宽带宽角有源相控阵天线单元研究
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摘要
由于第四代战斗机多方面的作战需要,宽带宽角有源相控阵天线技术成为研究的必然趋势。宽带宽角有源相控阵天线是共享孔径大空域扫描天线系统,是第四代机载雷达研制的关键技术。本文密切结合协作方“宽带宽角有源相控阵天线”研究课题,系统地研究了宽工作频带、宽扫描角度有源相控阵天线单元的分析与设计,并重点对锥形开槽天线进行了分析,提出了一种具备宽带宽角特性的介质切口、带状线阶梯锥形开槽天线。作者的主要工作和研究成果可概括为以下几个方面:
1.针对常规vivaldi天线存在的后向辐射大、主辐射方向增益低的缺点,提出通过优化常规vivaldi天线贴片形式的方法,得到一种增益表现稳定的改进型vivaldi天线。设计并制作了一付工作在6-18GHz的改进型vivaldi天线,并对其电性能进行了实际测试。测试结果表明,在整个工作频带内,改进型vivaldi天线的增益比常规vivaldi天线增益有显著提高。
2.在常规线性锥形开槽天线形式的基础上,研制了一种小型化宽带宽角线性锥形开槽天线。通过采用独特的导体贴片开缝结构和导体边沿曲线化处理方式,使天线单元具备宽工作频带、宽波束宽度特性。实测结果显示,在工作频带内(8.2-14.5GHz)天线单元的电压驻波比小于2,主工作频带内(10.5-12.6GHz)半功率波束宽度达到120°。
3.将孤立状态天线单元方向图与描述单元阵列扫描特性的有源反射系数相结合,提出了一种间接、快速、精确推导阵中有效单元方向图的方法,该方法在很大程度上提高了天线设计效率和成功率。
4.以锥形开槽天线为研究对象,深入分析了该种天线单元在有源相控阵中的阻抗特性和辐射特性,在此基础上设计了一种具备宽带宽角特性的介质切口、带状线阶梯锥形开槽天线,并实际测试天线单元在169元阵中的特性。测试结果表明天线在8-12GHz的工作频带内电压驻波比小于1.6,在8-10GHz频带范围内半功率波束宽度均大于100°,同时,交叉极化电平基本低于-20dB,出色地完成了“宽带宽角有源相控阵天线”天线单元的设计工作。
5.针对电子对抗方面对共形阵列方向图提出的特殊要求,使用以实数遗传算法为主体、结合简化二次插值算法的混合遗传算法对宽带宽角圆柱共形阵列的辐射特性参数进行分析和优化。计及有限长圆柱上共形分布的天线单元间特定的电磁耦合,通过幅度加权优化,获得了具有指定副瓣电平及“波陷”区域的共形阵列方向图。
6.建立X型极化分集系统的互耦分析模型,推导天线单元平均接收功率以及空域相关系数的解析式,由此分析天线间互耦与来波平均到达角对天线单元平均接收功率及其信道容量等的影响,结果指出互耦降低了MIMO极化分集系统中天线单元平均接收功率及其信道容量。
7.基于X型极化分集系统的互耦分析模型,综合考虑了天线部分和电路部分互耦对X型极化分集系统的影响。分析表明系统耦合虽然会提高信号信道的相关性,但同时也可以降低信道平均接收功率比,从而提高系统的极化分集增益。文中同时指出交叉极化鉴别度τ对系统性能影响显著。
To suffice the general-purpose demands of the forth generation combat aircraft, it is inevitable that the antenna technique of wide-band and wide-angle Active Electrically Scanned Array (AESA) is of concerned. The antenna of the wide-band and wide-angle AESA is the system of co-aperture and board airspace scanning, and is the pivotal technique of the forth generation airborne radar. Associated tightly to a "Wide-band and Wide-angle Active Electrically Scanned Array Antenna" Pre-research project, this dissertation presents a systematic investigation on the analysis and design of the antenna elements of the wide-band and wide-angle AESA, tapered slot antenna (TSA) is discussed emphatically, and a modified design of Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA) is demonstrated with the character of wide-band and wide-angle radiation. The author's major contributions on the subject can be summarized as follows:
1. Great back-radiation and low gain in the main-direction are shown in the routine form of vivaldi antenna. A modified vivaldi antenna possessing stable gain appearance, is proposed by optimizing the shape of the regular vivaldi antenna patch. An improved vivaldi antenna operating at the bandwidth of 6-18GHz is designed and fabricated, and the test on the electronical characters of modified antenna is presented. Contrast with routine vivaldi antenna, the gain of modified antenna has been promoted prominently at the whole bandwidth.
