无线Mesh网络混合路由协议的研究
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摘要
无线Mesh网络(Wireless Mesh Networks,WMN)是一种高速率、高容量的分布式网络,是一种新型的解决“最后一英里”问题的宽带无线组网技术,支持节点多跳路由和转发功能,具有自组织和自愈的特点。作为其关键技术之一的无线路由算法,对网络性能起着重要影响。本论文重点研究WMN的路由协议。
首先论述了WMN的基础知识,包含结构、特点、相关标准化、应用领域和发展现状;接着分析比较了传统路由协议的设计思想及其不足,并探讨了WMN路由协议的研究思路以及相关研究成果;然后对移动Ad hoc网络几种典型的路由协议如DSDV、DSR和AODV进行详细介绍,分析了各自性能的优劣。
在此基础上,根据WMN的架构和业务流特征,针对骨干网Mesh模式提出了一种层次性架构下的混合路由算法(HMR)。通过结合主动式和按需式路由机制的优点,以期在时延和路由开销等方面取得平衡。在这个层次性的网络结构中,无线Mesh路由器通过网状互联构成的基础设施结构为底层的客户端节点提供无线接入,并最终通过Mesh网关将整个WMN连接到有线骨干网中。
最后基于NS2软件进行模拟验证,通过与现有路由协议的比较证明其有效性。仿真结果表明HMR算法在平均分组递交率、归一化路由开销和时延性能指标上均有所改善,更适用于无线Mesh网络。
WMN(Wireless Mesh Networks)is a kind of distributed networks with high speed and large capacity, a broadband wireless networking technology that is a new solution to the“Last Mile”issue. It is capable of self-organization and self-configuration by supporting multi-hop packet routing and forwarding. Wireless routing protocol, as one of its key technologies, performs great function on the optimization of network performance. Hence this thesis is about the study and improvement of routing algorithm in WMN.
Firstly, the basic knowledge of WMN including system structure, feature, standardization, application paradigms and developments are introduced, the principal and performance of some existing routing protocols are analyzed and compared with their deficiencies pointed out, and then the general research routine of WMN and several related research results of different procedures are analyzed. Afterwards, detailed explanations of some typical routing protocols such as DSDV, DSR and AODV in mobile Ad hoc networks are put forward through analysis on their advantages and disadvantages.
Based on the above, according to the structure and data stream characteristics of backbone WMN, a novel routing protocol HMR(Hybrid Mesh Routing)with a hierarchy structure is given out, which intends to strike a balance between improved delay performance and lower overhead activities by combing the feature of both proactive and on demand routing protocols. In the layered WMN, mesh routers form an infrastructure of WMN and provide wireless access for mesh clients. While with the gateway functionality, the whole network can be connected to the Internet.
Finally simulations are worked out through NS2 software. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has better performances than pure classic routing protocols on average packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and normalized routing load, it’s more applicable and efficient for WMN.
首先论述了WMN的基础知识,包含结构、特点、相关标准化、应用领域和发展现状;接着分析比较了传统路由协议的设计思想及其不足,并探讨了WMN路由协议的研究思路以及相关研究成果;然后对移动Ad hoc网络几种典型的路由协议如DSDV、DSR和AODV进行详细介绍,分析了各自性能的优劣。
在此基础上,根据WMN的架构和业务流特征,针对骨干网Mesh模式提出了一种层次性架构下的混合路由算法(HMR)。通过结合主动式和按需式路由机制的优点,以期在时延和路由开销等方面取得平衡。在这个层次性的网络结构中,无线Mesh路由器通过网状互联构成的基础设施结构为底层的客户端节点提供无线接入,并最终通过Mesh网关将整个WMN连接到有线骨干网中。
最后基于NS2软件进行模拟验证,通过与现有路由协议的比较证明其有效性。仿真结果表明HMR算法在平均分组递交率、归一化路由开销和时延性能指标上均有所改善,更适用于无线Mesh网络。
WMN(Wireless Mesh Networks)is a kind of distributed networks with high speed and large capacity, a broadband wireless networking technology that is a new solution to the“Last Mile”issue. It is capable of self-organization and self-configuration by supporting multi-hop packet routing and forwarding. Wireless routing protocol, as one of its key technologies, performs great function on the optimization of network performance. Hence this thesis is about the study and improvement of routing algorithm in WMN.
