猕猴桃种内与种间杂交亲和性与花粉直感研究
摘要
花粉果实直感的研究在猕猴桃树种上具有重要意义。因猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)是雌雄异株,且雄株不结果,雄株影响果实的性状可通过花粉直感现象表现。其二,猕猴桃花粉果实直感现象的研究有助于猕猴桃杂交育种的亲本(父本)选择。其三,对同一个母本,不同的父本来说,后代果实的品质是优还是劣,可通过花粉果实直感来判断是否是优良的雄株。猕猴桃花粉的传播主要靠昆虫和风力,若授粉受精不良,会出现果实大小不匀、畸形果率增加,导致产量与品质显著降低,直接影响到果实的商品价值。所以,选择花期一致、花粉量大、生活力与亲和性强、花粉直感优的雄性品种,是提高猕猴桃品质和产量的关键技术,因此,研究猕猴桃的花粉果实直感效应及适配性栽植具有重要的理论和实际意义。
为了进一步研究猕猴桃的花粉果实直感效应及适配性,该研究选用生产上常用美味猕猴桃种(马图阿、秦雄401、米良),中华猕猴桃种(红阳、金阳、金农2号、楚源M4、湘平83-3、魁密、金魁)以及狗枣猕猴桃的雄株父本,以中华猕猴桃种(红阳、金阳、金农2号、红阳、金丰、江元1号、早鲜、金魁、魁密),美味猕猴桃种(海沃德、秦美以及米良)的雌株为母本进行人工杂交,旨在研究不同种间及品种间花粉亲和性以及果实的直感效应,以便为猕猴桃育种、生产上授粉树的配置、果实品质与产量的提高提供科学依据。主要结果如下。
1.通过对美味猕猴桃雄株(马图阿、秦雄401、米良),中华猕猴桃种(红阳、金阳、金农2号、红阳、金丰、江元1号、早鲜、金魁、魁密)以及狗枣雄株花粉活力的观察发现,不同种间的花粉生活力差异明显,三个种中狗枣猕猴桃的花粉活力最低,萌发率为31%;其次是中华猕猴桃种内的三个品种,花粉萌发率平均为75%;美味猕猴桃种内的三个品种花粉萌发率最高,平均为84%。而同种不同品种间的花粉生活力差异不明显。
2.通过对猕猴桃不同种以及种内的杂交亲和性及坐果率研究,发现猕猴桃不同种的杂交亲和性及坐果率小于种内的亲和性,而种内的不同品种的亲和性与坐果率也存在着差异。狗枣猕猴桃花粉授于中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃柱头上,亲和性与坐果率较低,亲和指数分别为229.8和245.0左右。坐果率分别为21.11%和17.18%左右。以中华猕猴桃3个雄株与美味猕猴桃的2个雌株分别进行杂交,亲和性高,坐果率平均为90%左右。试验证明了亲和指数在300以下的亲和性低,在300-600之间为亲和性中等,在601以上的为亲和性高。试验同时也证明美味猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃亲缘关系较近,而两者与狗枣猕猴桃亲缘关系较远。同时试验证明了人工授粉的坐果率明显高于自然授粉的坐果率。
3本实验选用马图阿、秦雄401、红阳、金阳、狗枣为父本,海沃德、秦美、金阳,红阳做母本,以自然授粉为对照,设立16个授粉组合,主要观察猕猴桃的花粉果实直感效应,在果实外观品质上进行了单果重等7个性状的统计分析,结果表明果实的单果重、纵径、横径大小、果实形状、硬度均存在花粉直感现象,果实有无绒毛花粉直感现象不明显。在果实的内在品质上主要进行了可溶性固形物含量等6个指标进行分析,结果表明可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、Vc、果肉颜色及胎座形状均存在花粉直感效应,试验证明了不同父本与同一母本或同一父本与不同母本杂交时花粉对果实的外在品质和内在品质均有很大影响。
4.本试验同时进行了花粉种子直感现象的研究,同一父本不同母本或者同一母本不同父本进行杂交,种子数、种子形状和颜色存在花粉直感效应,颜色和表面特征花粉直感效应不明显,特征不易观察。
5通过对花粉活力、亲和性、花粉直感效应的综合研究分析,以确定与各雌性品种花期相遇的适配雄株。结果表明,猕猴桃种内授粉无论在花粉活力、亲和性、花粉直感效应方面均比种间效果好,而种内海沃德以马吐阿、秦雄401为授粉树最佳。秦美以马吐阿、秦雄401为授粉树最佳。红阳以红阳与金阳为授粉树最佳。金阳以红阳与金阳为授粉树最佳。试验中也发现狗枣作为授粉树无论与海沃德、秦美、红阳以及金阳杂交可使当代果实Vc含量提高,这在高Vc猕猴桃品种育种上具有一定的利用价值。
Research on metaxenia effect of the pollen in kiwifruit trees is of great importance.Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is dioecious, and male plants do not fruit, male plants’effect on the traits of the fruit could be manifested through the phenomenon by Xenia performance metaxenia effect of the pollen.Second, Research on metaxenia effect of the pollen in kiwifruit trees helps to select kiwi parents (paternal) trees in cross breeding.Third,for one female parent with different male parent plants, the descendants’s fruit quality could be judged through the metaxenia effect of the pollen on the basis that whether the fruit is excellent male plant.Kiwifruit pollen spread is mainly relied on insects and wind,poor pollination and fertilization would result in uneven fruit size, increased deformed fruit risk,low yield and quality, and directly affect the value of fruit products.So, choosing male plants with the same Florescence,large pollen volume,strong viability and accessibility, excellent metaxenia effect is key point to improve the quality and yield of kiwifruit. therefore the study of the metaxenia effect of pollen in kiwi fruit direct effects and the suitability have important theoretical and practical significance.To further study the metaxenia effect of pollen in kiwifruit and their suitability.Male plants (Meiwei,Actinidia chinensis and Gouzao) that commonly used in the production are hybridized with female plant of meiweimihoutao(Haowode、QinMei and MiLiang)to study pollen compatibility between different species and varieties and the metaxenia effect of pollen and provide scientific evidence for kiwifruit breeding, production, arrangement of pollination trees,and the improvement of fruit quality and yield.The main results are as follows.
