gao M., D'Haeze W., Van Montagu M. & Holsters M. 1998. Ethylene-mediated phenotypic plasticity in root nodule development on Sesbania rostrata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95: 12724—12728.
Fitter A. H. & Stichland T. R. 1992. Fractal characterization of root system architecture [J]. Function Ecology, 6: 632—635.
Fransen B., Blijjenberg J. & De Kroon H. 1999. Root morphological and physiological plasticity of perennial grass species and the exploitation of spatial and temporal heterogeneous nutrient patches[J]. Plant and Soil, 211: 179—189.
Fransen B., de Kroon H. & Berendse F. 2001. Soil nutrient heterogeneity alters competition between two perennial grass species[J]. Ecology, 82: 2534—2546.
Gadgil M. & Solbig O. T. 1972. The concept of r- and K-selection: evidence from wild flowers and some theoretical considerations[J]. American Naturalist, 106: 14—31.
Galloway L. F. 1995. Response to natural environmental heterogeneity: maternal effects and selection on life-history characters and plasticities in Mimulus guttatus[J]. Evolution, 49: 1095—1107.
Gardner S. N. & Mangel M. 1999. Modeling investments in seeds, clonal off-spring, and translocation in a clonal plant[J]. Ecology, 80: 1202—1220.
Geber M. A. 1990. The cost of meristem limitation in P. arenastrum: negative genetic correlations between fecundity and growth[J]. Evolution, 44: 799—819.
Gedroc J. J., McConnaughay K. D. M. & Coleman J. S. 1996. Plasticity in root/shoot partitioning:optimal,ontogenetic,or bothf J]? Function Ecology, 10: 44—50.
Gibbs J. & Greenway H. 2003. Mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in plants. I. Growth, survival and anaerobic catabolism[J]. Functional Plant Biology, 30: 1—47.
Giles, N. 1987. Differences in the ecology of wet-dug and dry-dug gravel pit lakes[J]. Annual Review of Game Conservancy, 18: 130—133.
Godshalk G. L. & Wetzel R. G. 1978. Decomposition of aquatic angiosperms. Ⅱ. Particulate components[J]. Aquatic Botany, 5: 301—327.
Godshalk G. L. & Barko J. W. Vegetative succession and decomposition in reservoirs. In: D.Gunnison(Editor), Microbial Processes in Reservoirs[M]. Dev. Hydrobiol, 1985, 27: 59—77.
Goldman D. A. & Willson M. F. 1986. Sex allocation in functionally hermaphroditic plants: A review and critique[J]. Botanical Review, 52:157—194.
Goldsborough W. J. & Kemp W. M. 1988. Light responses of a submersed macrophyte: Implications for survival in turbid waters[J]. Ecology, 69: 1775—1786.
Grace J. B & Tilman D. Perspectives in Plant Competition. Blackwell, Oxford. 1990.
Grace J. B. & Wetzel R. G 1982. Niche differentiation between two rhizomatous plant species: Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 46—57.
Grace J. B. 1989. Effects of water depth on Typha latifolia and Typha domingensis[J]. American Journal of Botany, 76: 762—768.
Grace J. B. 1993. The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms:an aquatic perspective[J]. Aquatic Botany, 44: 159—180.
Grillas P., Garcia-Murillo P., Geertz-Hansen O., Marba N., Montes C., Tan-Ham L. & Grossman A. 1993. Submerged macrophyte seed bank in a Mediterranean temporary marsh:abundance and relationship with established vegetation[J]. Oecologia, 94(1): 1—6.
Grime J. P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory[J]. American Naturalist, 111:1169—1194.
Grime J. P. Plant strategies and vegetation processes[M]. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1979.
Grime J. P. Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley, 2001.
Grime J. P., Crick J. C. & Rincon J. E. The ecological significance of plasticity; in Plasticity in plants[M]. (eds)D. H. Jennings and A. J. Trewavas (Cambridge: Soc. Exp. Biol.), 1986, pp5—29.
Grover J. P. Resource Competition[M]. Chapman & Hall, London, 1997.
Gustafsson, A. Apomixis in higher plants[M]. Ⅱ. The causal aspects of apomixis. Lund, Sweden, G. W. K. Gleerup. 1947.
Hamilton J., Zangerl A., DeLucia E. & Berenbaum M. 2001. The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis:its rise and fall[J]. Ecology Letters, 4: 86—95.
Harman W. N. 1974. Phenolgy and physiognomy of the hydrophytic community in Otsego Lake[J]. N. Y. Rhodora, 76: 497—508.
Harper J. L. & Ogden J. 1970. The reproductive strategy of higher plants, I. The concept of strategy with special reference to Senecio vulgaris [J]. Journal of Ecology, 58: 6814—698.
Harper J. L. 1967. A Darwinian approach to plant ecology[J], Journal of Ecology, 55: 247—270.
Harper J. L. Population Biology of Plant[M]. Academic Press, London, 1977, pp12—15.
Harper J. L. Population Biology of Plants[M]. London: Academic Press, 1979, pp237—249.
Harris S. W. & Marshall W. H. 1963. Ecology of water-level manipulations on a northern marsh[J]. Ecology, 44: 331—334.
Hartnett D. C. 1990. Size-dependent allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction in four clonal composites [J]. Oecologia, 84: 254—259.
Hermanutz L. A. & Weaver S. E. 1996. Agroecotypes or phenotypic plasticity? Comparison of agrestal and ruderal populations of the weed Solarium ptycanthum[J]. Oecologia, 105: 271—280.
Hickman J. C. 1977. Energy allocation and niche differention of four co-exsisting annual species of Polgomum in Wester North America[J]. Joural of Ecology, 65: 317—326.
Hilbert D. W. 1990. Optimization of plant root: shoot ratios and internal nitrogen concentration[J]. Annals of Botany, 66: 91—99.
Hirose T. 1987. A vegetative plant growth model: adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity in matter partitioning[J].Functional Ecology, 1: 195—202.
Holler L. C. & Abrahamson W. G 1977. Seed and vegetative reproduction in relation to density in Fragaria virginiana (Rosaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 64: 1003—1007.
Huber H. & During H. 2001. No long-term costs of meristem allocation to flowing in stoloniferous Trifolium species[J]. Evolutionary Ecology, 14: 731—748.
Huber H., Lukacs S. & Watson M. A. 1999. Spatial structure of stoloniferous herbs: an interplay between structural blue-print, ontogeny and phenotypic plasticity [J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 107—115.
Hutan C. 1997. Impact of water level fluctuations on St. Lawrence River aquatic vegetation[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54: 2853—2865.
Hutchings M. J. & de Kroon H. 1994. Foraging in plants:the role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition [J]. Adances in Ecological Research, 25: 159—238. Hutchinson G. E. Treatise on limnology. III. Limnological Botany[M]. John Wiley, 1975.
Huxman T. E., Hamerlynck E. P., Jordan D. N., Salsman K. A. & Smith S. D. 1998. The effects of parental CO2 on seed quality and subsequent seedling performance in Bromus rubens[J]. Oecologia, 114( 2 ): 202—208.
Jaynes M. L. & Carpenter S. R.1986. Effects of vascular and nonvascular macrophytes on sediment redox and solute dynamics[M]. Ecology, 67: 875—882.
Jeppesen E., Sondergaard M., Sondergaard M. & Christoffersen K. (Eds). The Structuring Role of Submersed Macrophytes in Lakes[M], New York:Springer, 1997, pp423.
Johnson I. R. & Thornley J. H. M. 1987. A model for root: shoot partitioning and optimal growth[J]. Annals of Botany, 60: 133—142.
Jones C. G & Coleman J. S. Plant stress and insect herbivory:toward an integrated perspective, in H. A. Mooney., W. E. Winner. & E. J. Pell., (eds). Responses of plants to multiple stresses[M]. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 1991, pp249—282.
Jorgensen S.E. & Vollenweider R. A. Guidelines of lake management, Vol(l): Principles of Lake Management. International Lake Environment Committee and The United Nations Environment Programme, 1989.
Kadlec J. A. 1962. Effects of a drawdown on a waterfowl impoundment[J]. Ecology, 43: 267—281.
Kalisz S. & Wardel G M. 1994. Life history Variation in Campanula americana: Pollination differentiation[J]. American Journal of Botany, 81: 521—527.
Kawano S. Life history characteristics of temperate woodland plants in Japan. In The population structure of vegetation[M]. Edited by J. White.Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, 1985, pp515—549.
Keddy P. A. & Constabel P. 1986. Germination of ten shoreline plants in relation to seed size, soil particle size and water level: an experimental study[J]. Journal of Ecology, 74: 133—141.
Keedy P. A, Ellis T. H. 1985. Seeding recruitment of 11 wetland plant species along a water level gradient :shared or distinct responses[J]? Canadian Journal of Botany, 63: 1876—1879.
Kiorboe T. 1980. Distribution and production of submerged macrophytes in Tipper Grund and the impact of waterfowl grazing[J]. Journal of Ecology, 17: 675—687.
Klinkhamer P. G. L., de Jong T. J., Metz J. A. J. & Val J. 1987. Life history tactics of annual organisms: the joint effects of dispersal and delayed germination[J]. Theoretical Population Biology, 32: 127—156.
Koerselman W. & Eleman A. F. M. 1996. The vegetation N:P ratios: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33: 1441—1450.
Kusler J.A., et al. Wetland[M]. Scientific American, 1994, 1: 58—62.
Lacey E.P., Smith S. & Case A.L. 1997. Parental effects on seed mass: seed coat but not embryo/endosperm effects [J]. American Journal of Botany, 84: 1617—1620.
Lalonde R. & Roitberg B. D. 1994. Mating system, Life history, and Reproduction in Canada this He( Cirsium arvense )[J]. American Journal of Botany, 81: 21—28.
Larcher W. Physiological Plant Ecology[M]. 3ed. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 1995.
Law R. 1981. The dynamics of colonizing population of Poaannua[J]. Ecology, 62: 1267—1277.
Lehmann A. and Lachavanne J.B., 1999. Changes in the water quality of Lake Geneva indicated by submerged macrophytes [J]. Freshwater Biology, 42: 457-466.
Lenssen J. P. M., Menting F. B. J. & Van Der Putten W. H. 2000. Vegetative reproduction by species with different adaptations to shallow-flooded habitats[J]. New Phytologist, 145: 61—70.
Lessells C. M. The evolution of life histories.In:Krebs J. R. & Davies N. B. (eds). Behavioural Ecology[M]. London:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.
Leverich W. J. & Levin D. A. 1979. Age-specific survivorship and reproduction in Phlox drummondii[J]. American Naturalist, 113: 881—903.
Levin S. A., Mooney H. A. & Field C. B. 1989. The dependence of plant root: shoot ratios on internal nitrogen concentration[J]. Annals of Botany, 64: 71—76.
Lewis M. A., Weber D. E., Stanley R. S. & Moore J. C. 2001. The relevance of rooted vascular plants as indicators of estuarine sediment quality[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40: 25—34.
Lieffers V. J. & Shay J. M. 1981. The effects of water level on growth and reproduction of Scirpus maritimus var.paludus[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59: 118—121
Lopez F., Fungairino S., dela Heras P., Serrano J. & Acosta F. 2001. Age changes in the vegetative vs. reproductive allocation by module demographic strategies in a perennial plant[J]. Plant Ecology, 157: 13—21.
Lovett-Doust J. & Cavers P. B. 1982. Biomass allocation in hermaphrodite flowers[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 2530—2534.
Lovett-Doust L. 1981. Population dynamics and local specialisation in a clonal perennial(Ranunculus repens). I .The dynamics of varieties in contrastion habitats[J]. Journal of Ecology, 69: 743—755.
Lovett-Doust L., Lovett-Doust J. & Biernacki M. 1994. American wild celery, Vallisneria americana, as a biomonitor of organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems[J]. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 20: 333—354.
Luo Y., Field C. B. & Mooney H. A. 1994. Predicting responses of photosynthesis and root fraction to elevated [CO2]: interactions among carbon,nitrogen,and growth[J]. Plant, Cell and Environment, 17: 1195—1204.
