基于视频检测和元胞自动机的人群疏散机理研究
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摘要
在各种交通方式中,步行可以独立的成为一种交通方式,并且构成各类交通出行两端的环节。在大型活动的场所里,人们采用步行的方式参与活动,各类设施都需要满足行走的需要,行走的服务水平直接关系到了活动的质量。因此,通过基于行人微观特征的宏观疏散行人流的研究,建立微观特征与宏观特征之间的联系,探索不同环境下不同宏观行人流特征和现象,是行人疏散研究的重点和热点,同时具有重要的理论意义,为行人的安全疏散和建筑物的整体结构合理化设计提出宝贵的方案。因此,本文从行人视频检测方法的研究、正常情况下的人群疏散模型研究和紧急情况下的人群疏散模型研究三个方面进行阐述：
(1)根据不同的交通状态,提出了低密度情况下基于运动的行人检测方法和高密度情况下基于人头的行人检测方法。在低密度状态下提出了基于行人运动的检测方法：从改进权值参数和控制方差两个方面对传统的高斯模型(GMM)进行了改进,有效的减少了由于交通冲突使得运动前景融入背景模型的可能；建立了基于Kalman滤波和Mean-Shift算法的目标跟踪方法,改进了多个运动目标相互合并或分离时的处理方法；通过BP神经网络对运动个体进行分类,进而得到行人的运动信息；在高密度状态下提出了基于人头的改进的行人检测方法：提出了基于头发颜色在RGB和HSV颜色空间、脸部颜色在YUV颜色空间的混合颜色模型进行头部区域检测；建立了基于Canny算法与小波变换的人头轮廓提耳取方法,实现对人头轮廓的提取；根据Hough变换提出了基于人头图像的圆环检测方法,对人头进行精确定位并统计行人流量。最后,通过实际的实验分析,验证了所提出的高、低密度状态下行人视频的检测方法有效性和先进性。
(2)在正正常情况下的人群疏散模型研究中,本文建立了基于元胞自动机的动态参数模型,在传统的动态参数模型的基础上引入了感知参数,用以描述出口附近的行人密度对行人疏散路径和出口选择的影响,通过不同的行人分布状态来与以往模型比较,模拟结果证明这种改进是有效的,因为在对于门的选择上,除了对空间距离的要求以外,密度也是一个很重要的影响因素；分别对无阻碍和有阻碍情况下的人群疏散进行了研究：对于无阻碍情况下的人群疏散,本文分别研究了安全出口的最佳位置,以及单个门和多个门的布局对疏散时间的影响,并对模型参数进行了最优的选取,描述了疏散时间、系统规模、行人密度、出口宽度之间的关系；对于有阻碍的人群疏散,本文考虑了障碍物布局对疏散时间的影响,同时考虑当障碍物发生位置移动时对疏散时间的影响,刻画了障碍物移动时间、疏散时间、行人密度之间的相互关系。与此同时,为了验证所建模型的可靠性和实用性,本文进行了相应的实际疏散实验,通过本文所提出的视频检测方法和模型模拟的比较分析,发现模型的模拟过程与实际疏散过程基本相符。
(3)在紧急情况下的人群疏散模型研究中,本文从视线受影响情况下的人群疏散、存在挤压情况下的人群疏散以及发生火灾情况下的人群疏散三个方面来对紧急情况下的人群疏散模型进行研究。在视线受影响的情况下,从无疏散标志的从众疏散和有疏散标志的沿墙疏散两个角度进行了研究,引入了行人视野半径的概念,并分析了行人视野半径、行人密度、出口宽度对疏散时间的影响；在发生挤压情况下,构建了元胞容量可变的CA模型,模型从方向参数和从众参数两个方面进行了考虑,分析了出口宽度、系统规模、行人密度与疏散时间的关系；在发生火灾情况下,建立了火灾发生情况下存在挤压的人群疏散模型,模型考虑了火灾的发生对系统的领域值和行人疏散行为的影响,分析了火灾蔓延时间、出口宽度、行人密度、系统规模与死亡人数的关系。最后,仿真了三种情况下的行人疏散过程,从疏散模拟图来看,模型和更新规则较为合理并符合实际。
Walking is regarded as an independent mode of transportation, and whatever the vehicle adopted, walking cannot be spared at the trip origin and destination. In the large stadium, people participate in activities on feet, various types of facilities must meet the needs of walking, and the level of service of walking is directly related to the quality of the activities. Through study on group behavior of pedestrian flow caused by the interaction of individual pedestrian micro-behaviors, the relationship between micro-characteristics and macro-characteristics of pedestrian flow behavior is established. The characteristics and phenomena of group behavior under different environments are considered to be the focus of the study and hot topics of pedestrian evacuation. It has important theoretical significance, can provide valuable advice for pedestrian safety evacuation and reasonable suggestions for overall structure of buildings. In the dissertation, pedestrian video detection methods, pedestrian evacuation model under normal circumstances and emergency situations are analyzed, the main content of this dissertation is summarized as follows:
(1) According to the different traffic states, a moving-based pedestrian flow detection method is provided based on pedestrian traffic characteristics for un-crowded scenes and a head-based pedestrian flow detection method is proposed based on pedestrian movement characteristics of crowded scenes. At the low-density state:the traditional Gaussian model (GMM) is improved by controling weighting parameter and variance, the possibility of moving foreground into the background model due to traffic conflict is effectively reduced; the target tracking approach of multiple moving targets merger or separation is improved by Kalman filter and Mean-Shift algorithm; BP neural network