基于同属植物比较研究的入侵性分析
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摘要
为什么有些物种能够成功入侵而有些物种却入侵失败一直是困扰入侵生态学家的一个重要问题。入侵性不同的物种之间的比较研究是解决这一问题的常用手段。然而很多比较研究在进行不同物种比较时却忽略了亲缘关系对比较研究的影响,即用亲缘关系相差很远的物种进行比较,得出的结果往往是没有意义的。近缘的物种拥有相近的进化历史,往往表现出相似的生物学特征。因此,入侵种与其近缘的土著种或入侵能力不强的外来种进行比较能够排除亲缘关系带来的影响,使结果更加具有说服力。
本研究选择的莲子草属是研究这一问题良好的模式材料。莲子草属在中国共有四种植物分布,分别是强入侵种喜旱莲子草、弱入侵种刺花莲子草、外来非入侵种锦绣苋、土著种莲子草。通过野外调查和同质园实验对这四个同属物种基础生物学性状的比较,可以使我们对莲子草属植物的入侵机理、预测和控制有进一步的认识,也可以为入侵生态学提供一定的理论基础。本文的主要结果如下：
(1)莲子草属三个野生物种在不同环境条件下表现差异较大。喜旱莲子草更适于生长在湿润肥沃的环境中,而刺花莲子草在干旱条件下的表现要优于其他两个物种。这说明刺花莲子草在干旱条件下具有较高的入侵潜力,这为预测刺花莲子草的潜在入侵区域提供了理论依据。
(2)强入侵种喜旱莲子草具有较强的表型可塑性能力；在各种环境中都具有较大的比叶面积。因此,表型可塑性和比叶面积可作为莲子草属植物入侵预测的重要指标。
(3)莲子草属四个物种中,莲子草和弱入侵种刺花莲子草具有较高的遗传多样性,而强入侵种喜旱莲子草和外来非入侵种锦绣苋的遗传多样性较低。这说明遗传多样性的高低与植物的入侵性并没有必然的相关关系。刺花莲子草的遗传多样性较高,有可能在将来进化出适于入侵的基因型,需要引起入侵控制学者的重视。
(4)对刺花莲子草、锦绣苋的遗传结构分析表明：刺花莲子草中国种群明显分为两类,即东南种群和西南种群；锦绣苋分为两类,即红草种群和绿草种群。两种植物内部遗传分化明显。
本研究对莲子草属四个物种的生物学性状、生态适应特点及遗传多样性进行了初步研究,加深了我们对植物入侵机理的理解,为入侵物种的控制和预测研究提供了一定的理论依据,同时也提出了一些与莲子草属植物入侵机理、预测、控制研究相关的、值得进一步深入研究的问题。
Why some species can successfully invade while others can not is a central issue in both invasion biology and dispersal ecology. Comparative approaches are useful in solving this problem.But lots of them have not take phylogeny into account when making comparisons between plants that are inherently different. In contrast, congeneric species are expected to show similar characteristics because of shared evolutionary history. This is especially true of congeners that share the same distribution range. An established invasive congener has been usually presumed to overcome barriers that limited the performance of a native in the same range.
Plants of the genus Alternanthera in China are appropriate materials to make comparison studies. Four species of the genus Alternanthera have been found in China:the notorious invasive species alligator weed (A. philoxeroides), the less invasive species A. pungens, the non-invasive alien species A. bettzickiana, and the native species A. sessilis. A comparison study of the four congeneric species has been conducted in this research to better understand the invasion mechanisms of plants of Alternanthera.
The main results are as follows:
1)The biomass production of alligator weed was higher than that of A.pungens and A. sessilis under conditions with high availability of water and nutrients, but not in conditions of low water availability. This suggested that the invasiveness of alligator weed might be influenced by environmental factors. A. pungens had relatively high biomass production under conditions with low availability of water.
2) The SLA and phenotypic plasticity of alligator weed were slightly greater than that of its congeners. Thus SLA and phenotypic plasticity might be useful indexes for predicting the invasiveness of alien species under multiple environmental factors.