Firstly, the basic knowledge of WMN including system structure, feature, standardization, application paradigms and developments are introduced, the principal and performance of some existing routing protocols are analyzed and compared with their deficiencies pointed out, and then the general research routine of WMN and several related research results of different procedures are analyzed. Afterwards, detailed explanations of some typical routing protocols such as DSDV, DSR and AODV in mobile Ad hoc networks are put forward through analysis on their advantages and disadvantages.
Based on the above, according to the structure and data stream characteristics of backbone WMN, a novel routing protocol HMR(Hybrid Mesh Routing)with a hierarchy structure is given out, which intends to strike a balance between improved delay performance and lower overhead activities by combing the feature of both proactive and on demand routing protocols. In the layered WMN, mesh routers form an infrastructure of WMN and provide wireless access for mesh clients. While with the gateway functionality, the whole network can be connected to the Internet.
Finally simulations are worked out through NS2 software. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has better performances than pure classic routing protocols on average packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and normalized routing load, it’s more applicable and efficient for WMN.
引文
[1] The Working Group for WirelessLAN. http://www.ieee802.org/11/.
[2] IETF Mobile Adhoc Networks Charter. http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ manetcharter.html.
[3] Xiao Yang. Accountability for wireless LANs, ad hoc networks, and wireless mesh networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. Apr2008. 116-126.
[4] I. F. Akyildiz, X. Wang, W. Wang. Wireless mesh networks: a survey. Elsevier Journal of Computer Networks. 2005. Vol. 47: 445-487.
[5]张勇,郭达.无线网状网原理与技术.北京:电子工业出版社.2007.
[6]莫伊(美). 3G无线网络和无线局域网的设计与性能.北京:科学出版社.2007.
[7] Tehuang Liu, Wanjiun Liao. Location-Dependent Network Performance and Design Strategies for Wireless Mesh Networks. The 27th Conference on Computer Communications. INFOCOM. Apr2008. 2243-2251.
[8] Nguyen U T, Jin X. Multicast routing in wireless mesh networks: Minimum cost trees or shortest path trees [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2007.45(11).72-77.
[9] Sedoyeka E, Hunaiti Z. WiMAX Mesh networks for underserved areas. IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications. 2008. 1070-1075.
[10]张彦,罗济军(德),胡宏林.无线网状网:架构、协议与标准.北京:电子工业出版社.2008.
[11] Nortel Networks: Wireless Mesh Network Solution. http://www.nortel networks.com/solutions/wrlsmesh/.
[12] Ashish Raniwala, Tzi-cker Chiueh. Architecture and Algorithms for an IEEE802.11 Based Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network. INFOCOM2005.
[13] http://www.intel.com/update/contents/nc11032.htm. Intel Wireless Mesh Networks website.
[14]北电网络.无线网状网(Wireless Mesh Network)—全新的广域宽带无线接入解决方案.2005.
[15] http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/802.16abwa.html.
[16] http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/Pub/.
[17] http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/P802.20app.html.
[18] Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems. IEEE DRAFT Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks. IEEE802.16e, P802.16Rev2/D0d.Part16. Aug2007.
[19]彭木根,姜涌,王文博.无线数字家庭网络泛在接入技术[J].中兴通讯技术.2008.12(4).41-46.
[20] Ye Yan, Hua Cai, Seung Woo Seo. Performance Analysis of IEEE802.11 Wireless Mesh Networks. IEEE International Conference on 19-23. May2008. 2547-2551.