is utilized to classify movement individual, thus get the motion information of the pedestrian; at the high-density state:a head-based pedestrian flow detection method is proposed based on mixed-color model (RGB, HSV, YUV color space), head contours is extracted by Canny Algorithm and Wavelet transform, Hough transform is used to locate head by head shape features and statistics the number of pedestrian. At last, the validity and advantage of pedestrian video detection in this dissertation are verified through actual experiment.
(2) Study on the pedestrian evacuation model under normal circumstances, a dynamic parameters model is established based on cellular automata (CA) in this paper, the Cognition-parameter is introduced to the traditional dynamic parameter model to simplify tactically the decision-making process of pedestrians, which can reflect the pedestrian judgment on the surrounding conditions and decide the pedestrian's choice of action, compared with the previous model through different pedestrian distribution, the simulation results prove that this improvement makes sense, because for the choice of exit, in addition to the requirements of the spatial distance, the density around exit is also a very important influencing factor; pedestrian evacuation with and without obstacle are studied: if there is no obstacle, the optimal exit layout is given in this paper, and the effect of exit width, pedestrian density, and system size on evacuation time in the evacuation system are discussed with single exit and multiple exits; in the pedestrian evacuation model with obstacle, the effect of different obstacles layouts on evacuation time is studied, then the relationship between obstacle moving time and evacuation time are simulated at different time step. At the same time, in order to verify the reliability and practicality of the model, the actual evacuation experiments are proposed by video detection method and model simulation, the process of simulation is consistent with the actual evacuation process.
(3) Study on the pedestrian evacuation model under emergency circumstances, the pedestrian's visual field affected, pedestrian evacuation with Extrusion, pedestrian evacuation with fire is considered in this paper. If the pedestrian's visual field affected, the pedestrian evacuation characteristics are discussed considering the cases in which pedestrians herd evacuation without evacuation sign or pedestrians move along the wall with evacuation sign available, the effect of pedestrian sight radius is introduced, and the effect of pedestrian sight radius, pedestrian density, exit width on evacuation time are discussed; if pedestrian evacuation with Extrusion, the pedestrian evacuation model with cellular capacity variable under extrusion is constructed based on CA model, Direction-parameter and Herd-parameter are proposed, the effect of exit width, system size and pedestrian density on evacuation time are analyzed; if pedestrian evacuation with fire, the pedestrian evacuation model with fire based on Extrusion is established, the model takes into account the impact of fire on the field value of system and pedestrian evacuation behavior, the effect of spread time of fire, exit width, system size and pedestrian density on the number of deaths is discussed. At last, pedestrian evacuation process of three cases is simulated, the model and update rules are reasonable and conform to reality.