3)Analysis of population genetic structure with AFLP markers revealed that both A. philoxeroides and A. bettzickiana possess very low genetic diversity, while A. pungens and A. sessilis showing higher genetic variation among populations, suggesting that there was no necessary connection between genetic diversity and invasiveness. Meanwhile, A. pungens and A. bettzickiana showed discriminate intraspecific genetic differentiations.
The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the invasion mechanisms of A. philoxeroides and improve the predictive power for invasiveness.
本研究选择的莲子草属是研究这一问题良好的模式材料。莲子草属在中国共有四种植物分布,分别是强入侵种喜旱莲子草、弱入侵种刺花莲子草、外来非入侵种锦绣苋、土著种莲子草。通过野外调查和同质园实验对这四个同属物种基础生物学性状的比较,可以使我们对莲子草属植物的入侵机理、预测和控制有进一步的认识,也可以为入侵生态学提供一定的理论基础。本文的主要结果如下：
(1)莲子草属三个野生物种在不同环境条件下表现差异较大。喜旱莲子草更适于生长在湿润肥沃的环境中,而刺花莲子草在干旱条件下的表现要优于其他两个物种。这说明刺花莲子草在干旱条件下具有较高的入侵潜力,这为预测刺花莲子草的潜在入侵区域提供了理论依据。
(2)强入侵种喜旱莲子草具有较强的表型可塑性能力；在各种环境中都具有较大的比叶面积。因此,表型可塑性和比叶面积可作为莲子草属植物入侵预测的重要指标。
(3)莲子草属四个物种中,莲子草和弱入侵种刺花莲子草具有较高的遗传多样性,而强入侵种喜旱莲子草和外来非入侵种锦绣苋的遗传多样性较低。这说明遗传多样性的高低与植物的入侵性并没有必然的相关关系。刺花莲子草的遗传多样性较高,有可能在将来进化出适于入侵的基因型,需要引起入侵控制学者的重视。
(4)对刺花莲子草、锦绣苋的遗传结构分析表明：刺花莲子草中国种群明显分为两类,即东南种群和西南种群；锦绣苋分为两类,即红草种群和绿草种群。两种植物内部遗传分化明显。
本研究对莲子草属四个物种的生物学性状、生态适应特点及遗传多样性进行了初步研究,加深了我们对植物入侵机理的理解,为入侵物种的控制和预测研究提供了一定的理论依据,同时也提出了一些与莲子草属植物入侵机理、预测、控制研究相关的、值得进一步深入研究的问题。
Why some species can successfully invade while others can not is a central issue in both invasion biology and dispersal ecology. Comparative approaches are useful in solving this problem.But lots of them have not take phylogeny into account when making comparisons between plants that are inherently different. In contrast, congeneric species are expected to show similar characteristics because of shared evolutionary history. This is especially true of congeners that share the same distribution range. An established invasive congener has been usually presumed to overcome barriers that limited the performance of a native in the same range.
Plants of the genus Alternanthera in China are appropriate materials to make comparison studies. Four species of the genus Alternanthera have been found in China:the notorious invasive species alligator weed (A. philoxeroides), the less invasive species A. pungens, the non-invasive alien species A. bettzickiana, and the native species A. sessilis. A comparison study of the four congeneric species has been conducted in this research to better understand the invasion mechanisms of plants of Alternanthera.
The main results are as follows:
1)The biomass production of alligator weed was higher than that of A.pungens and A. sessilis under conditions with high availability of water and nutrients, but not in conditions of low water availability. This suggested that the invasiveness of alligator weed might be influenced by environmental factors. A. pungens had relatively high biomass production under conditions with low availability of water.
2) The SLA and phenotypic plasticity of alligator weed were slightly greater than that of its congeners. Thus SLA and phenotypic plasticity might be useful indexes for predicting the invasiveness of alien species under multiple environmental factors.
3)Analysis of population genetic structure with AFLP markers revealed that both A. philoxeroides and A. bettzickiana possess very low genetic diversity, while A. pungens and A. sessilis showing higher genetic variation among populations, suggesting that there was no necessary connection between genetic diversity and invasiveness. Meanwhile, A. pungens and A. bettzickiana showed discriminate intraspecific genetic differentiations.
The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the invasion mechanisms of A. philoxeroides and improve the predictive power for invasiveness.
引文
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