[21] Ashrfu, Juanoleg. Evaluating routing protocols for the wireless mesh backbone [C]. Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing. Networking and Communications. Oct2007. 40-47.
[22] L.G.Quesada. A Routing Protocol for MANETs. Master thesis. Department of Telematics. Norweigian University of Science and Technology. May2007.
[23] RFC250121999. Mobile Ad hoc Networking(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations [S].
[24] Nilsson A, Johansson P, Korner U. Cross layer routing and medium access control with channel dependant forwarding in wireless ad hoc networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2007. Vol.4396: 73–86.
[25] David B.Johason, David A.Maltz, Coegie Mellon.etal. The dynamic source routing Protocol for mobile adhoc networks(DSR). RFC4728. Feb2007.
[26] Pirzada A.A, Portmann M. High Performance AODV Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks. Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems. Aug2007.
[27] Min Kim, Ilkyeun Ra, Jisang Yoo. QoS Mesh Routing Protocol for IEEE 802.16 based Wireless Mesh Networks. Advanced Communication Technology. ICACT 2008. Vol.1: 812-817.
[28] Min Kim, Ilkyeun Ra, Jisang Yoo. QoS Mesh Routing Protocol for IEEE 802.16 based Wireless Mesh Networks. ICACT. Feb2008.
[29] Waharte S, Ishibashi B, Boulaba R. Performance study of wireless mesh networks routing metrics. Computer Systems and Applications. Apr2008. 1100-1106.
[30] Oh Minseok. A hybrid routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting 2008.
[31] Toham Carine, Jan Francois, Duda Andrze. OLSR enhancement formulti-interface multi-channel ad hoc networks. Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems. Sep2008. 672-677.
[32] Schumacher Andre, Haanpaa Harri, Orponen Pekka. Balanced multi-path source routing. Computer Science Information Networking: Towards Ubiquitous Networking and Services-International Conference. ICOIN2008. 315-324.
[33] Wang Y, Liang T, Yang X. Scalable and effective cluster based routing algorithm using nodes’location for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Information Technology Journal. 2008. Vol.7: 958-971.
[34] Limin Meng, Kai Zhou, Xu Zhijiang. A dynamic clustering routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. International Conference on Wireless Communications. WiCOM2008.
[35] Galera Francisco J, Martinez Juan A, Sanchis Miguel A. Design of a cluster-based peer to peer architecture for MANETs. International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society. 2008. 79-84.
[36] L. Reynaud, U. Javaid. An Efficient Stable Clustering Algorithm for Scalable Mobile Multi-hop Networks. T. M. IEEE CCNC2007.
[37] Hong Lu, Liu S, Anxiao Jiang. A Cross-Layer Design for End-to-End On-Demand Bandwidth Allocation in Infrastructure Wireless Mesh Network. Wireless Algorithms, Systems and Applications. Aug2007. 55-62.
[38] Salleh N.M, Muhammad M, Zakaria M.S. Wireless mesh networks: Cross layer design challenge. Applied Electromagnetics. Dec2007. 1-10.
[39] Shuqun Shen, Guojun Shui. A Cross-Layer Design for Distributed Channel Assignment over Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks. Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems. Nov2008. 209-212.
[40] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC)and Physical Layer(PHY)Specifications. IEEE 802.11 Standard Working Group. REVma/D9.0. Jan2007.
[41] Skalli.H, Ghosh.S, Dass.K. at el. Channel assignment strategies for multi-radio wireless Mesh networks: Issues and solutions [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2007.45(11).86-95.
[42] Zongwu Ke, Layuan Li, Qiang Sun. A QoS Multicast Routing Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks. Eighth ACIS International Conference. Aug2007. Vol.1: 835-840.
[43] Kim Bong Chan, Lee Young, et al. IEEE 802.11-based Wireless MeshNetwork Testbed. Proceedings of 16th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit. Jul2007.