(1)根据不同的交通状态,提出了低密度情况下基于运动的行人检测方法和高密度情况下基于人头的行人检测方法。在低密度状态下提出了基于行人运动的检测方法：从改进权值参数和控制方差两个方面对传统的高斯模型(GMM)进行了改进,有效的减少了由于交通冲突使得运动前景融入背景模型的可能；建立了基于Kalman滤波和Mean-Shift算法的目标跟踪方法,改进了多个运动目标相互合并或分离时的处理方法；通过BP神经网络对运动个体进行分类,进而得到行人的运动信息；在高密度状态下提出了基于人头的改进的行人检测方法：提出了基于头发颜色在RGB和HSV颜色空间、脸部颜色在YUV颜色空间的混合颜色模型进行头部区域检测；建立了基于Canny算法与小波变换的人头轮廓提耳取方法,实现对人头轮廓的提取；根据Hough变换提出了基于人头图像的圆环检测方法,对人头进行精确定位并统计行人流量。最后,通过实际的实验分析,验证了所提出的高、低密度状态下行人视频的检测方法有效性和先进性。
(2)在正正常情况下的人群疏散模型研究中,本文建立了基于元胞自动机的动态参数模型,在传统的动态参数模型的基础上引入了感知参数,用以描述出口附近的行人密度对行人疏散路径和出口选择的影响,通过不同的行人分布状态来与以往模型比较,模拟结果证明这种改进是有效的,因为在对于门的选择上,除了对空间距离的要求以外,密度也是一个很重要的影响因素；分别对无阻碍和有阻碍情况下的人群疏散进行了研究：对于无阻碍情况下的人群疏散,本文分别研究了安全出口的最佳位置,以及单个门和多个门的布局对疏散时间的影响,并对模型参数进行了最优的选取,描述了疏散时间、系统规模、行人密度、出口宽度之间的关系；对于有阻碍的人群疏散,本文考虑了障碍物布局对疏散时间的影响,同时考虑当障碍物发生位置移动时对疏散时间的影响,刻画了障碍物移动时间、疏散时间、行人密度之间的相互关系。与此同时,为了验证所建模型的可靠性和实用性,本文进行了相应的实际疏散实验,通过本文所提出的视频检测方法和模型模拟的比较分析,发现模型的模拟过程与实际疏散过程基本相符。
(3)在紧急情况下的人群疏散模型研究中,本文从视线受影响情况下的人群疏散、存在挤压情况下的人群疏散以及发生火灾情况下的人群疏散三个方面来对紧急情况下的人群疏散模型进行研究。在视线受影响的情况下,从无疏散标志的从众疏散和有疏散标志的沿墙疏散两个角度进行了研究,引入了行人视野半径的概念,并分析了行人视野半径、行人密度、出口宽度对疏散时间的影响；在发生挤压情况下,构建了元胞容量可变的CA模型,模型从方向参数和从众参数两个方面进行了考虑,分析了出口宽度、系统规模、行人密度与疏散时间的关系；在发生火灾情况下,建立了火灾发生情况下存在挤压的人群疏散模型,模型考虑了火灾的发生对系统的领域值和行人疏散行为的影响,分析了火灾蔓延时间、出口宽度、行人密度、系统规模与死亡人数的关系。最后,仿真了三种情况下的行人疏散过程,从疏散模拟图来看,模型和更新规则较为合理并符合实际。
Walking is regarded as an independent mode of transportation, and whatever the vehicle adopted, walking cannot be spared at the trip origin and destination. In the large stadium, people participate in activities on feet, various types of facilities must meet the needs of walking, and the level of service of walking is directly related to the quality of the activities. Through study on group behavior of pedestrian flow caused by the interaction of individual pedestrian micro-behaviors, the relationship between micro-characteristics and macro-characteristics of pedestrian flow behavior is established. The characteristics and phenomena of group behavior under different environments are considered to be the focus of the study and hot topics of pedestrian evacuation. It has important theoretical significance, can provide valuable advice for pedestrian safety evacuation and reasonable suggestions for overall structure of buildings. In the dissertation, pedestrian video detection methods, pedestrian evacuation model under normal circumstances and emergency situations are analyzed, the main content of this dissertation is summarized as follows:
(1) According to the different traffic states, a moving-based pedestrian flow detection method is provided based on pedestrian traffic characteristics for un-crowded scenes and a head-based pedestrian flow detection method is proposed based on pedestrian movement characteristics of crowded scenes. At the low-density state:the traditional Gaussian model (GMM) is improved by controling weighting parameter and variance, the possibility of moving foreground into the background model due to traffic conflict is effectively reduced; the target tracking approach of multiple moving targets merger or separation is improved by Kalman filter and Mean-Shift algorithm; BP neural network is utilized to classify movement individual, thus get the motion information of the pedestrian; at the high-density state:a head-based pedestrian flow detection method is proposed based on mixed-color model (RGB, HSV, YUV color space), head contours is extracted by Canny Algorithm and Wavelet transform, Hough transform is used to locate head by head shape features and statistics the number of pedestrian. At last, the validity and advantage of pedestrian video detection in this dissertation are verified through actual experiment.