Maberly S. C.1993. Morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of Potamogeton obtusifolius from different depths [J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 31: 34—39.
MacArthur R. H. & Wilson E. O. The theory of island biogeography[M]. Princeton N. J: Princeton University Press, 1967.
Mantai K. E. & Newton M. E. 1982. Root growth in Myriophyllum: A specific plant resource to nutrient availability[J]? Aquatic Botany, 13: 45—55.
Marschner H. The Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants[M]. Academic Press, London, 1995.
Mazer S. J. & Gorchov D. L. 1996. Parental effects on progeny phenotype in plants distinguishing genetic and environmental causes[J]. Evolution, 50: 44—53.
McConnaughay K. D. M. & Coleman J. S. 1998. Can plants track changes in nutrient availability via changes in biomass partitioning?[J]. Plant and Soil, 202: 201—209.
Melzer A. 1999. Aquatic macrophytes as tools for lake management[J]. Hydrobiologia, 395/396: 181—190.
Mendez M. & Obeso J. R. 1993. Size-dependent reproductive and vegetative allocation in Arum italicum(Araceae)[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71: 309—314.
Middleboe A. L. & Markager S. 1997. Depth limits and minimum light requirements of freshwater macrophytes[J]. Freshwater Biology, 37: 553—568.
Miller J. D., Hailer W. T. & Glenn M. S. 1993. Turion production by dioecious hydrilla in North Florida[J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 31: 101—105.
Mishra R. K. & Singhal G. S. 1992. Function of Photosynthetic Apparatus of Intact Wheat Leaves under High Light and Heat Stress and Its Relationship with Peroxidation of Thylakoid Lipids[J]. Plant Physiology, 98: 1—6.
Moeller R. E. & Wetzel R. G. 1988. Littoral vs profundal components of sediment accumulation:contrasting roles as phosphorus sinks[J]. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol, 23: 386—393.
Mooney H. A. & Winner W. E. Responses of plants to multiple stresses[M], in: Mooney H. A., Winner W. E. & Pell E. J.(eds). Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 1991, pp129—142.
Moylw J. B. 1945. Some chemical factors influencing the distribution of aquatic plants in Minnesota[J]. American Midland Naturalist, 34:402—421.
Newell S. J. & Tramer E. J. 1978. Reproductive strategies in herbaceous plant communities during sucession[J]. Ecology, 59(2): 228—234.
Ni L. Y. 2001. Effects of water column nutrient enrichment on the growth of Potamogeton maackianus A. Been.[J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 39: 83—87.
Nichols D. S. & Keeney D. R. 1976. Nitrogen nutrition of Myriophyllum spicatum: uptake and translocation of 15 N by shoots and roots[J]. Freshwater Biology, 6: 145—154.
Nishitami S., Takada T. & Kachi N. 1999. Optimal resource allocation to seeds and vegetative propagules under density-dependent regulation in Syneilesis palmate (Compositae)[J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 179—189.
Nye P. H. & Tinker P. Solute movement in the soil—root system[M]. Oxford: Backwell Scientific Publications, 1977, pp81—103.
Obeso J. R. 2002. The costs of reproduction in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 155: 321—348.
Oborny B. & Bartha S. 1995. Clonality in plant communities-an overview[J]. Abstracta Botanuca, 19: 115—127.
Orth R. J. & Moore K. A. 1983. Chesapeake Bay: an unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation[J]. Science, 222:51—53.
Pakonen T., Lainen K., Havas P. & Saari E. 1988. Effects of berry production and deblossoming on growth, carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds in Vaccinium myrtillus in north Finland[J]. Acta Botanica Fennica, 136:37—42.
Phibric C. L. 1983. Aspects of floral biology in three species of Potamogeton(Pondweeds)[J]. The Michigan Botanist, 23: 35—39.
Philips G, Bramwell A ., Pitt J , et al .1999. Practical application of 25 years'research into the management of shallow lakes[J]. Hydrobiologia, 395/ 396: 61—76.
Pianka E. R. 1970. Onr- and K- selection[J]. American Naturalist, 104: 592—597.
Pierini S. A. & Thomaz S. M. 2004. Effects of inorganic carbon source on photosynthetic rates of Egeria najas Planchon and Egeria densa Planchon(Hhdrocharitaceae)[J]. Aquatic Botany, 78: 135—146.
Pigliucci M. & Schlichting C. D. 1995. Ontogenetic reaction norms of Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae): response to shading[J]. Ecology, 76: 2134—2144.
Pigliucci M. & Schmitt J. 1999. Genes affecting phenotypic plasticity in Arabidopsis: pleiotropic effects and reproductive fitness of photomorphogenic mutants[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12:551—562.
Pigliucci M. 1997. Ontogenetic phenotypic plasticity during the reproductive phase in Arabidopsis thaliana(Brassicaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 84: 887—895.
Pigliucci M. 2001. Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture[M]. The Johns Hopkings University Press , Baltimore and London.
Pintado A., Valladares F. & Sancho L. 1997. Exploring Phenotypic Plasticity in the Lichen Ramalina capztata:Morphology, Water Relations and Chlorophyll Content in North- and South-facing Populations[J]. Annals of Botany, 80: 345—353.
Poiani K.A. & Johnson W. C. 1989. Effect of hydroperiod on seed-bank composition in semipermanent prairie wetlands[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67: 856—864.
Poorter L. 2001. Light-dependent changes in biomass allocation and their importance for growth of rain forest tree species[J]. Functional Ecology, 15: 113—123.
Pott R. & Remy D. Gewasser Des Binnenlandes[M]. Stuttgart, Germany: Ulmer, 2000.
Rapport D. J. 1971. An optimization model of food selection[J]. American Naturalist, 105: 575—578.
Raunkiaer C. The life forms of plants and statistical geography[M]. Claredon, Oxford, 1934. pp632.
Rea N. & Ganf G 1994b. Water depth changes and biomass allocation in two contrasting macropytes[J]. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45: 1459—1468.
Reekie E. G 1991. Cost of seed versus rhizome production in Agropyron repens[J] Canadian Journal of Botany, 69: 2678—2683.
Reekie E. G Resource allocation, trade-offs, and reproductive effort in plants. In: Life History Evolution in Plants[M]. (eds: Vuorisalo T. O. & Mutikainen P. K.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999, ppl73—193.
Reynolds H. L. & D'Antonio C. 1996. The ecological significance of plasticity in root weight ratio in response to nitrogen:opinion[J]. Plant and Soil, 185: 75—97.
Robe W. E. & Griffiths H. 1994. The impact of NO_3~- loading on the freshwater macrophyte Littorella uniflora: N utilization strategy in a slow-growing species from oligotrophic habitats[J]. Oecologia, 100: 368—378.
Robinson D. 1986. Compensatory changes in the partitioning of dry matter in relation to nitrogen uptake and optimal variations in growth[J]. Annals of Botany, 58: 841—848.
Roff D. A. Life history evolutionfM]. Sunderland Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, 2002.
Roff D. A. The evolution of life histories: Theory and analysis[M]. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1992.
Ronsheim M. L. & Bever J. D. 2000. Genetic variation and evolutionary trade-offs for sexual and asexual reproductive modes in Allium vineale (Liliaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 87: 1769—1777.
Rorslett B., Hawes I. & Schwarz A. M. 1997. Features of the underwater light climate just below the surface in some New Zealand inland waters[J]. Freshwater Biology, 37: 441—454.
Ryser P. & Eek L. 2000. Consequences of phenotypic plasticity vs. interspecific differences in leaf and root traits for acquisition of aboveground and belowground resources [J]. American Journal of Botany, 87:402—411.
Saikkonen K., Koivunen S., Vuorisalo T. & Mutikainen P. 1998. Interactive effects of pollination and heavy metals on resource allocation in Potentilla anserina L[J]. Ecology, 79: 1620—1629.
Sand-Jensen K. & Sondergaard M. 1981. Phytoplankton and epiphyte development and their shading effect on submerged macrophytes in lakes of different nutrient status[J]. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol, 66: 529—552.
Sastroutomo S. S. 1981. Turion formation, dormancy, and germination in curly pondweed, Potamogeton crispus.L[J]. Aquatic Botany, 10: 161—173.
Sato T. 2002. Size-dependent resource allocation among vegetative propagules and male and female functions in the forest herb Laportea bulbifera[J]. Oikos, 96: 453—462.
Scheffer M. Ecology of shallow lakes[M]. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.
Scheiner S. M. 1993. Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity [J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 35—68.
Schlichting C. D. & Levin D. A. 1986. Phenotypic Plasticity-an Evolving Plant Character[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 29: 37—47.
Schlichting C. D. 1986. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17: 667—693.
Schloesser D. W. & Manny B. A. 1990. Decline of wildcelery buds in the lower Detroit River, 1950-1985[J]. Journal of Wildlife Management, 54(1): 72—76.
Schmid B. & Bazzaz F. A. 1991. Growth of transplanted and native shoots in perennials with contrasting genet architecture[J]. Flora, 185: 335—344.
Schmid B. & Bazzaz F. A. 1992. Growth responses of rhizomatous plants to fertilizer application and interference[J]. Oikos, 65: 13—24.
Schmid B. & Bazzaz F. A. 1995. Size dependency of sexual reproduction and of clonal growth in two perennial plants[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73: 1831—1837.
Schmid B. 1985. Clonal growth in grassland perennials: 2 growth form and fine-scale colonizing ability[J]. Journal of Ecology, 73: 809 —818.
Schubert H., Sagert S. & Forster R. M. 2001. Evaluation of the different levels of variability in the underwater light field of a shallow estuary[J]. Helgoland Marine Research, 55: 12—22.
Sculthorpe C. D. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1967, pp610.
Seabloom E. W., Moloney K. A. & van der Valk A. G. 2001.Constraints on the establishment of plants along a fluctuating water-depth gradient[J]. Ecology, 82: 2216—2232.
Seabloom E. W., Moloney K. A., van der Valk A. G. 2001. Constraints on the establishments of plants along a fluctuating water-depth gradient[J]. Ecology, 82(8): 2216—2232.
Seago J. L. J. R., Marsh L. C, Stevens K. J., Soukup A., Votrubova'O. & Enstone D. E. 2005. A re-examination of the root cortex in wetland flowering plants with respect to aerenchyma[J]. Annals of Botany, 96: 565—579.
Seddon B. 1972. Aquatic macrophytes as limnogical indicators [J]. Freshwater Biology, 2: 107—130.
Sheldon R. B. & Boylen C. W. 1977. Maximum depth inhabited by aquatic vascular plants[J]. American Midland. Naturalist, 97: 248—254.
Sher-Kaul S., Oertli B., Castella E. & Lachavanne J. B. 1995. Relationship between biomass and surface area of six submerged aquatic plant species[J]. Aquatic Botany, 51: 147—154.
Shipley B., Keddy P. A., Moore D. R. J & Lemky K. 1989. Regeneration and establishment strategies of emergent macrophytes[J]. Journal of Ecology., 77: 1093—1110.
Short F. T. & Wyllie-Echeverria S. 1996. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses[J]. Environmental Conservation, 23(1): 17—27.
Silander J. A. 1985. The genetic basis of the ecological amplitude of Spartina patens. 11. Variance and correlation analysis[J], Evolution, 39: 1034—1052.
Silvertown J.W. & Doust J. L. Introduction to plant population biology[M]. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.
Smith D. H., Madsen J. D., Dickson K. L and Bertinger T. L. Nutrients effects on autofragmentation of Myriophyllum spicatum[J]. Aquatic Botany, 2002, 74:1—17.
Smits A. J. M., van Ruremonde R. & van der Velde G 1989. Seed dispersal of three Nymphaeid macrophytes[J]. Aquatic Botany, 35: 167—180.
Snow A. A. & Whigham D. F. 1989. Costs of flower and fruit production in Tipularia discolor( Orchidaceae )[J]. Ecology, 70: 1286—1293.
Solbrig O. T. et al. Topics in Plant Population Biology[M]. Columbia University Press, New York, 1979.