1 After observing plant pollen viability of Deliciosa male plant(Matua、Qinsong401、Miliang),Actinidia Chinensis(HongYang、JinYang、JinNong2hao、HongYang、JinFeng、JiangYuan1hao、ZaoXian、JinKui、KuiMi)and Kolomikta male plants. It was found that pollen viability between different species are significantly different.Among thr three species,actinidia kolomicta had the lowest pollen viability,its germination rate was 31%;followed by the three intra species of actinidia chinensis,their even pollen germination rate was 75%; the three intra species of actinidia deliciosa had the highest pollen germination rate at 84% on average. However,pollen viability of different varieties that belong to same species is not significant.
2 By studying intraspecific and interspecific hybridization affinity and fruit set rate between different species of kiwifruit, it was found that intraspecific hybridization showed less hybridization affinity and fruit set rate than interspecific hybridization . Differences also existed between the plants which belong to the same species. Low affinity and fruit set rate was observed when the pollen from actinidia kolomicta was pollinated to the stigma of actinidia chinensis and actinidia deliciosa, and the affinity index were 229.8 and 245.0 respectively, and the fruit set rate were 21.11% and 17.18%. Three male plants which belong to actinidia chinensis were hybridize with two female plants which belong to actinidia deliciosa. They showed high affinity and their average fruit set rate was about 90%.The experiment proved that affinity index below 300 were affinity low;between 300-600 were affinity medium; more than 601were affinity high. The experiment also proved that actinidia deliciosa and actinidia chinensis are genetically close; Fruit set rate by artificial pollination was significantly higher than natural pollination.
3 The experiment used Matua、QinXiong401、HongYang、JinYang、GouZao as paternal parent,and used Haiwode、Qinmei、Jinyang,Hongyangas maternal parent. Natural pollination was used as control group,16 pollination combination were established to observe the metaxenia effect. 7 traits which related to the appearance and quality of fruit were analyzed. The result showed that single fruit weight, longitudinal diameter , transverse diameter, fruit shape and their hardness all had metaxenia effect. Fruit with or without villi did not show obvious metaxenia effect. six indicators were analyzed to assess the internal quality of fruit.The results show that the soluble solids, titratable acidity Vc,flesh color and placenta shapes all had metaxenia effect. However, great difference existed among the metaxenia effect on the internal quality of fruit. The study proved that same female parent with different male parent or same male parent with different female parent placed showed great metaxenia effect on the internal quality of fruit.
4 Study on metaxenia effect of pollen seeds were also carried out, same female parent were hybridized with different male parent or same male parent were hybridized with different female parent. Seed’s shape and color showed metaxenia effect,whereas color and surface characteristics showed less evident metaxenia effect and unease to observe.
