海岸带网箱养殖环境容量研究
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摘要
随着人类对水产品需求的增加以及养殖技术的不断提高和改进,海洋水产养殖业在世界范围内获得迅猛发展。海水养殖业的快速发展也带来了一些值得注意的问题,如环境污染、种质退化、病害泛滥等。环境污染已经成为日益突出、遍及全球的问题,也是目前制约世界水产养殖业进一步发展的问题。在这种情况下,如何使养殖生产保持可持续的发展,养殖环境容量研究成为刻不容缓的研究课题。
本文在对养殖污染负荷确定基础上,从环境保护角度,对养殖环境容量的研究进行了探讨。通过数值实验研究,得出了一些新的认识,主要研究成果和主要结论包括以下几方面:
1.对网箱养殖污染负荷的确定方法进行了分析与比较,针对国内投喂鲜活饵料进行网箱养殖的现状,提出基于干物质转化率的养殖污染负荷确定方法。并通过静态释放对研究海域养殖区底部营养盐的释放进行估算。养殖过程产生的氮磷负荷总量分别为308kg/t和58.7kg/t,通过分子扩散进入到水体中的活性磷酸盐和无机氮分别为0.034mg/m~2·d和0.32mg/m~2·d。
2.对影响沉积物再悬浮的影响因素进行了分析,对养殖区底部沉积物中的营养盐通过再悬浮过程的释放量进行了估算,完善了养殖污染负荷的确定,对养殖面源的确定提供了一种新的思路。胶南琅琊湾网箱养殖区底部氮磷再悬浮释放量分别为5.73×10~(-4)kg/s和2.09×10~(-4)kg/s。
3.应用拉格朗日粒子追踪模型对网箱养殖产生的颗粒物的运动轨迹进行了模拟,对其影响范围进行了预测。结果表明:养殖产生颗粒物的影响范围主要在养殖区周围,其影响是局部的,但却是累积性的。
4.将构建的养殖环境容量研究模型应用于胶南琅琊湾深水网箱养殖,当养殖规模扩大到现有规模的三倍时,氮磷浓度增量分别为0.25mg/L和0.03mg/L,叠加本底浓度后,超出二类水质标准。单位面积的氮排放量不能超过2.42t/a,磷排放量不能超过0.28t/a,否则将超出其养殖环境容量。
5.对海岸带水产养殖的可持续发展提出了环境管理对策与建议。应该以减少资源浪费和环境污染为出发点,提高养殖技术,推广综合养殖,加大养殖环境容量研究力度,并对已破坏的养殖环境进行修复等方面开展工作,为可持续养殖管理提供有力支持。
最后,指出在目前的研究中存在的问题,建议今后在进行养殖环境容量的研究中,应当在水体—沉积环境中各环境因子之间的相互关系方面,在动态养殖生态系统模型研究等方面做更深入的研究。
Marine aquaculture has been practiced for many years and further development is expected in the coming decade in many parts of the world. Marine aquaculture can provide high quality proteins for human beings. With the rapid development of marine aquaculture, many problems appeared, such as environmental pollution, breakout of diseases, etc. Deteriorated environment could result in harmful feedback that may have severe adverse impacts on the marine ecosystem as well as on aquaculture itself. The sustainable aquaculture development will be hampered by environmental pollution. Concerns have been raised about the problem. For the sustainable development of aquaculture, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollutant loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Research on aquaculture environmental carrying capacity have become an urgent problem.
From the viewpoint of environmental protection, models have been built in order to determine the aquaculture environmental carrying capacity. Significant results have been achieved as follows:
1.Different nutrient loading analysis methods were discussed. In trash fish culturing areas,more waste will be generated because of the lower utilization of feed. A dry matter convertion rate based nutrient loadings analysis method has been developed in this paper instead of traditional food conversion rate. Nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from cage culturing was 308kg/t and 58.7kg/t respectively.The results indicate that it is more critical in trash fish culturing areas. Static release of nutrients from the bottom of the culturing areas has been determined by Fick’s First Law. Nitrogen and phosphorus entering the system through molecule diffusion was 0.034mg/m~2·d and 0.32mg/m~2·d.
2.Factors that will affect the resuspension of sediment were analyzed. Nutrient releases through sediment resuspension was calculated when the bottom shear stress exceeds the critical shear stress for erosion. The nitrogen and phosphorus released from sediment resuspension in Jiaonan Langya Bay offshore cage culturing area were 5.73×10~(-4)kg/s and 2.09×10~(-4)kg/s, respectively. It is helpful to systematically analyze the nutrient loadings from cage aquaculture. It is a new idea for the determination of non-point source from marine aquaculture.
3.Lagrangian particle tracking model is presented in the present paper. The advantages of particle model is that it can reduce the impacts of grid size.The movement of faecal particles from cage culturing has been simulated by the tracking model. The results show that the impact from particulate organic is around the culturing area, the environmental impact is local but it is accumulative.
4.Models for aquaculture environmental carrying capacity were applied in offshore cage culturing of Langya Bay, Jiaonan. The concentration increases of nitrogen and phosphorus are 0.25 mg/l and 0.03mg/l respectively when the culturing area increases upto 3 times of the present scope. The maximum nitrogen discharge amount from cage culture should be less than 2.42t/a, while phosphorus should be less than 0.28 t/a. Otherwise it will exceed the environmental capacity, environmental pollution will appear. The environmental carrying capacity results can provide useful information for the management of aquaculture industry.
5.Suggestions and recommendations for sustainable coastal aquaculture development are given. Aquaculture management should be integrated into coastal management. Research on integrated culturing technology, environmental carrying capacity, high quality fish feed development, environmental recoverying technology and so on will help to keep a sustainable aquaculture management.