Sorrell B. K., Tanner C. C. & Sukias J. P. S. 2002. Effects of water depth and substrate on growth and morphology of Eleocharis sphacelata: implications for culm support and internal gas transport[J]. Aquatic Botany, 73: 93—106.
Spence D. H. N. 1982. The zonation of plants in freshwater lakes[J]. Advances in Ecological Research, 12: 37—125.
Spence,D. H. N. 1967. Factors controlling the distribution of freshwater macrophytes with particular refence to the lochs of Scotland[J]. Journal of Ecology, 55: 147—170.
Squires L. & van der Valk A. G 1992. Water depth tolerances of the dominant emergent macrophytes of the Delta Marsh, Manitoba [J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70: 1860—1867.
Stearns S. C. 2000. Life history evolution:successes,limitations,and prospects[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 87: 476—486.
Stearns S. C. The evolution of life histories[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp249.
Stevenson G C. et al. 1985. Effects of moistures stress on white clover[J]. Plant and soil, 85: 249—257.
Stevenson J. C. & Confer N. M. Summary of available information on Chesapeake Bay submerged vegetation[M]. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Rep. FWS/OBS-78/66,1978, pp335.
Stevenson S. C. & Lee P. F. 1987. Ecological relationships of wild rice, Zizania aquatica. 6.The effects of increases in water depth on vegetative and reproductive production[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65: 2128—2132.
Stocklin J. 1992. Differences in the location of subcotyledonary buds among Epilobium angustifolium L., E.dodonaei Vill., and E.fleischeri Hochst.(Onagraceae) and effects on the architecture and population structure [J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 108: 35—47.
Strand J. A. & Weisner S. E. B. 2001. Morphological plastic responses to water depth and wave exposure in an aquatic plant {Myriophyllum spicatum)[J]. Journal of Ecology, 89(2): 166—175.
Stuefer J. F. & Huber H. 1998. Differential effects of light quantity and spectral light quality on growth,morphology and development in two stoloniferous Potentilla species[J]. Oecologia, 117: 1-8.
Sultan S. E. & Bazzaz F. A. 1993. Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. III. The evolution of ecological breadth for nutrient environment[J]. Evolution, 47: 1050—1071.
Sultan S. E. 1987. Evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. Evolutionary Biology,21: 127—178.
Sultan S. E. 1995. Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation[J]. Acta Bot. Neerl, 44: 363—383.
Sultan S. E. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity for offspring traits in Polygonum persicaria[J]. Ecology, 77: 1791—1807.
Sultan S. E. 2000. Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 5: 537—542.
Sultan S. E. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth[J]. Ecology, 82(2): 328—343.
Sultan S. E. et al. 1998. Physiological response to complex environments in annual Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth[J]. Oecologia, 115: 564—578.
Sutherland W. J. & Stillman R. A. 1988. The foraging tactics of plants[J]. Oikos, 52: 239—244.
Szaniawski R. K. 1987. Plant stress and homeostasis:a hypothesis[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 25: 63—72.
Terrados J., Duarte C.M., Kamp-Nielsen L., Agawin N.S.R., Gacia E., Lacap D., Fortes M.D., Borum J., Lubanski M. & Greve T. 1999. Are seagrass growth and survival constrained by the reducing conditions of the sediment? [J]. Aquatic Botany, 65: 175—197.
Thiede D. A. 1998. Maternal inheritance and its effect on adaptive evolution: a quantitative genetic analysis of maternal effects in a natural plant population[J]. Evolution, 52: 998—1015.
Thompson J. D. 1991. The biology of an invasive plant:what makes Spartina anglica so successful?[J]. BioScience, 41: 393—401.
Thornley J. M. 1969. A model to describe the partitioning of photosynthate during vegetative plant growth[J]. Annals of Botany, 33: 419—430.
Thornley J. M. 1972. A balanced quantitative model for root: shoot ratios in vegetative plants [J]. Annals of Botany, 36: 431—441.
Tiffney B. H. & Niklas K. J. Clonal growth in land plants: A palebotanical perspective. In: Jackson J. B., Buss L. W.(eds). Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms[M]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985, pp35—66.
Tilman D. 1988. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities [M] .Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tilman D. Resource Competition and Community Structure[M]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1982.
Titus J. E. & Hoover D. T. 1991. Toward predicting reproductive success in submersed freshwater angiosperms[J]. Aquatic Botany, 41: 111—136.
Titus J. E. & Hoover D. T. 1993. Reproduction in two submersed macrophytes declines progressively at low Ph[J]. Freshwater Biology, 30: 63—72.
Titus J. E., Feldman R.S and Grise D.1990. Submersed macrophyte growth at low PH. I. CO_2 enrichment effects with fertile sediment[J]. Oecologia, 84: 307—313.
Vadstrup M. & Madsen T. V. 1995. Growth limitation of submerged aquatic macrophytes by inorganic carbon[J]. Freshwater Biology, 34: 411—419.
Valladares F. & Pearcy R. W. 1998. The functional ecology of shoot architecture in sun and shade plants of Heteromeles arbutifolia M.Roem., a Californian chaparral shrub[J]. Oecologia, 114: 1—10.
van der Valk A. G. & Davis C. B. 1976. The seed banks of prairie glacial marshes[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 54:1832-1838.
van der Valk A. G. & Davis C. B. 1978. The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of prairie glacial marshes[J]. Ecology, 59: 322—335.
van der Valk A. G. & Davis C. B. 1979. A reconstruction of the recent vegetational history of a prairie marsh, Eagle Lake, Iowa, from its seed bank[J]. Aquatic Botany, 6: 29—51.
van Kleunen M. & Fischer M. 2005. Constraints on the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 166(1): 49—60.
van Kleunen M., Fischer M., Schmid B. 2001. Effects of intraspecific competition on size variation and reproductive allocation in a clonal plant[J]. Oikos, 94:515—524.
van Lent F., Verschuure J. M. & van Veghel M. U. 1995. Comparative study on populations of Zostera marina L.(eelgrass): in situ nitrogen enrichment and light manipulation[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 185: 55—76.
van Wijck C., de Groot C. & Grillas P. 1992. The effect of anaerobic sediment on the growth of Potamogeton pectinatus L.: the role of organic matter, sulphide and ferrous iron[J]. Aquatic Botany, 44:31—49.
van Wijk R. J. 1989. Ecological studies on Potamogeton pectinatus L. V. Nutritional ecology, in vitro uptake of nutrients and growth limitation[J]. Aquatic Botany, 35:319—335.
Vogler D. W. et al. 1998. Phenotypic plasticity in the expression of self incompatibility in Campanula rapunculoides[ J]. Heredity, 81:546—555
Vretare V., Weisner S. E. B., Strand J. A. & Graneli W. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in Phragmites australis as a functional response to water depth[J]. Aquatic Botany, 69: 127—145.
Wassen M. J., Olede Venterink H. G. M. & Swart Eoam D. E. 1995. Nutrient concentrations in mire vegetation as a measure of nutrient limitation in mire ecosystems[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6: 5—16.
Watkinson A. R. Annual plants: a life-history and population analysis, In: (S. Kawano et al eds) Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants[M]. Academic Press, San Diogo, 1990.
Watson M. A. & Cook C. S. 1982. The development of spatial pattern in clones of an aquatic plant, Eichhornia crassipes solms[J]. American Journal of Botany, 69: 248—253.
Wehrmeister J. R. 1978. An ecological life history of the pondweed Potamogeton crispus L. in North American. Ohio St. Univ, Cent. Lake Erie Area Res. Tech. Rep. 99: columbus, 157pp.
Weisner S. E. B. & Strand J. A. 1996. Rhizome architecture in Phragmites australis in relation to water depth: implications for within-plant oxygen transport distance[J]. Folia Geobot. Phytotax, 31: 91—97.
Welling C. H. Reestablishment of perennial emergent macrophytes during a drawdown in a lacustrine marsh. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1987.
Westley L. C. 1993. The effect of inflorescence bud removal on tuber production in Helianthus tuberosus L.(Asteraceae)[J]. Ecology, 74: 2136—2144.
Westoby M., Jurado E. & Leishman M. 1992. Comparative evolutionary ecology of seed size[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 368—372.
Wijesinghe D. K. & Hutchings M. J. 1997. The effects of spatial scale of environmental heterogeneity on the growth of a clonal plant:an experimental study with Glechoma hederacea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 85: 17—28.
Wijesinghe D. K., John E. A. & Hutchings M. J. 2005. Does pattern of soil resource heterogeneity determine plant community structure? An experimental investigation[J]. Journal of Ecology, 93: 99—112.
Wilhalm T. 1995. A comparative study of clonal fragmentation in tussock-forming grasses[J]. Abstracta Botanica, 19: 51—60.
Williams D. G. & Black R. A. 1993. Phenotypic variation in contrasting temperature environments: growth and photosynthesis in Pennisetum setaceum from different altitudes on Hawaii[J]. Functional Ecology, 7: 623—633.
Williams D. G. et al. 1995. Ecophysiology of introduced Pennisetum setaceum on Hawaii: the role of phenotypic plasticity [J]. Ecology, 76: 1569—1580.
Williams G C. 1966. Natural selection, the cost of reproduction and refinement of lacks of principle[J]. American Naturalist, 100: 687—690.
Williams G. C. Sex and Evolution[M]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1975.
Willson M. F. Plant Reproduction Ecology[M]. JohnWiley & Sons Inc, 1983.
Winkler E. & Fischer M. 1999. Two fitness measures for clonal plants and the importance of spatial aspects[J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 191—199.
Winkler E. & Schmid B. 1996. Clonal strategies of herbaceous plant species: a simulation study on population growth and competition[J]. Abstracta Botanica(Budapest), 19: 17—28.
Wookey P. A., Robinson C. H., Parsons A. N., et al. 1995. Environmental Constraints on the Growth, Photosynthesis and Reproductive Development of Dryas-Octopetala at a High Arctic Polar Semidesert,Svalbard[J]. Oecologia, 102: 478-489.
Wu J. G. et al. 2004. The three gorges dam: an ecological perspective[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(5): 241—248.
Wu R. & Stettler R. F. 1998. Quantitative genetics of growth and development in Populus, III. Phenotypic plasticity of crown structure and function[J]. Heredity, 81: 299—310.
Xiao K., Yu D., Wang J. &Xiong W. 2006. Clonal plasticity of Vallisneria spiralis in response to substrate heterogeneity [J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 21:31—38.
Xiao Keyan., Yu Dan., Wang Jinwang,Xiong Wen. 2006. Clonal plasticity of Vallisneria spiralis in response to substrate heterogeneity[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 21: 31—38.
Xie Y. H. & Yu D. 2003. The significance of lateral roots in phosphorus (P) acquisition of water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)[J]. Aquatic Botany, 75:311—321.
Xie Y., An S. & Wu B. 2005. Resource allocation in the submerged plant Vallisneria natans related to sediment type, rather than water-column nutrients[J]. Freshwater Biology, 50:391—402.
Xie Y., Wen M., Yu D. and Li Y. 2004. Growth and resource allocation of water hyacinth as affected by gradually increasing nutrient concentrations[J]. Aquatic Botany, 79: 257—266.
Xiong B. H., Hou H. B. & Zhong Y. 2005. The effect of water depth on seedling emergence and early growth of Vallisneria natans in a eutrophic lake with reduced transparency[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 20(1): 123—127.
Xu X. M., Ye H. C. & Li G. F. 2000. Progress in research of plant tolerance to saline stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology, 6(4): 379—387.
Yang Y., Yu D., Li Y., Xie Y. & Geng X. 2004. Phenotypic plasticity of two submersed plants in response to flooding[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 19: 9—76.
Zhao S. Q., Fang J. Y., Miao S. L., et al. 2005. The 7-decade degradation of a large freshwater lake in Central Yangtze River, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39:431—436.