2. Based on regular Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA), a modified design of LTSA is demonstrated for miniaturization wide-band wide-angle radiation. The proposed antenna is optimized by wizardly grooves and notches on the patch for wide-band wide-angle radiation. Measured results show that the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of proposed antenna is below 2 at the operation frequency (8.2～14.5GHz) and the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of modified miniature antenna achieves 120°at the main frequency (10.5～12.6GHz).
3. An indirect, fast and accurate method to induce the active element pattern is investigated by combining single antenna pattern and active reflective coefficient which shows the element scanning character in the array. Proposed method is capable of enhancing the efficiency and succeeds in the antenna design.
4. The impedance and radiation characters in the AESA of Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA) are deeply investigated, and a dielectric-cut, stripline step tapered slot antenna is proposed. Test results of 169 elements array demonstrate that proposed antenna possesses perfect wide-band and wide-angle radiation characters. Measured element VSWR in the array is less than 1.6 at the frequency of 8～12GHz, the HPBW is wider than 100 degrees at the frequency of 8～10GHz, and the cross-polarization is lower than -20dB. The Pre-project of "Wide-band and Wide-angle Active Electrically Scanned Array Antenna" is completed excellently.
5. For the Electronical Antagonism demands of conformal antenna array, the radiation parameters of conformal antenna array are synthesized and optimized using a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), which combines the real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) and the simplified quadratic interpolation (SQI) method. By analyzing the mutual coupling effects on the individual element patterns and synthesizing amplitude weights of the elements, the perfect patterns are obtained which have appointed sidelobe level and "wave-null" zones.
6. A useful model for analyzing mutual coupling (MC) of X-type polarization diversity system is propounded. Thus the analytical expressions for both the average received power for each antenna element and spatial correlation between elements are also derived, and the effects of both MC and the mean Direction of Arrival (DOA) on the average power and capacity of MIMO wireless channels are investigated. Analysis results show that MC decrease the average received power of each elements and channel capacity in the MIMO polarization diversity system.
7. Mutual coupling (MC) analysis model of X-type polarization diversity system is proposed, the effects of MC both of antennas and circuit on performance of system are investigated. To consider MC, it is not only increasing the correlation for polarization diversity system, but decreasing the ratio of received average power and improving the system polarization diversity gain. The paper also presents that cross-polarization differentiated gradeτhas the great effects on the system performance.
1.针对常规vivaldi天线存在的后向辐射大、主辐射方向增益低的缺点,提出通过优化常规vivaldi天线贴片形式的方法,得到一种增益表现稳定的改进型vivaldi天线。设计并制作了一付工作在6-18GHz的改进型vivaldi天线,并对其电性能进行了实际测试。测试结果表明,在整个工作频带内,改进型vivaldi天线的增益比常规vivaldi天线增益有显著提高。
2.在常规线性锥形开槽天线形式的基础上,研制了一种小型化宽带宽角线性锥形开槽天线。通过采用独特的导体贴片开缝结构和导体边沿曲线化处理方式,使天线单元具备宽工作频带、宽波束宽度特性。实测结果显示,在工作频带内(8.2-14.5GHz)天线单元的电压驻波比小于2,主工作频带内(10.5-12.6GHz)半功率波束宽度达到120°。
3.将孤立状态天线单元方向图与描述单元阵列扫描特性的有源反射系数相结合,提出了一种间接、快速、精确推导阵中有效单元方向图的方法,该方法在很大程度上提高了天线设计效率和成功率。
4.以锥形开槽天线为研究对象,深入分析了该种天线单元在有源相控阵中的阻抗特性和辐射特性,在此基础上设计了一种具备宽带宽角特性的介质切口、带状线阶梯锥形开槽天线,并实际测试天线单元在169元阵中的特性。测试结果表明天线在8-12GHz的工作频带内电压驻波比小于1.6,在8-10GHz频带范围内半功率波束宽度均大于100°,同时,交叉极化电平基本低于-20dB,出色地完成了“宽带宽角有源相控阵天线”天线单元的设计工作。
5.针对电子对抗方面对共形阵列方向图提出的特殊要求,使用以实数遗传算法为主体、结合简化二次插值算法的混合遗传算法对宽带宽角圆柱共形阵列的辐射特性参数进行分析和优化。计及有限长圆柱上共形分布的天线单元间特定的电磁耦合,通过幅度加权优化,获得了具有指定副瓣电平及“波陷”区域的共形阵列方向图。
6.建立X型极化分集系统的互耦分析模型,推导天线单元平均接收功率以及空域相关系数的解析式,由此分析天线间互耦与来波平均到达角对天线单元平均接收功率及其信道容量等的影响,结果指出互耦降低了MIMO极化分集系统中天线单元平均接收功率及其信道容量。
7.基于X型极化分集系统的互耦分析模型,综合考虑了天线部分和电路部分互耦对X型极化分集系统的影响。分析表明系统耦合虽然会提高信号信道的相关性,但同时也可以降低信道平均接收功率比,从而提高系统的极化分集增益。文中同时指出交叉极化鉴别度τ对系统性能影响显著。
