天然产物银线草醇对哺乳动物细胞糖脂代谢的调控作用研究
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摘要
糖脂代谢紊乱是Ⅱ型糖尿病以及心血管疾病等代谢性疾病发生的重要原因之一。目前临床上用于治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的药物主要有磺酰脲类化合物(sulphonylurea, SU),双胍类,噻唑烷二酮类(thiozolidinediones, TZDs),而降脂药则主要是他汀类和烟酸类。这几类药物中大多都具有激活AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)的功能,如二甲双胍,噻唑烷二酮等。AMPK在生物体内扮演着能量代谢枢纽的角色,AMPK被磷酸化激活后可以调节机体内的糖脂代谢,维持机体内能量的稳态。因此,研究这类化合物不单有助于新药物的研发,也有利于我们探索糖脂代谢过程中的分子调控机理。
我们在本论文中,系统地研究了从金栗兰科属植物——银线草中分离的倍半萜类化合物银线草醇D (shizukaol D)和银线草醇F (shizukaol F)调控哺乳动物细胞代谢的功能和潜在的分子调控机制。
论文的第一部分工作是银线草醇D调节肝细胞脂代谢的研究。实验结果表明：银线草醇D对HepG2细胞系的处理能够降低HepG2细胞内的甘油三酯和胆固醇水平。进一步的实验发现,银线草醇D对HepG2细胞的脂肪含量的调控作用依赖于AMPK-ACC信号通路。首先,银线草醇D导致HepG2细胞的AMPK磷酸化,使得AMPK活性增加,进而引起其下游蛋白-乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA catboxylase, ACC) Ser79位的磷酸化。ACC是脂肪酸合成的关键调控酶,被磷酸化后其活性降低,从而减少乙酰辅酶A到脂酰辅酶A的转化,导致了脂肪酸的合成减少；其次,当我们用siRNA或者AMPK专一抑制剂compoundC抑制AMPK活性时,银线草醇D对HepG2细胞脂肪含量的调控作用会被抑制甚至完全消失。进一步研究表明,银线草醇D引起了线粒体功能的紊乱,包括线粒体膜电位的去极化和细胞内ATP生成的抑制。后者可能是AMPK被磷酸化的直接原因。
第二部分工作是银线草醇F调控哺乳动物细胞糖代谢的研究。我们的研究表明,银线草醇F能够促进L6细胞内的GLUT4在细胞膜上的定位,而且还增加了AMPK的磷酸化。在分离的原代肝细胞内,银线草醇F抑制了细胞的糖异生水平,并抑制了调节糖异生的蛋白表达。此外,丙酮酸耐受实验表明,银线草醇F可以抑制C57B/6J小鼠体内的糖异生,并且引起了肝脏中AMPK的磷酸化激活。类似于银线草醇D,银线草醇F也导致了线粒体膜电位的去极化,并且引起了细胞能量的缺失；但不同于银线草醇D,后者更类似于罗格列酮(rosiglitazone)和二甲双胍(metformin),它抑制了电子传递链复合体Ⅰ的活性,导致细胞内ATP水平的下降,引起了AMPK的磷酸化激活。
综上所述,我们从银线草中筛选出两种天然化合物,能够在哺乳动物细胞内引起了AMPK的磷酸化激活,并进一步调节机体的糖脂代谢。此外,我们揭示了这两种天然产物诱导AMPK磷酸化的潜在机制。我们的研究发现,通过银线草醇诱导的AMPK磷酸化激活像一条纽带连接了线粒体功能和糖脂代谢,为寻找代谢类药物的筛选提供一定的依据和帮助。
Glucose and lipid metabolism disorder is an important cause for type Ⅱ diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Number of clinical drugs such as sulphonylurea, biguanide, and thiozolidinediones (TZDs) are used for the treatment of type Ⅱ diabetes.There are some drugs, such as metformin and TZDs, that can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), AMPK is an efficient sensor of cellular energy states and plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, once AMPK is activated, it orchestrates a variety of metabolic processes. Given the importance of AMPK in metabolic disorders, AMPK-activated compounds may have clinical value in drug development, which also helpful for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms in metabolism.
In the present work, we conducted a systematical analysis on natural compounds isolated from Chloranthus japonicus, shizukaol D and shizukaol F, which has not been previously shown to have metabolic activities, for the role in mammalian cell metabolism.
The first section focuses on that shizukaol D inhibits AMPK-dependent lipid content in hepatic cells. The present work shows that shizukaol D results in phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in HepG2cells. Acc is a direct AMPK substrate, its phosphorylation at ser79leading to decreased conversion from acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which is important for fatty acid synthesis. To our expectations, shizukaol D reduces triglyceride and cholesterol levels in HepG2cells whether grown at normal concentration of glucose or high glucose medium. To confirm the significance of AMPK in the activity of shizukaol D, we inhibited AMPK using an AMPKal siRNA and the AMPK inhibitor compound C, and the results show a decreased ability of shizukaol D to reduce lipid levels. Further studies reveal that shizukaol D induces mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2cells such as depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced increased AMP/ATP ratio, which may result in AMPK activation.
The second part of the thesis showed that shizukaol F regulates mammalian cells'glucose metabolism. We find that shizukaol F stimulates GLUT4transferring to cell membrane and results in the activation of AMPK. We also find that shizukaol F inhibits gluconeogenesis in primary hepatic cells and C57B/6J mice. Further studies show that shizukaol F also decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces ATP production. In contrast to shizukaol D, shizukaol F, like rosiglitazone and metformin, inhibits mitochondria complex I activity, which may cause the reduction of ATP and leading to activation of AMPK.