马井泉，周怀东，董哲仁．2005．我国应用生态技术修复富营养化湖泊的研究进展[J]．中国水利水电科学研究院学报，3(3)：209—215．
马克平，张大勇．2001．通过交配系统了解植物生殖生态学[J]．植物生态学报，25：129．
王小雨，冯江．2003．湖泊富营养化治理的底泥疏浚工程[J]．环境保护，(2)：22—23．
王苏民，窦鸿身，主编．中国湖泊志[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998．
王海洋，陈家宽，周进．1999．水位梯度对湿地植物生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响[J]．植物生态学报，23(3)：269—274．
王斌，李伟．2002．不同N、P浓度条件下竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)的生理反应研究[J]．生态学报，22：1616—1621．
由文辉，宋永昌．1995．淀山湖3种沉水植物的种子萌发生态[J]．应用生态学报，6(2)：196—200．
刘贵华，李伟等．2002．普通野生稻种群恢复的生态学研究Ⅱ．种群动态[J]．植物生态学报，26：372—376．
孙凡，钟章成．1997．四川大头茶繁殖分配及其环境适应性的关联度研究[J]．植物生态学报，21(1)：44—52．
孙祥钟编辑．中国植物志(第八卷)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1992．
孙儒泳．1997．生活史对策[J]．生物学通报，32(5)：2—4．
曲仲湘等，植物生态学(第二版)[M]．高等教育出版社，1983．
朱志红，王刚．2002．燕麦表型可塑性与繁殖分配的研究[J]．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)，38：76—83．
朱海虹，张本．鄱阳湖——水文生物沉积湿地开发整治[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1997．
严雪，于丹等．2003．梁子湖苦草繁殖体的分布及其萌发初步研究[J]．水生生物学报，28：396—401．
何池全，赵魁义，余国营．1999．湿地克隆植物的繁殖对策与生态适应性[J]．生态学杂志，18(6)：38—46．
张大勇，姜新华．2001．植物交配系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性[J]．植物生态学报，25：130—143．
张大勇主编．植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2004．
张大勇等．理论生态学研究[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，施普林格出版社，2000，170—172．
张玉芬，张大勇．2006．克隆植物的无性与有性繁殖对策[J]．植物生态学报，30(1)：174—183．
张庆利，王芝明．2002．美国有关土壤粒度测定的简便方法[J]．水土保持科技情报，3：18—20．
李天煜，李洪敬，谢素霞．2000．水生维管植物克隆繁殖方式的多样性[J]．广西植物，20(3)：233—238．
李亚东，崔艳秋．2000．武汉东湖苦草种子和块茎发芽实验[J]．水生生物学报，24(3)：298—300．
李伟．洪湖水生植被及其演替研究[M]．博士论文，中国科学院水生生物研究所，1995．
李博等．生态学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
杨允菲等．1999．松嫩平原湿地菰无性系种群结构的研究[J]．草业科学，9：66—71．
苏智先，钟章成．1998．四川大头茶种群生殖生态学研究Ⅱ．种群生物量生殖配置格局研究[J]．生态学报，18(4)：379—385．
苏智先．1997．植物生殖生态学发展简史[J]．四川师范学院学报(自然科学版)，18(4)：278—286．
陈中义，雷泽湘，周进等．2000．梁子湖六种沉水植物种群数量和生物量周年动态[J]．水生生物学报．24：582—588．
陈开宁，兰策介，史龙新，陈伟民，许海，包先明．2006．苦草繁殖生态学研究[J]．植物生态学报，30(3)：487—495．
陈汉春．2004．水库水体富营养化及其控制对策[J]．今日科技，3：9—10．
陈洪达．1985．菹草的生活史、生物量和断枝的无性繁殖[J]．水生生物学报，9(1)：32—39．
周纪伦，郑师章，杨持．植物种群生态学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1993：10—94．
官少飞，郎青，张本．1987．鄱阳湖水生维管柬植物生物量及其合理开发利用的初步建[J]．水生生物学报，11(3)：219—227．
官少飞，朗青，张本．1987．鄱阳湖水生植被[J]．水生生物学报，11(1)：9—21．
祖元刚，王文杰，杨逢建等．2002．植物生活史型的多样性及动态分析[J]．生态学报，22(11)：1811—1818．
祖元刚，赵则海，杨逢建，唐中华，曹建国．2005．植物生活史型的划分及其相互转化[J]．生态学报，25(9)：2347—2353．
胡春华，姜加虎，朱悔虹．1997．蚌湖与鄱阳湖水位变化及滩地淹露分析[J]．海洋与潮沼，28(6)：617—623．
倪乐意．1996．武汉东湖水生植被结构及其生物多样性的长期变化[J]．水生生物学报，20：60—74．
倪乐意．2001．富营养水体中肥沃底质对沉水植物的胁迫[J]．水生生物学报，25(4)：399—405．
班勇．1995．土壤种子库结构与动态[J]．生态学杂志，14(6)：42—47．
秦伯强．2002．长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探[J]．湖泊科学，14(3)：193—202．
耿宇鹏，张文驹，李博，陈家宽．2004．表型可塑性与外来植物的入侵能力[J]．生物多样性，12(4)：447—455．
郭友好，黄双全，陈家宽．1998．水生被子植物的繁育系统与进化[J]．水生生笏学报，22(1)：79—85．
郭友好等．1985．陕西眼子菜属植物的地理分布及生境特点[J]．武汉大学学报(自然科学版)，(1)：97—104．
陶建平，钟章成．2003．光照对苦瓜形态可塑性及生物量配置的影响[J]．应用生态学报，14：336—340．
崔心红，熊秉红，李伟．1999．水深梯度对竹叶眼子菜生长和繁殖的影响[J]．水生生物学报，23：269—272．
崔心红等．2000．五种沉水植物无性繁殖和定居能力的比较研究[J]．植物生学态报，24：502—505．
梁彦龄，蔡庆华，黎道丰．保安湖鱼—草之间相互关系的数学解析．见：梁彦龄，刘伙泉主编．草型湖泊资源环境与渔业生态学管理[M]．北京科学出社，1995：213—218．
黄双全，郭友好．2000．传粉生物学的研究进展[J]．科学通报，45：225—237．
彭映辉，简永兴，倪乐意，李仁东．2003．西凉湖水生植物多样性研究[J]．广西植物，23(3)：211—216．
董文渊．2002．竹类无性系种群生态学研究现状及其应用前景[J]．林林业科学研究，15：235—241．
董鸣，何维明．2001．异质养分环境中一年生分孽草本黍根系的生长特征[J]．植物学报，43：843—851．
董鸣，张淑敏，陈玉福．2000．匍匐茎草本蛇莓对基质养分条件的克隆可塑性[J]．植物学报，42：518—522．
董鸣等．陆地生物群落调查与分析[M]．北京：中国标准出版社，1996．
谢平，陈宜瑜．1996．我国内陆水体中的“魔鬼四重奏”—生物多样性的丧失与人类活动[J]．水生生物学报，20：7—23．
楚建周等．2006．底质营养状况对黑藻生长及光合作用的影响[J]．生态环境，15(4)：702—707．
靳宝锋，郭友好．2001．微齿眼子菜繁殖生物学特性的初步研究[J]．水生生物学报，25(5)：439—448．
熊秉红，李伟．2000．我国苦草属(Vallisneria L．)植物的生态学研究[J]．武汉植物学研究，18(6)：500—508．
熊秉红，李伟．2002．鄱阳湖自然保护区蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽的调查[J]．水生生物学报，26(1)：19—24．
颜素珠主编．中国水生植物图说[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983．
Abraahamson W. G. Plant-Animal Interaction[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1989.
Abrahamson W. G & Gadgil M. 1973. Growth form and reproductive effort in goldenrods[J]. American Naturalist, 107: 651—661.
Abrahamson W. G. 1975. Reproductive strategies in dewberries[J]. Ecology, 56: 721—726.
Abrahamson W. G. 1980. Demography and Vegetative Reproduction.Demography and evolution in plant populations (In ed.Solbrig O. T.)[M]. vol: 15, University of California Press, Los Angeles, pp. 89—106.
Abrahamson W. Q. 1982. On the comparative allocation of biomass, energy, and nutrients in plant[J]. Ecology, 63: 982—991.
Agrawal A. A. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species[J]. Science, 294: 321—326.
Ajmal M., Khan M. A. & Nomani A. A. 1985. Distribution of heavy metals in plants and fish of the Yamuna River(India)[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 5:361.
Amsberry L., Baker M. A., Ewanchuk P. J. & Bermess M. D. 2000. Clonal integration and the expansion of Phragmites australis[J]. Ecological Applications, 10:1110—11118.
Arts G. H. R 2002. Deterioration of Atlantic softwater macrophyte communities by acidification, eutrophication and alkalinisation[J]. Aquatic Botany, 73: 373—393.
Assmann S. M. 1992. Effects of light quality during development on the morphology and stomatal physiology of Commelina communis[J]. Oecologia, 92:188—195.
Baker H. G Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: Baker, H. G. and Stebbins, G. L. (eds), The genetics of colonizing species[M]. Academic Press, 1965, pp 147—169.
Barko J. W. & Smart R. M. 1981. Comparative influences of light and temperature on the growth and metabolism of selected submersed freshwater macrophytes[J]. Ecological Monographs, 51: 219—235.
Barko J. W. & Smart R. M. 1983. Effects of organic matter additions to sediment on the growth of aquatic plants[J]. Journal of Ecology, 71: 161—175.
Barko J. W. & Smart R. M. 1986. Sediment-related mechanisms of growth limitation in submersed macrophytes[J]. Ecology, 67:1328—1340
Barko J. W., Adams M. S. & Clesceri N. L. 1986. Environmental factors and their consideration in the management of submersed aquatic vegetation: A review[J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 24:1—10.
Barko J. W., Hardin D. G. & Matthews M. S. 1982. Growth and morphology of submersed freshwater macrophytes in relation to light and temperature[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 877—887.
Barko J. W., Smart R. M. & McFarland D. G. 1991. Interactive effects on environmental conditions on the growth of submersed aquatic macrophytes [J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 6: 199—207.
Barrett S. C. H. 1980. Sexual reproduction in Eichhornia crassipes(Water Hyacinth). 1. Fertility of clones from diverse regions[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 17: 101—112.
Barrett S. C. H. 2003. Mating strategies in flowering plants: the outcrossing-selfing paradigm and beyond[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358: 991—1004.
Barrett S. C. H., Echert C. G. & Husband B. C. 1993. Evolutionary processes in aquatic plant populations[J]. Aquatic Botany, 44: 105—145.
Battey N. H. & Lyndon R. F. 1990. Reversion of flowering[J]. Bot. Review, 56 (2): 162—165
Bazzaz F. A. & Ackerly D. D. Reproductive allocation and reproductive effort in plants. In: M Fenner, ed. Seeds. The ecology of regeneration in plant communities[M]. Oxford, UK: CAB International, 1992, 1—26.
Bell A. D. Dynamic morphology: a contribution to plant population ecology. In R. Dirzo and J. Sarukhan (eds) Perspectives on Plant Population Ecology[M]. Sinauer, Sunderland, 1984. pp48—65.
Bell D. L. & Sultan S. E. 1999. Dynamic phenotypic plasticity for root growth in Polygonum: a comparative study[J]. American Journal of Botany,, 86: 807—819
Benzing D. H. & Renfrow A. 1971. The biology of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia circinata Schlecht. I. The nutrient status of populations in South Florida[J]. American Journal of Botany, 58: 867—873.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1995a. The effects of trichloroethylene, plant sex and site of origin on modular demography in Vallisneria americana[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32: 761—777.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1996. Vallisneria americana as a biomonitor of aquatic ecosystems: leaf-to-root surface area ratios and organic contamination in the Huron-Erie corridor[J]. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 22: 289—303.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1997. Laboratory assay of sediment phytotoxicity using the macrophyte Vallisneria americana[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chememistry, 16: 472-478.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. 1997. Temporal biomonitoring using wild celery, Vallisneria americana[J]. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 3: 97—107.
Biernacki M., Lovett-Doust J. & Lovett-Doust L. Sediment effects on the uptake of trichloroethylene by roots and leaves of Vallisneria americana. in M. Munawar, T. Edsall, and J. Leach, editors. The Lake Huron ecosystem:ecology, fisheries and management[M]. Ecovision World Monograph Series, S. P. B. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1995b, pp 413—426.