[44] Oyman O, Laneman J N, Sandhu S. Multi-hop relaying for broadband wireless mesh networks: from theory to practice [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2007.45(11). 116-122.
[45] Albini L.C.P, Lima M.N, Brawerman A. Virtual structure effects in two hybrid routing protocols for ad hoc networks. Wireless Pervasive Computing. May2008: 436-440.
[46] Lim Azman Osman, Wang Xudong. A hybrid centralized routing protocol for 802.11s WMNs. Mobile Networks and Applications. Apr2008. Vol.13: 117-131.
[47] Baumann R, Heimlicher S, Plattner B. Routing in Large-Scale Wireless Mesh Networks Using Temperature Fields. IEEE Network. Feb2008. Vol.22: 25-31.
[48] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/index.html. UCB/LBNL/VINT. Network Simulator(NS-2).
[2] IETF Mobile Adhoc Networks Charter. http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ manetcharter.html.
[3] Xiao Yang. Accountability for wireless LANs, ad hoc networks, and wireless mesh networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. Apr2008. 116-126.
[4] I. F. Akyildiz, X. Wang, W. Wang. Wireless mesh networks: a survey. Elsevier Journal of Computer Networks. 2005. Vol. 47: 445-487.
[5]张勇,郭达.无线网状网原理与技术.北京:电子工业出版社.2007.
[6]莫伊(美). 3G无线网络和无线局域网的设计与性能.北京:科学出版社.2007.
[7] Tehuang Liu, Wanjiun Liao. Location-Dependent Network Performance and Design Strategies for Wireless Mesh Networks. The 27th Conference on Computer Communications. INFOCOM. Apr2008. 2243-2251.
[8] Nguyen U T, Jin X. Multicast routing in wireless mesh networks: Minimum cost trees or shortest path trees [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2007.45(11).72-77.
[9] Sedoyeka E, Hunaiti Z. WiMAX Mesh networks for underserved areas. IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications. 2008. 1070-1075.
[10]张彦,罗济军(德),胡宏林.无线网状网:架构、协议与标准.北京:电子工业出版社.2008.
[11] Nortel Networks: Wireless Mesh Network Solution. http://www.nortel networks.com/solutions/wrlsmesh/.
[12] Ashish Raniwala, Tzi-cker Chiueh. Architecture and Algorithms for an IEEE802.11 Based Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network. INFOCOM2005.
[13] http://www.intel.com/update/contents/nc11032.htm. Intel Wireless Mesh Networks website.
[14]北电网络.无线网状网(Wireless Mesh Network)—全新的广域宽带无线接入解决方案.2005.
[15] http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/802.16abwa.html.
[16] http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/Pub/.
[17] http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/P802.20app.html.
[18] Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems. IEEE DRAFT Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks. IEEE802.16e, P802.16Rev2/D0d.Part16. Aug2007.
[19]彭木根,姜涌,王文博.无线数字家庭网络泛在接入技术[J].中兴通讯技术.2008.12(4).41-46.
[20] Ye Yan, Hua Cai, Seung Woo Seo. Performance Analysis of IEEE802.11 Wireless Mesh Networks. IEEE International Conference on 19-23. May2008. 2547-2551.
[21] Ashrfu, Juanoleg. Evaluating routing protocols for the wireless mesh backbone [C]. Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing. Networking and Communications. Oct2007. 40-47.
[22] L.G.Quesada. A Routing Protocol for MANETs. Master thesis. Department of Telematics. Norweigian University of Science and Technology. May2007.
[23] RFC250121999. Mobile Ad hoc Networking(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations [S].
[24] Nilsson A, Johansson P, Korner U. Cross layer routing and medium access control with channel dependant forwarding in wireless ad hoc networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2007. Vol.4396: 73–86.
[25] David B.Johason, David A.Maltz, Coegie Mellon.etal. The dynamic source routing Protocol for mobile adhoc networks(DSR). RFC4728. Feb2007.
[26] Pirzada A.A, Portmann M. High Performance AODV Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks. Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems. Aug2007.