A lot of research on the relationship between aquaculture and the environment is still needed. It is better to be aware of other environmental parameters between the water-sediment interfaces. The development of ecological dynamic models for culturing system will help to provide more accurate message.
本文在对养殖污染负荷确定基础上,从环境保护角度,对养殖环境容量的研究进行了探讨。通过数值实验研究,得出了一些新的认识,主要研究成果和主要结论包括以下几方面:
1.对网箱养殖污染负荷的确定方法进行了分析与比较,针对国内投喂鲜活饵料进行网箱养殖的现状,提出基于干物质转化率的养殖污染负荷确定方法。并通过静态释放对研究海域养殖区底部营养盐的释放进行估算。养殖过程产生的氮磷负荷总量分别为308kg/t和58.7kg/t,通过分子扩散进入到水体中的活性磷酸盐和无机氮分别为0.034mg/m~2·d和0.32mg/m~2·d。
2.对影响沉积物再悬浮的影响因素进行了分析,对养殖区底部沉积物中的营养盐通过再悬浮过程的释放量进行了估算,完善了养殖污染负荷的确定,对养殖面源的确定提供了一种新的思路。胶南琅琊湾网箱养殖区底部氮磷再悬浮释放量分别为5.73×10~(-4)kg/s和2.09×10~(-4)kg/s。
3.应用拉格朗日粒子追踪模型对网箱养殖产生的颗粒物的运动轨迹进行了模拟,对其影响范围进行了预测。结果表明:养殖产生颗粒物的影响范围主要在养殖区周围,其影响是局部的,但却是累积性的。
4.将构建的养殖环境容量研究模型应用于胶南琅琊湾深水网箱养殖,当养殖规模扩大到现有规模的三倍时,氮磷浓度增量分别为0.25mg/L和0.03mg/L,叠加本底浓度后,超出二类水质标准。单位面积的氮排放量不能超过2.42t/a,磷排放量不能超过0.28t/a,否则将超出其养殖环境容量。
5.对海岸带水产养殖的可持续发展提出了环境管理对策与建议。应该以减少资源浪费和环境污染为出发点,提高养殖技术,推广综合养殖,加大养殖环境容量研究力度,并对已破坏的养殖环境进行修复等方面开展工作,为可持续养殖管理提供有力支持。
最后,指出在目前的研究中存在的问题,建议今后在进行养殖环境容量的研究中,应当在水体—沉积环境中各环境因子之间的相互关系方面,在动态养殖生态系统模型研究等方面做更深入的研究。
Marine aquaculture has been practiced for many years and further development is expected in the coming decade in many parts of the world. Marine aquaculture can provide high quality proteins for human beings. With the rapid development of marine aquaculture, many problems appeared, such as environmental pollution, breakout of diseases, etc. Deteriorated environment could result in harmful feedback that may have severe adverse impacts on the marine ecosystem as well as on aquaculture itself. The sustainable aquaculture development will be hampered by environmental pollution. Concerns have been raised about the problem. For the sustainable development of aquaculture, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollutant loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Research on aquaculture environmental carrying capacity have become an urgent problem.
From the viewpoint of environmental protection, models have been built in order to determine the aquaculture environmental carrying capacity. Significant results have been achieved as follows:
1.Different nutrient loading analysis methods were discussed. In trash fish culturing areas,more waste will be generated because of the lower utilization of feed. A dry matter convertion rate based nutrient loadings analysis method has been developed in this paper instead of traditional food conversion rate. Nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from cage culturing was 308kg/t and 58.7kg/t respectively.The results indicate that it is more critical in trash fish culturing areas. Static release of nutrients from the bottom of the culturing areas has been determined by Fick’s First Law. Nitrogen and phosphorus entering the system through molecule diffusion was 0.034mg/m~2·d and 0.32mg/m~2·d.
2.Factors that will affect the resuspension of sediment were analyzed. Nutrient releases through sediment resuspension was calculated when the bottom shear stress exceeds the critical shear stress for erosion. The nitrogen and phosphorus released from sediment resuspension in Jiaonan Langya Bay offshore cage culturing area were 5.73×10~(-4)kg/s and 2.09×10~(-4)kg/s, respectively. It is helpful to systematically analyze the nutrient loadings from cage aquaculture. It is a new idea for the determination of non-point source from marine aquaculture.
3.Lagrangian particle tracking model is presented in the present paper. The advantages of particle model is that it can reduce the impacts of grid size.The movement of faecal particles from cage culturing has been simulated by the tracking model. The results show that the impact from particulate organic is around the culturing area, the environmental impact is local but it is accumulative.
4.Models for aquaculture environmental carrying capacity were applied in offshore cage culturing of Langya Bay, Jiaonan. The concentration increases of nitrogen and phosphorus are 0.25 mg/l and 0.03mg/l respectively when the culturing area increases upto 3 times of the present scope. The maximum nitrogen discharge amount from cage culture should be less than 2.42t/a, while phosphorus should be less than 0.28 t/a. Otherwise it will exceed the environmental capacity, environmental pollution will appear. The environmental carrying capacity results can provide useful information for the management of aquaculture industry.
5.Suggestions and recommendations for sustainable coastal aquaculture development are given. Aquaculture management should be integrated into coastal management. Research on integrated culturing technology, environmental carrying capacity, high quality fish feed development, environmental recoverying technology and so on will help to keep a sustainable aquaculture management.
A lot of research on the relationship between aquaculture and the environment is still needed. It is better to be aware of other environmental parameters between the water-sediment interfaces. The development of ecological dynamic models for culturing system will help to provide more accurate message.
引文
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