Bilbrough C. J. & Caldwell M. M. 1997. Exploitation of springtime ephemeral N pulses by six Great Basin plant species[J]. Ecology, 78:231—243.
Bintz J. C. & Nixon S. W. 2001. Responses of eelgrass Zostera marina seedlings to reduced light[J]. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 223: 133—141.
Bj6rkman O. Responses to different quantum flux densities. In: Lange O. L., Nobel P. S., Osmond C. B., Ziegler H. (eds) Physiological plant ecology Ⅰ. Encyclopedia of plant physiology[M]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981, pp 57—101.
Blanch S. J., Ganf G. G. & Walker K. F. 1999. Growth and resource allocation in response to flooding in the emergent sedge Bolboschoenus medianus[J]. Aquatic Botany, 63: 145—160.
Blom C. W. P. M. 1999. Adaptations to flooding stress: from plant community to molecule[J]. Plant Biology, 1: 261—273.
Bloom A. J., Chapin F. S. & Mooney H. A. 1985. Resource limitation in plant—an economic analogy[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16: 363—392.
Bonis A. & Grillas P. 2002. Deposition, germination and spatio-temporal patterns of charophyte propagule banks: a review[J]. Aquatic Botany, 72: 235—248.
Bostock S. J. & Benton R. A. 1979. The reproductive strategies of five perennial copositea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 67:91—107.
Bostock S. J. 1980. Variation in reproductive allocation in Tussilagofarfara[J]. Oikos, 34: 359—363.
Bradshaw A. D. & Hardwick K. 1989. Evolution and Stress—Genotypic and Phenotypic Conponents[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 37: 137—155.
Bradshaw A. D. 1965.Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. Advances in Genetics, 13: 115—155.
Brock M. A. & Casanova M. T. Plant life at the edges of wetlands, Ecological responses to wetting and drying patterns. In: Klomp N., Lunt I. (Eds), Frontiers in Ecology: Building the Links[M]. Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1997, pp181—192.
Brock M. A., Nielsen D. L., Shiel R. J., Green J. D. & Langley J. D. 2003. Drought and aquatic community resilience: the role of eggs and seeds in sediments of temporary wetlands[J]. Freshwater Biology, 48(7): 1207—1218.
Bryant J., Chapin III F. & Klein D. 1983. Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory[J]. Oikos, 40: 357—368.
Calow P. 1979. The cost of reproduction—a physiological approach[J]. Biological Review, 54: 23—40.
Campbell N. Biologie.Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH. 1997.
Carter V. & Rybicki N. B. 1985. The effects of grazers and light penetration on the survival of transplants of Vallisneria americana Michx. in the tidal Potomac River, Maryland[J]. Aquatic Botany, 23: 197—213.
Carter V., Rybicki N. B. & Turtora M. 1996. Effect of increasing photon irradiance on the growth of Vallisneria americana in the tidal Potomac River[J]. Aquatic Botany, 54: 337—345.
Caswell H. 1982. Optimal Life Histories and The Maximization of Reproductive Value: A General Theorem for Complex Life Cycles[J]. Ecology, 63: 1218—1222.
Chambers P. A. & Kalff J. 1985. Depth distribution and biomass of submersed aquatic macrophyte communities in relation to secchi depth[J]. Canadian Journal of Fishes andAquatic Sciences, 42: 701—709.
Chambers P. A. & Kalff J. 1985b. The influence of sediment composition and irradiance on the growth and morphology of Myriophyllum spicatum L[J]. Aquatic Botany, 22: 253—263.
Chambers P. A. 1987a. Light and nutrients in the control of aquatic plant community structure. Ⅱ. In situ observations[J]. J. Ecol, 75: 621—628.
Chambers P. A., Prepas E. E., Bothwell M. L. & Hamilton H. R. 1989. Roots versus shoots in nutrient uptake by aquatic macrophytes in flowing waters[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 46:435—439.
Chambers P. A., Kalff J. 1987. Light and nutrients in the control of aquatic plant community structure. Ⅰ. In situ experiments[J]. Journal of Ecology, 75: 611—619.
Chapin F. S. Effects of multiple environmental stresses on nutrient availability and use. in H. A. Mooney., W. E. Winner. and E. J. Pell., (eds). Responses of plants to multiple stresses[M]. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 1991, pp 67—88.
Chapin F. S., Bloom A. J., Field C. B. & Waring R. H. 1987. Plant responses to multiple environmental factors[J]. BioScience, 37: 49—57.
Charnov E. L. 1982. Parent Off spring conflict over reproductive effort[J]. American Naturalist, 119: 736—747.
Chen R. L. & Barko J. W. 1988. Effects of freshwater macrophytes on sediment chemistry[J]. Journal of Freshwater Biology, 4: 279—289.
Cheplick G. P. 1995. Genotypic variation and plasticity of clonal growth in relation to nutrient availability in Amphibromus scabrivalvis[J]. Journal of Ecology, 83: 459—468.
Chu C. C., Coleman J. S. & Mooney H. A. 1992. Examining the controls on the partitioning of biomass between roots and shoots: effects of elevated levels of CO2 on growth and resource use of California coastal wild radish[J]. Oecologia, 89: 580—587.
Cipollini M. L. & Stiles E. W. 1991. Costs of reproduction in Nyssa sylvatica: sexual dimorphism in reproductive frequency and nutrient flux[J]. Oecologia, 86: 585—593.
Clapham A. R., Tutin T. G. & Warburg E. F. Flora of the British Isles[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1962.
Clevering O. A. & Hundscheid M. P. J. 1998. Plastic and non-plastic variation in growth of newly established clones of Scirpus(Bolboschoenus) maritimus L. groen at different water depths[J]. Aquatic Botany, 62: 1—17.
Cockburn A. An Introduction to Evolutionary Ecology (Ch7)[M]. Blackwell Scientific, 1991.
Cole L. 1954. The population consequences of life history phenomena[J]. Qua. Rev. Bio., 29: 103—137.
Coleman J. S., McConnaughay K. D. M. & Ackerly D. D. 1994. Interpreting phenotypic variation in plants[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 187—191.
Cook R. E. 1983. Clonal plant populations [J]. Amer Sci, 71: 244—253.
Coops H., van den Brink F. W. B. & van der Velde G. 1996. Growth and morphological responses of four helophytes species in an experimental water-depth gradient[J]. Aquatic Botany, 54: 11—24.
Cordell S., Goldstein G, Mueller-Dombois D., Webb D. & Vitousek P. M. 1998. Physiological and morphological variation in Metrosideros polymorpha, a dominant Hawaiian tree species,along an altitudinal gradient: the role of phenotypic plasticity[J]. Oecologia, 113: 188—196.
Crawley M. J. 1990. Rabbit grazing, plant competition and seedling recruitment in acid grassland[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27: 803—820.
Crowder A. & Painter D. S. 1991. Submerged macrophytes in Lake Ontario: current knowledge,importance,threats to stability,and needed studies [J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48(8): 1539—1545.
Crum G. H. & Bachmann R. W. 1973. Submersed aquatic macrophytes of the Iowa great lakes region[J]. Iowa St: J. Res., 48: 147—173.
Darwin C. On the Origin of Species. John Murray, London, 1859.
Day K. J., Hutchings M. J. & John E. A. 2003b. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on the early stages of growth in plant populations [J]. Journal of Ecology, 91: 305—315.
Day K. J., Hutchings M. J. & John E. A. 2003c. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on yield, structure and mortality in plant populations[J]. Journal of Ecology, 91: 541—553.
Day K. J., John E. A. & Hutchings M. J. 2003a. The effects of spatially heterogeneous nutrient supply on yield, intensity of competition and root placement patterns in Briza media and Festuca ovina[J]. Functional Ecology, 17: 454—463.
de Angelis D. Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs[M]. Chapman & Hall, USA, 1992.
de Kroon H. & Hutchings M. J. 1995. Morphological plasticity in clonal plants—the foraging concept reconsidered[J]. Journal of Ecology, 83: 143—152.
de Kroon H. & Knops J. 1990. Habitat exploration through morphological plasticity in two chalk grassland perennials[J]. Oikos, 59: 39—49.
de Kroon H. & Schieving F. 1991. Resource allocation patterns as a function of clonal morphology:a general model applied to foraging clonal plant[J]. Journal of Ecology, 79: 519—530.
de Kroon H., Huber H., Stuefer J. F. & van Groenendael J. M. 2005. A modular consept of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 166: 73—82.
de Souza M. P., Huang C. P. A., Chee N. & Terry N. 1999. Rhizosphere Bacteria enhance the accumulation of selenium and mercury in wetland plants[J]. Planta, 209: 259—263.
Dennison W. C. & Alberte R. S. 1985. Role of daily light period in the depth distribution of Zostera marina(eelgrass)[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 25:51—61.
Dennison W. C. & Alberte R. S. 1986. Photoadaptation and growth of Zostera marina L.(eelgrass) transplants along a depth gradient[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 98: 265—282.
Denny P. 1980. Solute movement in submerged angiosperms[J]. Biological Reviews, 55: 65—92.
Dewar R. C. 1993. A root-shoot partitioning model based on carbon-nitrogen-water interactions and Munch phloem flow[J]. Functional Ecology, 7: 356—368.
Diggle P. K. 1994. The expression of andromonoecy in Solanum hirtum(Solanaceae): phenotypic plasticity and ontogenetic contingency[J]. American Journal of Botany, 81: 1354—1365.
Dole J. A. 1992. Reproduct ive assurance mechanisms in three taxa of the Mimulus guttatus complex[J]. American Journal of Botany, 79: 650—659.
Dong M. & Alaten B. 1999. Clonal plasticity in response to rhizome severing and heterogeneous resource supply in them rhizomatous grass Psammochloa villosa in an inner Mongolian dune, China[J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 53—58.
Dong M. 1993. Morphological plasticity of the clonal herb Lamiastrum galeobdolon(L.) Ehrend. and Polatschek in response to partial shading[J]. New Phytologist, 124: 291—300.
Drew M. C. & Lynch J. M. 1980. Soil anaerobiosis, micro-organisms and root function[j]. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 18: 37—66.
Duarte C. M. & Sand-Jensen K. 1996. Nutrient constraints on establishment from seed and on vegetative expansion of the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa[J]. Aquatic Botany, 54: 279—286.
Duarte C. M. 1995. Submerged aquatic vegetation in relation to different nutrient regimes[J]. Ophelia, 41: 87—112.
Dube M. & Morisset P. 1996. La plasticite phenotypique des caracteres anatomiques foliaires chezle Festuca rubra L.(Poaceae)[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 74:1708—1718.
Dudley S. A. & Schmitt J. 1996. Testing the adaptive plasticity hypothesis: density-dependent selection on manipulated stem length in Impatiens capensis[J]. American Naturalist, 147: 445—465.
Dunton K. H. & Tomasko D. A. 1994. In situ photosynthesis in the seagrass Haldule wrightii in a hypersaline subtropical lagoon[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 107:281—295.
Eckert C. G. & Barrett S. C. H. 1993. Clonal Reproduction and patterns of genotypic diversity in Decodon verticillatus[J]. American Journal of Botany, 80:1175—1185.
Eckert C. G, Massonnet B. & Thomas J. J. 2000. Variation in sexual and clonal reproduction among introduced populations of flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus(Butomaceae )[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78: 437—446.
Eriksson O. & Bremer B.1993.Genet dynamics of the clonal plant Rubus saxatilis[J]. Journal of Ecology, 81:533—542.
Ewel J. J. Restoration is the ultimate test of ecology theory[M]. In Restoration Ecology, Cambridge Univercity Press, U. K. 1987, pp 31—33.
Facelli E. & Facelli J. M. 2002. Soil phosphorus heterogeneity and mycorrhizal symbiosis regulate plant intra-specific competition and size distribution[J]. Oecologia, 133: 54—61.
Falconer D. S. & Mackay T. F. C. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (4th edn.)[M]. Longman Group Ltd., Earlow, Essex, England, 1996, pp 335—337.