[27] Min Kim, Ilkyeun Ra, Jisang Yoo. QoS Mesh Routing Protocol for IEEE 802.16 based Wireless Mesh Networks. Advanced Communication Technology. ICACT 2008. Vol.1: 812-817.
[28] Min Kim, Ilkyeun Ra, Jisang Yoo. QoS Mesh Routing Protocol for IEEE 802.16 based Wireless Mesh Networks. ICACT. Feb2008.
[29] Waharte S, Ishibashi B, Boulaba R. Performance study of wireless mesh networks routing metrics. Computer Systems and Applications. Apr2008. 1100-1106.
[30] Oh Minseok. A hybrid routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting 2008.
[31] Toham Carine, Jan Francois, Duda Andrze. OLSR enhancement formulti-interface multi-channel ad hoc networks. Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems. Sep2008. 672-677.
[32] Schumacher Andre, Haanpaa Harri, Orponen Pekka. Balanced multi-path source routing. Computer Science Information Networking: Towards Ubiquitous Networking and Services-International Conference. ICOIN2008. 315-324.
[33] Wang Y, Liang T, Yang X. Scalable and effective cluster based routing algorithm using nodes’location for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Information Technology Journal. 2008. Vol.7: 958-971.
[34] Limin Meng, Kai Zhou, Xu Zhijiang. A dynamic clustering routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. International Conference on Wireless Communications. WiCOM2008.
[35] Galera Francisco J, Martinez Juan A, Sanchis Miguel A. Design of a cluster-based peer to peer architecture for MANETs. International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society. 2008. 79-84.
[36] L. Reynaud, U. Javaid. An Efficient Stable Clustering Algorithm for Scalable Mobile Multi-hop Networks. T. M. IEEE CCNC2007.
[37] Hong Lu, Liu S, Anxiao Jiang. A Cross-Layer Design for End-to-End On-Demand Bandwidth Allocation in Infrastructure Wireless Mesh Network. Wireless Algorithms, Systems and Applications. Aug2007. 55-62.
[38] Salleh N.M, Muhammad M, Zakaria M.S. Wireless mesh networks: Cross layer design challenge. Applied Electromagnetics. Dec2007. 1-10.
[39] Shuqun Shen, Guojun Shui. A Cross-Layer Design for Distributed Channel Assignment over Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks. Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems. Nov2008. 209-212.
[40] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC)and Physical Layer(PHY)Specifications. IEEE 802.11 Standard Working Group. REVma/D9.0. Jan2007.
[41] Skalli.H, Ghosh.S, Dass.K. at el. Channel assignment strategies for multi-radio wireless Mesh networks: Issues and solutions [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2007.45(11).86-95.
[42] Zongwu Ke, Layuan Li, Qiang Sun. A QoS Multicast Routing Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks. Eighth ACIS International Conference. Aug2007. Vol.1: 835-840.
[43] Kim Bong Chan, Lee Young, et al. IEEE 802.11-based Wireless MeshNetwork Testbed. Proceedings of 16th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit. Jul2007.
[44] Oyman O, Laneman J N, Sandhu S. Multi-hop relaying for broadband wireless mesh networks: from theory to practice [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2007.45(11). 116-122.
[45] Albini L.C.P, Lima M.N, Brawerman A. Virtual structure effects in two hybrid routing protocols for ad hoc networks. Wireless Pervasive Computing. May2008: 436-440.
[46] Lim Azman Osman, Wang Xudong. A hybrid centralized routing protocol for 802.11s WMNs. Mobile Networks and Applications. Apr2008. Vol.13: 117-131.
[47] Baumann R, Heimlicher S, Plattner B. Routing in Large-Scale Wireless Mesh Networks Using Temperature Fields. IEEE Network. Feb2008. Vol.22: 25-31.
[48] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/index.html. UCB/LBNL/VINT. Network Simulator(NS-2).