To suffice the general-purpose demands of the forth generation combat aircraft, it is inevitable that the antenna technique of wide-band and wide-angle Active Electrically Scanned Array (AESA) is of concerned. The antenna of the wide-band and wide-angle AESA is the system of co-aperture and board airspace scanning, and is the pivotal technique of the forth generation airborne radar. Associated tightly to a "Wide-band and Wide-angle Active Electrically Scanned Array Antenna" Pre-research project, this dissertation presents a systematic investigation on the analysis and design of the antenna elements of the wide-band and wide-angle AESA, tapered slot antenna (TSA) is discussed emphatically, and a modified design of Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA) is demonstrated with the character of wide-band and wide-angle radiation. The author's major contributions on the subject can be summarized as follows:
1. Great back-radiation and low gain in the main-direction are shown in the routine form of vivaldi antenna. A modified vivaldi antenna possessing stable gain appearance, is proposed by optimizing the shape of the regular vivaldi antenna patch. An improved vivaldi antenna operating at the bandwidth of 6-18GHz is designed and fabricated, and the test on the electronical characters of modified antenna is presented. Contrast with routine vivaldi antenna, the gain of modified antenna has been promoted prominently at the whole bandwidth.
2. Based on regular Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA), a modified design of LTSA is demonstrated for miniaturization wide-band wide-angle radiation. The proposed antenna is optimized by wizardly grooves and notches on the patch for wide-band wide-angle radiation. Measured results show that the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of proposed antenna is below 2 at the operation frequency (8.2～14.5GHz) and the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of modified miniature antenna achieves 120°at the main frequency (10.5～12.6GHz).
3. An indirect, fast and accurate method to induce the active element pattern is investigated by combining single antenna pattern and active reflective coefficient which shows the element scanning character in the array. Proposed method is capable of enhancing the efficiency and succeeds in the antenna design.
4. The impedance and radiation characters in the AESA of Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (LTSA) are deeply investigated, and a dielectric-cut, stripline step tapered slot antenna is proposed. Test results of 169 elements array demonstrate that proposed antenna possesses perfect wide-band and wide-angle radiation characters. Measured element VSWR in the array is less than 1.6 at the frequency of 8～12GHz, the HPBW is wider than 100 degrees at the frequency of 8～10GHz, and the cross-polarization is lower than -20dB. The Pre-project of "Wide-band and Wide-angle Active Electrically Scanned Array Antenna" is completed excellently.
5. For the Electronical Antagonism demands of conformal antenna array, the radiation parameters of conformal antenna array are synthesized and optimized using a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), which combines the real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) and the simplified quadratic interpolation (SQI) method. By analyzing the mutual coupling effects on the individual element patterns and synthesizing amplitude weights of the elements, the perfect patterns are obtained which have appointed sidelobe level and "wave-null" zones.
6. A useful model for analyzing mutual coupling (MC) of X-type polarization diversity system is propounded. Thus the analytical expressions for both the average received power for each antenna element and spatial correlation between elements are also derived, and the effects of both MC and the mean Direction of Arrival (DOA) on the average power and capacity of MIMO wireless channels are investigated. Analysis results show that MC decrease the average received power of each elements and channel capacity in the MIMO polarization diversity system.
7. Mutual coupling (MC) analysis model of X-type polarization diversity system is proposed, the effects of MC both of antennas and circuit on performance of system are investigated. To consider MC, it is not only increasing the correlation for polarization diversity system, but decreasing the ratio of received average power and improving the system polarization diversity gain. The paper also presents that cross-polarization differentiated gradeτhas the great effects on the system performance.
引文
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