Fang J. Y. et al., 2006. Biodiversity changes in the lakes of the central Yangze[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(7): 369—377.
Fernandez-Lopez M., Goormachtig S., Gao M., D'Haeze W., Van Montagu M. & Holsters M. 1998. Ethylene-mediated phenotypic plasticity in root nodule development on Sesbania rostrata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95: 12724—12728.
Fitter A. H. & Stichland T. R. 1992. Fractal characterization of root system architecture [J]. Function Ecology, 6: 632—635.
Fransen B., Blijjenberg J. & De Kroon H. 1999. Root morphological and physiological plasticity of perennial grass species and the exploitation of spatial and temporal heterogeneous nutrient patches[J]. Plant and Soil, 211: 179—189.
Fransen B., de Kroon H. & Berendse F. 2001. Soil nutrient heterogeneity alters competition between two perennial grass species[J]. Ecology, 82: 2534—2546.
Gadgil M. & Solbig O. T. 1972. The concept of r- and K-selection: evidence from wild flowers and some theoretical considerations[J]. American Naturalist, 106: 14—31.
Galloway L. F. 1995. Response to natural environmental heterogeneity: maternal effects and selection on life-history characters and plasticities in Mimulus guttatus[J]. Evolution, 49: 1095—1107.
Gardner S. N. & Mangel M. 1999. Modeling investments in seeds, clonal off-spring, and translocation in a clonal plant[J]. Ecology, 80: 1202—1220.
Geber M. A. 1990. The cost of meristem limitation in P. arenastrum: negative genetic correlations between fecundity and growth[J]. Evolution, 44: 799—819.
Gedroc J. J., McConnaughay K. D. M. & Coleman J. S. 1996. Plasticity in root/shoot partitioning:optimal,ontogenetic,or bothf J]? Function Ecology, 10: 44—50.
Gibbs J. & Greenway H. 2003. Mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in plants. I. Growth, survival and anaerobic catabolism[J]. Functional Plant Biology, 30: 1—47.
Giles, N. 1987. Differences in the ecology of wet-dug and dry-dug gravel pit lakes[J]. Annual Review of Game Conservancy, 18: 130—133.
Godshalk G. L. & Wetzel R. G. 1978. Decomposition of aquatic angiosperms. Ⅱ. Particulate components[J]. Aquatic Botany, 5: 301—327.
Godshalk G. L. & Barko J. W. Vegetative succession and decomposition in reservoirs. In: D.Gunnison(Editor), Microbial Processes in Reservoirs[M]. Dev. Hydrobiol, 1985, 27: 59—77.
Goldman D. A. & Willson M. F. 1986. Sex allocation in functionally hermaphroditic plants: A review and critique[J]. Botanical Review, 52:157—194.
Goldsborough W. J. & Kemp W. M. 1988. Light responses of a submersed macrophyte: Implications for survival in turbid waters[J]. Ecology, 69: 1775—1786.
Grace J. B & Tilman D. Perspectives in Plant Competition. Blackwell, Oxford. 1990.
Grace J. B. & Wetzel R. G 1982. Niche differentiation between two rhizomatous plant species: Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 46—57.
Grace J. B. 1989. Effects of water depth on Typha latifolia and Typha domingensis[J]. American Journal of Botany, 76: 762—768.
Grace J. B. 1993. The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms:an aquatic perspective[J]. Aquatic Botany, 44: 159—180.
Grillas P., Garcia-Murillo P., Geertz-Hansen O., Marba N., Montes C., Tan-Ham L. & Grossman A. 1993. Submerged macrophyte seed bank in a Mediterranean temporary marsh:abundance and relationship with established vegetation[J]. Oecologia, 94(1): 1—6.
Grime J. P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory[J]. American Naturalist, 111:1169—1194.
Grime J. P. Plant strategies and vegetation processes[M]. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1979.
Grime J. P. Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley, 2001.
Grime J. P., Crick J. C. & Rincon J. E. The ecological significance of plasticity; in Plasticity in plants[M]. (eds)D. H. Jennings and A. J. Trewavas (Cambridge: Soc. Exp. Biol.), 1986, pp5—29.
Grover J. P. Resource Competition[M]. Chapman & Hall, London, 1997.
Gustafsson, A. Apomixis in higher plants[M]. Ⅱ. The causal aspects of apomixis. Lund, Sweden, G. W. K. Gleerup. 1947.
Hamilton J., Zangerl A., DeLucia E. & Berenbaum M. 2001. The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis:its rise and fall[J]. Ecology Letters, 4: 86—95.
Harman W. N. 1974. Phenolgy and physiognomy of the hydrophytic community in Otsego Lake[J]. N. Y. Rhodora, 76: 497—508.
Harper J. L. & Ogden J. 1970. The reproductive strategy of higher plants, I. The concept of strategy with special reference to Senecio vulgaris [J]. Journal of Ecology, 58: 6814—698.
Harper J. L. 1967. A Darwinian approach to plant ecology[J], Journal of Ecology, 55: 247—270.
Harper J. L. Population Biology of Plant[M]. Academic Press, London, 1977, pp12—15.
Harper J. L. Population Biology of Plants[M]. London: Academic Press, 1979, pp237—249.
Harris S. W. & Marshall W. H. 1963. Ecology of water-level manipulations on a northern marsh[J]. Ecology, 44: 331—334.
Hartnett D. C. 1990. Size-dependent allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction in four clonal composites [J]. Oecologia, 84: 254—259.
Hermanutz L. A. & Weaver S. E. 1996. Agroecotypes or phenotypic plasticity? Comparison of agrestal and ruderal populations of the weed Solarium ptycanthum[J]. Oecologia, 105: 271—280.
Hickman J. C. 1977. Energy allocation and niche differention of four co-exsisting annual species of Polgomum in Wester North America[J]. Joural of Ecology, 65: 317—326.
Hilbert D. W. 1990. Optimization of plant root: shoot ratios and internal nitrogen concentration[J]. Annals of Botany, 66: 91—99.
Hirose T. 1987. A vegetative plant growth model: adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity in matter partitioning[J].Functional Ecology, 1: 195—202.
Holler L. C. & Abrahamson W. G 1977. Seed and vegetative reproduction in relation to density in Fragaria virginiana (Rosaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 64: 1003—1007.
Huber H. & During H. 2001. No long-term costs of meristem allocation to flowing in stoloniferous Trifolium species[J]. Evolutionary Ecology, 14: 731—748.
Huber H., Lukacs S. & Watson M. A. 1999. Spatial structure of stoloniferous herbs: an interplay between structural blue-print, ontogeny and phenotypic plasticity [J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 107—115.
Hutan C. 1997. Impact of water level fluctuations on St. Lawrence River aquatic vegetation[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54: 2853—2865.
Hutchings M. J. & de Kroon H. 1994. Foraging in plants:the role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition [J]. Adances in Ecological Research, 25: 159—238. Hutchinson G. E. Treatise on limnology. III. Limnological Botany[M]. John Wiley, 1975.
Huxman T. E., Hamerlynck E. P., Jordan D. N., Salsman K. A. & Smith S. D. 1998. The effects of parental CO2 on seed quality and subsequent seedling performance in Bromus rubens[J]. Oecologia, 114( 2 ): 202—208.
Jaynes M. L. & Carpenter S. R.1986. Effects of vascular and nonvascular macrophytes on sediment redox and solute dynamics[M]. Ecology, 67: 875—882.
Jeppesen E., Sondergaard M., Sondergaard M. & Christoffersen K. (Eds). The Structuring Role of Submersed Macrophytes in Lakes[M], New York:Springer, 1997, pp423.
Johnson I. R. & Thornley J. H. M. 1987. A model for root: shoot partitioning and optimal growth[J]. Annals of Botany, 60: 133—142.
Jones C. G & Coleman J. S. Plant stress and insect herbivory:toward an integrated perspective, in H. A. Mooney., W. E. Winner. & E. J. Pell., (eds). Responses of plants to multiple stresses[M]. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 1991, pp249—282.
Jorgensen S.E. & Vollenweider R. A. Guidelines of lake management, Vol(l): Principles of Lake Management. International Lake Environment Committee and The United Nations Environment Programme, 1989.
Kadlec J. A. 1962. Effects of a drawdown on a waterfowl impoundment[J]. Ecology, 43: 267—281.
Kalisz S. & Wardel G M. 1994. Life history Variation in Campanula americana: Pollination differentiation[J]. American Journal of Botany, 81: 521—527.
Kawano S. Life history characteristics of temperate woodland plants in Japan. In The population structure of vegetation[M]. Edited by J. White.Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, 1985, pp515—549.
Keddy P. A. & Constabel P. 1986. Germination of ten shoreline plants in relation to seed size, soil particle size and water level: an experimental study[J]. Journal of Ecology, 74: 133—141.
Keedy P. A, Ellis T. H. 1985. Seeding recruitment of 11 wetland plant species along a water level gradient :shared or distinct responses[J]? Canadian Journal of Botany, 63: 1876—1879.
Kiorboe T. 1980. Distribution and production of submerged macrophytes in Tipper Grund and the impact of waterfowl grazing[J]. Journal of Ecology, 17: 675—687.
Klinkhamer P. G. L., de Jong T. J., Metz J. A. J. & Val J. 1987. Life history tactics of annual organisms: the joint effects of dispersal and delayed germination[J]. Theoretical Population Biology, 32: 127—156.
Koerselman W. & Eleman A. F. M. 1996. The vegetation N:P ratios: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33: 1441—1450.
Kusler J.A., et al. Wetland[M]. Scientific American, 1994, 1: 58—62.
Lacey E.P., Smith S. & Case A.L. 1997. Parental effects on seed mass: seed coat but not embryo/endosperm effects [J]. American Journal of Botany, 84: 1617—1620.
Lalonde R. & Roitberg B. D. 1994. Mating system, Life history, and Reproduction in Canada this He( Cirsium arvense )[J]. American Journal of Botany, 81: 21—28.
Larcher W. Physiological Plant Ecology[M]. 3ed. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 1995.
Law R. 1981. The dynamics of colonizing population of Poaannua[J]. Ecology, 62: 1267—1277.
Lehmann A. and Lachavanne J.B., 1999. Changes in the water quality of Lake Geneva indicated by submerged macrophytes [J]. Freshwater Biology, 42: 457-466.
Lenssen J. P. M., Menting F. B. J. & Van Der Putten W. H. 2000. Vegetative reproduction by species with different adaptations to shallow-flooded habitats[J]. New Phytologist, 145: 61—70.
Lessells C. M. The evolution of life histories.In:Krebs J. R. & Davies N. B. (eds). Behavioural Ecology[M]. London:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.
Leverich W. J. & Levin D. A. 1979. Age-specific survivorship and reproduction in Phlox drummondii[J]. American Naturalist, 113: 881—903.
Levin S. A., Mooney H. A. & Field C. B. 1989. The dependence of plant root: shoot ratios on internal nitrogen concentration[J]. Annals of Botany, 64: 71—76.
Lewis M. A., Weber D. E., Stanley R. S. & Moore J. C. 2001. The relevance of rooted vascular plants as indicators of estuarine sediment quality[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40: 25—34.
Lieffers V. J. & Shay J. M. 1981. The effects of water level on growth and reproduction of Scirpus maritimus var.paludus[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59: 118—121
Lopez F., Fungairino S., dela Heras P., Serrano J. & Acosta F. 2001. Age changes in the vegetative vs. reproductive allocation by module demographic strategies in a perennial plant[J]. Plant Ecology, 157: 13—21.
Lovett-Doust J. & Cavers P. B. 1982. Biomass allocation in hermaphrodite flowers[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 2530—2534.
Lovett-Doust L. 1981. Population dynamics and local specialisation in a clonal perennial(Ranunculus repens). I .The dynamics of varieties in contrastion habitats[J]. Journal of Ecology, 69: 743—755.
Lovett-Doust L., Lovett-Doust J. & Biernacki M. 1994. American wild celery, Vallisneria americana, as a biomonitor of organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems[J]. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 20: 333—354.