In summary, we found two natural compounds from Chloranthus japonicus which can result in the AMPK phosphorylation and modulate metabolisms in mammalian cells. In addition, we revealed two distinctive mechanisms in activating AMPK. Our finding provide a possible link between AMPK activation and mitochondrial dysfunction and highlight the potential value for shizukaol D and shizukaol F as promising compounds for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
我们在本论文中,系统地研究了从金栗兰科属植物——银线草中分离的倍半萜类化合物银线草醇D (shizukaol D)和银线草醇F (shizukaol F)调控哺乳动物细胞代谢的功能和潜在的分子调控机制。
论文的第一部分工作是银线草醇D调节肝细胞脂代谢的研究。实验结果表明：银线草醇D对HepG2细胞系的处理能够降低HepG2细胞内的甘油三酯和胆固醇水平。进一步的实验发现,银线草醇D对HepG2细胞的脂肪含量的调控作用依赖于AMPK-ACC信号通路。首先,银线草醇D导致HepG2细胞的AMPK磷酸化,使得AMPK活性增加,进而引起其下游蛋白-乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA catboxylase, ACC) Ser79位的磷酸化。ACC是脂肪酸合成的关键调控酶,被磷酸化后其活性降低,从而减少乙酰辅酶A到脂酰辅酶A的转化,导致了脂肪酸的合成减少；其次,当我们用siRNA或者AMPK专一抑制剂compoundC抑制AMPK活性时,银线草醇D对HepG2细胞脂肪含量的调控作用会被抑制甚至完全消失。进一步研究表明,银线草醇D引起了线粒体功能的紊乱,包括线粒体膜电位的去极化和细胞内ATP生成的抑制。后者可能是AMPK被磷酸化的直接原因。
第二部分工作是银线草醇F调控哺乳动物细胞糖代谢的研究。我们的研究表明,银线草醇F能够促进L6细胞内的GLUT4在细胞膜上的定位,而且还增加了AMPK的磷酸化。在分离的原代肝细胞内,银线草醇F抑制了细胞的糖异生水平,并抑制了调节糖异生的蛋白表达。此外,丙酮酸耐受实验表明,银线草醇F可以抑制C57B/6J小鼠体内的糖异生,并且引起了肝脏中AMPK的磷酸化激活。类似于银线草醇D,银线草醇F也导致了线粒体膜电位的去极化,并且引起了细胞能量的缺失；但不同于银线草醇D,后者更类似于罗格列酮(rosiglitazone)和二甲双胍(metformin),它抑制了电子传递链复合体Ⅰ的活性,导致细胞内ATP水平的下降,引起了AMPK的磷酸化激活。
综上所述,我们从银线草中筛选出两种天然化合物,能够在哺乳动物细胞内引起了AMPK的磷酸化激活,并进一步调节机体的糖脂代谢。此外,我们揭示了这两种天然产物诱导AMPK磷酸化的潜在机制。我们的研究发现,通过银线草醇诱导的AMPK磷酸化激活像一条纽带连接了线粒体功能和糖脂代谢,为寻找代谢类药物的筛选提供一定的依据和帮助。
Glucose and lipid metabolism disorder is an important cause for type Ⅱ diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Number of clinical drugs such as sulphonylurea, biguanide, and thiozolidinediones (TZDs) are used for the treatment of type Ⅱ diabetes.There are some drugs, such as metformin and TZDs, that can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), AMPK is an efficient sensor of cellular energy states and plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, once AMPK is activated, it orchestrates a variety of metabolic processes. Given the importance of AMPK in metabolic disorders, AMPK-activated compounds may have clinical value in drug development, which also helpful for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms in metabolism.
In the present work, we conducted a systematical analysis on natural compounds isolated from Chloranthus japonicus, shizukaol D and shizukaol F, which has not been previously shown to have metabolic activities, for the role in mammalian cell metabolism.
The first section focuses on that shizukaol D inhibits AMPK-dependent lipid content in hepatic cells. The present work shows that shizukaol D results in phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in HepG2cells. Acc is a direct AMPK substrate, its phosphorylation at ser79leading to decreased conversion from acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which is important for fatty acid synthesis. To our expectations, shizukaol D reduces triglyceride and cholesterol levels in HepG2cells whether grown at normal concentration of glucose or high glucose medium. To confirm the significance of AMPK in the activity of shizukaol D, we inhibited AMPK using an AMPKal siRNA and the AMPK inhibitor compound C, and the results show a decreased ability of shizukaol D to reduce lipid levels. Further studies reveal that shizukaol D induces mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2cells such as depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced increased AMP/ATP ratio, which may result in AMPK activation.
The second part of the thesis showed that shizukaol F regulates mammalian cells'glucose metabolism. We find that shizukaol F stimulates GLUT4transferring to cell membrane and results in the activation of AMPK. We also find that shizukaol F inhibits gluconeogenesis in primary hepatic cells and C57B/6J mice. Further studies show that shizukaol F also decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces ATP production. In contrast to shizukaol D, shizukaol F, like rosiglitazone and metformin, inhibits mitochondria complex I activity, which may cause the reduction of ATP and leading to activation of AMPK.
In summary, we found two natural compounds from Chloranthus japonicus which can result in the AMPK phosphorylation and modulate metabolisms in mammalian cells. In addition, we revealed two distinctive mechanisms in activating AMPK. Our finding provide a possible link between AMPK activation and mitochondrial dysfunction and highlight the potential value for shizukaol D and shizukaol F as promising compounds for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
引文
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