(2) Study on the pedestrian evacuation model under normal circumstances, a dynamic parameters model is established based on cellular automata (CA) in this paper, the Cognition-parameter is introduced to the traditional dynamic parameter model to simplify tactically the decision-making process of pedestrians, which can reflect the pedestrian judgment on the surrounding conditions and decide the pedestrian's choice of action, compared with the previous model through different pedestrian distribution, the simulation results prove that this improvement makes sense, because for the choice of exit, in addition to the requirements of the spatial distance, the density around exit is also a very important influencing factor; pedestrian evacuation with and without obstacle are studied: if there is no obstacle, the optimal exit layout is given in this paper, and the effect of exit width, pedestrian density, and system size on evacuation time in the evacuation system are discussed with single exit and multiple exits; in the pedestrian evacuation model with obstacle, the effect of different obstacles layouts on evacuation time is studied, then the relationship between obstacle moving time and evacuation time are simulated at different time step. At the same time, in order to verify the reliability and practicality of the model, the actual evacuation experiments are proposed by video detection method and model simulation, the process of simulation is consistent with the actual evacuation process.
(3) Study on the pedestrian evacuation model under emergency circumstances, the pedestrian's visual field affected, pedestrian evacuation with Extrusion, pedestrian evacuation with fire is considered in this paper. If the pedestrian's visual field affected, the pedestrian evacuation characteristics are discussed considering the cases in which pedestrians herd evacuation without evacuation sign or pedestrians move along the wall with evacuation sign available, the effect of pedestrian sight radius is introduced, and the effect of pedestrian sight radius, pedestrian density, exit width on evacuation time are discussed; if pedestrian evacuation with Extrusion, the pedestrian evacuation model with cellular capacity variable under extrusion is constructed based on CA model, Direction-parameter and Herd-parameter are proposed, the effect of exit width, system size and pedestrian density on evacuation time are analyzed; if pedestrian evacuation with fire, the pedestrian evacuation model with fire based on Extrusion is established, the model takes into account the impact of fire on the field value of system and pedestrian evacuation behavior, the effect of spread time of fire, exit width, system size and pedestrian density on the number of deaths is discussed. At last, pedestrian evacuation process of three cases is simulated, the model and update rules are reasonable and conform to reality.
引文
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