Luo Y., Field C. B. & Mooney H. A. 1994. Predicting responses of photosynthesis and root fraction to elevated [CO2]: interactions among carbon,nitrogen,and growth[J]. Plant, Cell and Environment, 17: 1195—1204.
Maberly S. C.1993. Morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of Potamogeton obtusifolius from different depths [J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 31: 34—39.
MacArthur R. H. & Wilson E. O. The theory of island biogeography[M]. Princeton N. J: Princeton University Press, 1967.
Mantai K. E. & Newton M. E. 1982. Root growth in Myriophyllum: A specific plant resource to nutrient availability[J]? Aquatic Botany, 13: 45—55.
Marschner H. The Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants[M]. Academic Press, London, 1995.
Mazer S. J. & Gorchov D. L. 1996. Parental effects on progeny phenotype in plants distinguishing genetic and environmental causes[J]. Evolution, 50: 44—53.
McConnaughay K. D. M. & Coleman J. S. 1998. Can plants track changes in nutrient availability via changes in biomass partitioning?[J]. Plant and Soil, 202: 201—209.
Melzer A. 1999. Aquatic macrophytes as tools for lake management[J]. Hydrobiologia, 395/396: 181—190.
Mendez M. & Obeso J. R. 1993. Size-dependent reproductive and vegetative allocation in Arum italicum(Araceae)[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71: 309—314.
Middleboe A. L. & Markager S. 1997. Depth limits and minimum light requirements of freshwater macrophytes[J]. Freshwater Biology, 37: 553—568.
Miller J. D., Hailer W. T. & Glenn M. S. 1993. Turion production by dioecious hydrilla in North Florida[J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 31: 101—105.
Mishra R. K. & Singhal G. S. 1992. Function of Photosynthetic Apparatus of Intact Wheat Leaves under High Light and Heat Stress and Its Relationship with Peroxidation of Thylakoid Lipids[J]. Plant Physiology, 98: 1—6.
Moeller R. E. & Wetzel R. G. 1988. Littoral vs profundal components of sediment accumulation:contrasting roles as phosphorus sinks[J]. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol, 23: 386—393.
Mooney H. A. & Winner W. E. Responses of plants to multiple stresses[M], in: Mooney H. A., Winner W. E. & Pell E. J.(eds). Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 1991, pp129—142.
Moylw J. B. 1945. Some chemical factors influencing the distribution of aquatic plants in Minnesota[J]. American Midland Naturalist, 34:402—421.
Newell S. J. & Tramer E. J. 1978. Reproductive strategies in herbaceous plant communities during sucession[J]. Ecology, 59(2): 228—234.
Ni L. Y. 2001. Effects of water column nutrient enrichment on the growth of Potamogeton maackianus A. Been.[J]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 39: 83—87.
Nichols D. S. & Keeney D. R. 1976. Nitrogen nutrition of Myriophyllum spicatum: uptake and translocation of 15 N by shoots and roots[J]. Freshwater Biology, 6: 145—154.
Nishitami S., Takada T. & Kachi N. 1999. Optimal resource allocation to seeds and vegetative propagules under density-dependent regulation in Syneilesis palmate (Compositae)[J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 179—189.
Nye P. H. & Tinker P. Solute movement in the soil—root system[M]. Oxford: Backwell Scientific Publications, 1977, pp81—103.
Obeso J. R. 2002. The costs of reproduction in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 155: 321—348.
Oborny B. & Bartha S. 1995. Clonality in plant communities-an overview[J]. Abstracta Botanuca, 19: 115—127.
Orth R. J. & Moore K. A. 1983. Chesapeake Bay: an unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation[J]. Science, 222:51—53.
Pakonen T., Lainen K., Havas P. & Saari E. 1988. Effects of berry production and deblossoming on growth, carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds in Vaccinium myrtillus in north Finland[J]. Acta Botanica Fennica, 136:37—42.
Phibric C. L. 1983. Aspects of floral biology in three species of Potamogeton(Pondweeds)[J]. The Michigan Botanist, 23: 35—39.
Philips G, Bramwell A ., Pitt J , et al .1999. Practical application of 25 years'research into the management of shallow lakes[J]. Hydrobiologia, 395/ 396: 61—76.
Pianka E. R. 1970. Onr- and K- selection[J]. American Naturalist, 104: 592—597.
Pierini S. A. & Thomaz S. M. 2004. Effects of inorganic carbon source on photosynthetic rates of Egeria najas Planchon and Egeria densa Planchon(Hhdrocharitaceae)[J]. Aquatic Botany, 78: 135—146.
Pigliucci M. & Schlichting C. D. 1995. Ontogenetic reaction norms of Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae): response to shading[J]. Ecology, 76: 2134—2144.
Pigliucci M. & Schmitt J. 1999. Genes affecting phenotypic plasticity in Arabidopsis: pleiotropic effects and reproductive fitness of photomorphogenic mutants[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12:551—562.
Pigliucci M. 1997. Ontogenetic phenotypic plasticity during the reproductive phase in Arabidopsis thaliana(Brassicaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 84: 887—895.
Pigliucci M. 2001. Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture[M]. The Johns Hopkings University Press , Baltimore and London.
Pintado A., Valladares F. & Sancho L. 1997. Exploring Phenotypic Plasticity in the Lichen Ramalina capztata:Morphology, Water Relations and Chlorophyll Content in North- and South-facing Populations[J]. Annals of Botany, 80: 345—353.
Poiani K.A. & Johnson W. C. 1989. Effect of hydroperiod on seed-bank composition in semipermanent prairie wetlands[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67: 856—864.
Poorter L. 2001. Light-dependent changes in biomass allocation and their importance for growth of rain forest tree species[J]. Functional Ecology, 15: 113—123.
Pott R. & Remy D. Gewasser Des Binnenlandes[M]. Stuttgart, Germany: Ulmer, 2000.
Rapport D. J. 1971. An optimization model of food selection[J]. American Naturalist, 105: 575—578.
Raunkiaer C. The life forms of plants and statistical geography[M]. Claredon, Oxford, 1934. pp632.
Rea N. & Ganf G 1994b. Water depth changes and biomass allocation in two contrasting macropytes[J]. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45: 1459—1468.
Reekie E. G 1991. Cost of seed versus rhizome production in Agropyron repens[J] Canadian Journal of Botany, 69: 2678—2683.
Reekie E. G Resource allocation, trade-offs, and reproductive effort in plants. In: Life History Evolution in Plants[M]. (eds: Vuorisalo T. O. & Mutikainen P. K.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999, ppl73—193.
Reynolds H. L. & D'Antonio C. 1996. The ecological significance of plasticity in root weight ratio in response to nitrogen:opinion[J]. Plant and Soil, 185: 75—97.
Robe W. E. & Griffiths H. 1994. The impact of NO_3~- loading on the freshwater macrophyte Littorella uniflora: N utilization strategy in a slow-growing species from oligotrophic habitats[J]. Oecologia, 100: 368—378.
Robinson D. 1986. Compensatory changes in the partitioning of dry matter in relation to nitrogen uptake and optimal variations in growth[J]. Annals of Botany, 58: 841—848.
Roff D. A. Life history evolutionfM]. Sunderland Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, 2002.
Roff D. A. The evolution of life histories: Theory and analysis[M]. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1992.
Ronsheim M. L. & Bever J. D. 2000. Genetic variation and evolutionary trade-offs for sexual and asexual reproductive modes in Allium vineale (Liliaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 87: 1769—1777.
Rorslett B., Hawes I. & Schwarz A. M. 1997. Features of the underwater light climate just below the surface in some New Zealand inland waters[J]. Freshwater Biology, 37: 441—454.
Ryser P. & Eek L. 2000. Consequences of phenotypic plasticity vs. interspecific differences in leaf and root traits for acquisition of aboveground and belowground resources [J]. American Journal of Botany, 87:402—411.
Saikkonen K., Koivunen S., Vuorisalo T. & Mutikainen P. 1998. Interactive effects of pollination and heavy metals on resource allocation in Potentilla anserina L[J]. Ecology, 79: 1620—1629.
Sand-Jensen K. & Sondergaard M. 1981. Phytoplankton and epiphyte development and their shading effect on submerged macrophytes in lakes of different nutrient status[J]. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol, 66: 529—552.
Sastroutomo S. S. 1981. Turion formation, dormancy, and germination in curly pondweed, Potamogeton crispus.L[J]. Aquatic Botany, 10: 161—173.
Sato T. 2002. Size-dependent resource allocation among vegetative propagules and male and female functions in the forest herb Laportea bulbifera[J]. Oikos, 96: 453—462.
Scheffer M. Ecology of shallow lakes[M]. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.
Scheiner S. M. 1993. Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity [J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 35—68.
Schlichting C. D. & Levin D. A. 1986. Phenotypic Plasticity-an Evolving Plant Character[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 29: 37—47.
Schlichting C. D. 1986. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17: 667—693.
Schloesser D. W. & Manny B. A. 1990. Decline of wildcelery buds in the lower Detroit River, 1950-1985[J]. Journal of Wildlife Management, 54(1): 72—76.
Schmid B. & Bazzaz F. A. 1991. Growth of transplanted and native shoots in perennials with contrasting genet architecture[J]. Flora, 185: 335—344.
Schmid B. & Bazzaz F. A. 1992. Growth responses of rhizomatous plants to fertilizer application and interference[J]. Oikos, 65: 13—24.
Schmid B. & Bazzaz F. A. 1995. Size dependency of sexual reproduction and of clonal growth in two perennial plants[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73: 1831—1837.
Schmid B. 1985. Clonal growth in grassland perennials: 2 growth form and fine-scale colonizing ability[J]. Journal of Ecology, 73: 809 —818.
Schubert H., Sagert S. & Forster R. M. 2001. Evaluation of the different levels of variability in the underwater light field of a shallow estuary[J]. Helgoland Marine Research, 55: 12—22.
Sculthorpe C. D. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1967, pp610.
Seabloom E. W., Moloney K. A. & van der Valk A. G. 2001.Constraints on the establishment of plants along a fluctuating water-depth gradient[J]. Ecology, 82: 2216—2232.
Seabloom E. W., Moloney K. A., van der Valk A. G. 2001. Constraints on the establishments of plants along a fluctuating water-depth gradient[J]. Ecology, 82(8): 2216—2232.
Seago J. L. J. R., Marsh L. C, Stevens K. J., Soukup A., Votrubova'O. & Enstone D. E. 2005. A re-examination of the root cortex in wetland flowering plants with respect to aerenchyma[J]. Annals of Botany, 96: 565—579.
Seddon B. 1972. Aquatic macrophytes as limnogical indicators [J]. Freshwater Biology, 2: 107—130.
Sheldon R. B. & Boylen C. W. 1977. Maximum depth inhabited by aquatic vascular plants[J]. American Midland. Naturalist, 97: 248—254.
Sher-Kaul S., Oertli B., Castella E. & Lachavanne J. B. 1995. Relationship between biomass and surface area of six submerged aquatic plant species[J]. Aquatic Botany, 51: 147—154.
Shipley B., Keddy P. A., Moore D. R. J & Lemky K. 1989. Regeneration and establishment strategies of emergent macrophytes[J]. Journal of Ecology., 77: 1093—1110.
Short F. T. & Wyllie-Echeverria S. 1996. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses[J]. Environmental Conservation, 23(1): 17—27.
Silander J. A. 1985. The genetic basis of the ecological amplitude of Spartina patens. 11. Variance and correlation analysis[J], Evolution, 39: 1034—1052.
Silvertown J.W. & Doust J. L. Introduction to plant population biology[M]. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.
Smith D. H., Madsen J. D., Dickson K. L and Bertinger T. L. Nutrients effects on autofragmentation of Myriophyllum spicatum[J]. Aquatic Botany, 2002, 74:1—17.
Smits A. J. M., van Ruremonde R. & van der Velde G 1989. Seed dispersal of three Nymphaeid macrophytes[J]. Aquatic Botany, 35: 167—180.
Snow A. A. & Whigham D. F. 1989. Costs of flower and fruit production in Tipularia discolor( Orchidaceae )[J]. Ecology, 70: 1286—1293.
Solbrig O. T. et al. Topics in Plant Population Biology[M]. Columbia University Press, New York, 1979.
Sorrell B. K., Tanner C. C. & Sukias J. P. S. 2002. Effects of water depth and substrate on growth and morphology of Eleocharis sphacelata: implications for culm support and internal gas transport[J]. Aquatic Botany, 73: 93—106.
Spence D. H. N. 1982. The zonation of plants in freshwater lakes[J]. Advances in Ecological Research, 12: 37—125.
Spence,D. H. N. 1967. Factors controlling the distribution of freshwater macrophytes with particular refence to the lochs of Scotland[J]. Journal of Ecology, 55: 147—170.
Squires L. & van der Valk A. G 1992. Water depth tolerances of the dominant emergent macrophytes of the Delta Marsh, Manitoba [J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70: 1860—1867.
Stearns S. C. 2000. Life history evolution:successes,limitations,and prospects[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 87: 476—486.
Stearns S. C. The evolution of life histories[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp249.
Stevenson G C. et al. 1985. Effects of moistures stress on white clover[J]. Plant and soil, 85: 249—257.
Stevenson J. C. & Confer N. M. Summary of available information on Chesapeake Bay submerged vegetation[M]. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Rep. FWS/OBS-78/66,1978, pp335.
Stevenson S. C. & Lee P. F. 1987. Ecological relationships of wild rice, Zizania aquatica. 6.The effects of increases in water depth on vegetative and reproductive production[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65: 2128—2132.
Stocklin J. 1992. Differences in the location of subcotyledonary buds among Epilobium angustifolium L., E.dodonaei Vill., and E.fleischeri Hochst.(Onagraceae) and effects on the architecture and population structure [J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 108: 35—47.
Strand J. A. & Weisner S. E. B. 2001. Morphological plastic responses to water depth and wave exposure in an aquatic plant {Myriophyllum spicatum)[J]. Journal of Ecology, 89(2): 166—175.
Stuefer J. F. & Huber H. 1998. Differential effects of light quantity and spectral light quality on growth,morphology and development in two stoloniferous Potentilla species[J]. Oecologia, 117: 1-8.
Sultan S. E. & Bazzaz F. A. 1993. Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. III. The evolution of ecological breadth for nutrient environment[J]. Evolution, 47: 1050—1071.
Sultan S. E. 1987. Evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. Evolutionary Biology,21: 127—178.
Sultan S. E. 1995. Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation[J]. Acta Bot. Neerl, 44: 363—383.
Sultan S. E. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity for offspring traits in Polygonum persicaria[J]. Ecology, 77: 1791—1807.
Sultan S. E. 2000. Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 5: 537—542.
Sultan S. E. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth[J]. Ecology, 82(2): 328—343.
Sultan S. E. et al. 1998. Physiological response to complex environments in annual Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth[J]. Oecologia, 115: 564—578.
Sutherland W. J. & Stillman R. A. 1988. The foraging tactics of plants[J]. Oikos, 52: 239—244.
Szaniawski R. K. 1987. Plant stress and homeostasis:a hypothesis[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 25: 63—72.
Terrados J., Duarte C.M., Kamp-Nielsen L., Agawin N.S.R., Gacia E., Lacap D., Fortes M.D., Borum J., Lubanski M. & Greve T. 1999. Are seagrass growth and survival constrained by the reducing conditions of the sediment? [J]. Aquatic Botany, 65: 175—197.
Thiede D. A. 1998. Maternal inheritance and its effect on adaptive evolution: a quantitative genetic analysis of maternal effects in a natural plant population[J]. Evolution, 52: 998—1015.
Thompson J. D. 1991. The biology of an invasive plant:what makes Spartina anglica so successful?[J]. BioScience, 41: 393—401.
Thornley J. M. 1969. A model to describe the partitioning of photosynthate during vegetative plant growth[J]. Annals of Botany, 33: 419—430.
Thornley J. M. 1972. A balanced quantitative model for root: shoot ratios in vegetative plants [J]. Annals of Botany, 36: 431—441.
Tiffney B. H. & Niklas K. J. Clonal growth in land plants: A palebotanical perspective. In: Jackson J. B., Buss L. W.(eds). Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms[M]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985, pp35—66.
Tilman D. 1988. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities [M] .Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tilman D. Resource Competition and Community Structure[M]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1982.
Titus J. E. & Hoover D. T. 1991. Toward predicting reproductive success in submersed freshwater angiosperms[J]. Aquatic Botany, 41: 111—136.
Titus J. E. & Hoover D. T. 1993. Reproduction in two submersed macrophytes declines progressively at low Ph[J]. Freshwater Biology, 30: 63—72.
Titus J. E., Feldman R.S and Grise D.1990. Submersed macrophyte growth at low PH. I. CO_2 enrichment effects with fertile sediment[J]. Oecologia, 84: 307—313.
Vadstrup M. & Madsen T. V. 1995. Growth limitation of submerged aquatic macrophytes by inorganic carbon[J]. Freshwater Biology, 34: 411—419.
Valladares F. & Pearcy R. W. 1998. The functional ecology of shoot architecture in sun and shade plants of Heteromeles arbutifolia M.Roem., a Californian chaparral shrub[J]. Oecologia, 114: 1—10.
van der Valk A. G. & Davis C. B. 1976. The seed banks of prairie glacial marshes[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 54:1832-1838.
van der Valk A. G. & Davis C. B. 1978. The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of prairie glacial marshes[J]. Ecology, 59: 322—335.
van der Valk A. G. & Davis C. B. 1979. A reconstruction of the recent vegetational history of a prairie marsh, Eagle Lake, Iowa, from its seed bank[J]. Aquatic Botany, 6: 29—51.
van Kleunen M. & Fischer M. 2005. Constraints on the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 166(1): 49—60.
van Kleunen M., Fischer M., Schmid B. 2001. Effects of intraspecific competition on size variation and reproductive allocation in a clonal plant[J]. Oikos, 94:515—524.
van Lent F., Verschuure J. M. & van Veghel M. U. 1995. Comparative study on populations of Zostera marina L.(eelgrass): in situ nitrogen enrichment and light manipulation[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 185: 55—76.
van Wijck C., de Groot C. & Grillas P. 1992. The effect of anaerobic sediment on the growth of Potamogeton pectinatus L.: the role of organic matter, sulphide and ferrous iron[J]. Aquatic Botany, 44:31—49.
van Wijk R. J. 1989. Ecological studies on Potamogeton pectinatus L. V. Nutritional ecology, in vitro uptake of nutrients and growth limitation[J]. Aquatic Botany, 35:319—335.
Vogler D. W. et al. 1998. Phenotypic plasticity in the expression of self incompatibility in Campanula rapunculoides[ J]. Heredity, 81:546—555
Vretare V., Weisner S. E. B., Strand J. A. & Graneli W. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in Phragmites australis as a functional response to water depth[J]. Aquatic Botany, 69: 127—145.
Wassen M. J., Olede Venterink H. G. M. & Swart Eoam D. E. 1995. Nutrient concentrations in mire vegetation as a measure of nutrient limitation in mire ecosystems[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6: 5—16.
Watkinson A. R. Annual plants: a life-history and population analysis, In: (S. Kawano et al eds) Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants[M]. Academic Press, San Diogo, 1990.
Watson M. A. & Cook C. S. 1982. The development of spatial pattern in clones of an aquatic plant, Eichhornia crassipes solms[J]. American Journal of Botany, 69: 248—253.
Wehrmeister J. R. 1978. An ecological life history of the pondweed Potamogeton crispus L. in North American. Ohio St. Univ, Cent. Lake Erie Area Res. Tech. Rep. 99: columbus, 157pp.
Weisner S. E. B. & Strand J. A. 1996. Rhizome architecture in Phragmites australis in relation to water depth: implications for within-plant oxygen transport distance[J]. Folia Geobot. Phytotax, 31: 91—97.
Welling C. H. Reestablishment of perennial emergent macrophytes during a drawdown in a lacustrine marsh. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1987.
Westley L. C. 1993. The effect of inflorescence bud removal on tuber production in Helianthus tuberosus L.(Asteraceae)[J]. Ecology, 74: 2136—2144.
Westoby M., Jurado E. & Leishman M. 1992. Comparative evolutionary ecology of seed size[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 368—372.
Wijesinghe D. K. & Hutchings M. J. 1997. The effects of spatial scale of environmental heterogeneity on the growth of a clonal plant:an experimental study with Glechoma hederacea[J]. Journal of Ecology, 85: 17—28.
Wijesinghe D. K., John E. A. & Hutchings M. J. 2005. Does pattern of soil resource heterogeneity determine plant community structure? An experimental investigation[J]. Journal of Ecology, 93: 99—112.
Wilhalm T. 1995. A comparative study of clonal fragmentation in tussock-forming grasses[J]. Abstracta Botanica, 19: 51—60.
Williams D. G. & Black R. A. 1993. Phenotypic variation in contrasting temperature environments: growth and photosynthesis in Pennisetum setaceum from different altitudes on Hawaii[J]. Functional Ecology, 7: 623—633.
Williams D. G. et al. 1995. Ecophysiology of introduced Pennisetum setaceum on Hawaii: the role of phenotypic plasticity [J]. Ecology, 76: 1569—1580.
Williams G C. 1966. Natural selection, the cost of reproduction and refinement of lacks of principle[J]. American Naturalist, 100: 687—690.
Williams G. C. Sex and Evolution[M]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1975.
Willson M. F. Plant Reproduction Ecology[M]. JohnWiley & Sons Inc, 1983.
Winkler E. & Fischer M. 1999. Two fitness measures for clonal plants and the importance of spatial aspects[J]. Plant Ecology, 141: 191—199.
Winkler E. & Schmid B. 1996. Clonal strategies of herbaceous plant species: a simulation study on population growth and competition[J]. Abstracta Botanica(Budapest), 19: 17—28.
Wookey P. A., Robinson C. H., Parsons A. N., et al. 1995. Environmental Constraints on the Growth, Photosynthesis and Reproductive Development of Dryas-Octopetala at a High Arctic Polar Semidesert,Svalbard[J]. Oecologia, 102: 478-489.
Wu J. G. et al. 2004. The three gorges dam: an ecological perspective[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(5): 241—248.
Wu R. & Stettler R. F. 1998. Quantitative genetics of growth and development in Populus, III. Phenotypic plasticity of crown structure and function[J]. Heredity, 81: 299—310.
Xiao K., Yu D., Wang J. &Xiong W. 2006. Clonal plasticity of Vallisneria spiralis in response to substrate heterogeneity [J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 21:31—38.
Xiao Keyan., Yu Dan., Wang Jinwang,Xiong Wen. 2006. Clonal plasticity of Vallisneria spiralis in response to substrate heterogeneity[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 21: 31—38.
Xie Y. H. & Yu D. 2003. The significance of lateral roots in phosphorus (P) acquisition of water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)[J]. Aquatic Botany, 75:311—321.
Xie Y., An S. & Wu B. 2005. Resource allocation in the submerged plant Vallisneria natans related to sediment type, rather than water-column nutrients[J]. Freshwater Biology, 50:391—402.
Xie Y., Wen M., Yu D. and Li Y. 2004. Growth and resource allocation of water hyacinth as affected by gradually increasing nutrient concentrations[J]. Aquatic Botany, 79: 257—266.
Xiong B. H., Hou H. B. & Zhong Y. 2005. The effect of water depth on seedling emergence and early growth of Vallisneria natans in a eutrophic lake with reduced transparency[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 20(1): 123—127.
Xu X. M., Ye H. C. & Li G. F. 2000. Progress in research of plant tolerance to saline stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology, 6(4): 379—387.
Yang Y., Yu D., Li Y., Xie Y. & Geng X. 2004. Phenotypic plasticity of two submersed plants in response to flooding[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 19: 9—76.
Zhao S. Q., Fang J. Y., Miao S. L., et al. 2005. The 7-decade degradation of a large freshwater lake in Central Yangtze River, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39:431—436.