5 By Kiwifruit affinity Xenia studied to determine the species with the female adapter male plants flowering encounter. The results show that Date is not Actinidiag and Actinidia deliciosa male plant adaptation,Hayward fit male plants first to matua, followed by QinXiong401,Hong-Yang, JinYang,JinNong 2hao;Qinmeimale adapter for the Qinxiong401 male plants first,followed by matua, hongyang, jinyang,Jin Nong 2hao;HongYang fit male plants first,followed by JinYang、Jin Nong 2hao;Jinyang fit for the male plants first, followed by Hong-Yang、Jin Nong 2hao;
为了进一步研究猕猴桃的花粉果实直感效应及适配性,该研究选用生产上常用美味猕猴桃种(马图阿、秦雄401、米良),中华猕猴桃种(红阳、金阳、金农2号、楚源M4、湘平83-3、魁密、金魁)以及狗枣猕猴桃的雄株父本,以中华猕猴桃种(红阳、金阳、金农2号、红阳、金丰、江元1号、早鲜、金魁、魁密),美味猕猴桃种(海沃德、秦美以及米良)的雌株为母本进行人工杂交,旨在研究不同种间及品种间花粉亲和性以及果实的直感效应,以便为猕猴桃育种、生产上授粉树的配置、果实品质与产量的提高提供科学依据。主要结果如下。
1.通过对美味猕猴桃雄株(马图阿、秦雄401、米良),中华猕猴桃种(红阳、金阳、金农2号、红阳、金丰、江元1号、早鲜、金魁、魁密)以及狗枣雄株花粉活力的观察发现,不同种间的花粉生活力差异明显,三个种中狗枣猕猴桃的花粉活力最低,萌发率为31%;其次是中华猕猴桃种内的三个品种,花粉萌发率平均为75%;美味猕猴桃种内的三个品种花粉萌发率最高,平均为84%。而同种不同品种间的花粉生活力差异不明显。
2.通过对猕猴桃不同种以及种内的杂交亲和性及坐果率研究,发现猕猴桃不同种的杂交亲和性及坐果率小于种内的亲和性,而种内的不同品种的亲和性与坐果率也存在着差异。狗枣猕猴桃花粉授于中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃柱头上,亲和性与坐果率较低,亲和指数分别为229.8和245.0左右。坐果率分别为21.11%和17.18%左右。以中华猕猴桃3个雄株与美味猕猴桃的2个雌株分别进行杂交,亲和性高,坐果率平均为90%左右。试验证明了亲和指数在300以下的亲和性低,在300-600之间为亲和性中等,在601以上的为亲和性高。试验同时也证明美味猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃亲缘关系较近,而两者与狗枣猕猴桃亲缘关系较远。同时试验证明了人工授粉的坐果率明显高于自然授粉的坐果率。
3本实验选用马图阿、秦雄401、红阳、金阳、狗枣为父本,海沃德、秦美、金阳,红阳做母本,以自然授粉为对照,设立16个授粉组合,主要观察猕猴桃的花粉果实直感效应,在果实外观品质上进行了单果重等7个性状的统计分析,结果表明果实的单果重、纵径、横径大小、果实形状、硬度均存在花粉直感现象,果实有无绒毛花粉直感现象不明显。在果实的内在品质上主要进行了可溶性固形物含量等6个指标进行分析,结果表明可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、Vc、果肉颜色及胎座形状均存在花粉直感效应,试验证明了不同父本与同一母本或同一父本与不同母本杂交时花粉对果实的外在品质和内在品质均有很大影响。
4.本试验同时进行了花粉种子直感现象的研究,同一父本不同母本或者同一母本不同父本进行杂交,种子数、种子形状和颜色存在花粉直感效应,颜色和表面特征花粉直感效应不明显,特征不易观察。
5通过对花粉活力、亲和性、花粉直感效应的综合研究分析,以确定与各雌性品种花期相遇的适配雄株。结果表明,猕猴桃种内授粉无论在花粉活力、亲和性、花粉直感效应方面均比种间效果好,而种内海沃德以马吐阿、秦雄401为授粉树最佳。秦美以马吐阿、秦雄401为授粉树最佳。红阳以红阳与金阳为授粉树最佳。金阳以红阳与金阳为授粉树最佳。试验中也发现狗枣作为授粉树无论与海沃德、秦美、红阳以及金阳杂交可使当代果实Vc含量提高,这在高Vc猕猴桃品种育种上具有一定的利用价值。
Research on metaxenia effect of the pollen in kiwifruit trees is of great importance.Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is dioecious, and male plants do not fruit, male plants’effect on the traits of the fruit could be manifested through the phenomenon by Xenia performance metaxenia effect of the pollen.Second, Research on metaxenia effect of the pollen in kiwifruit trees helps to select kiwi parents (paternal) trees in cross breeding.Third,for one female parent with different male parent plants, the descendants’s fruit quality could be judged through the metaxenia effect of the pollen on the basis that whether the fruit is excellent male plant.Kiwifruit pollen spread is mainly relied on insects and wind,poor pollination and fertilization would result in uneven fruit size, increased deformed fruit risk,low yield and quality, and directly affect the value of fruit products.So, choosing male plants with the same Florescence,large pollen volume,strong viability and accessibility, excellent metaxenia effect is key point to improve the quality and yield of kiwifruit. therefore the study of the metaxenia effect of pollen in kiwi fruit direct effects and the suitability have important theoretical and practical significance.To further study the metaxenia effect of pollen in kiwifruit and their suitability.Male plants (Meiwei,Actinidia chinensis and Gouzao) that commonly used in the production are hybridized with female plant of meiweimihoutao(Haowode、QinMei and MiLiang)to study pollen compatibility between different species and varieties and the metaxenia effect of pollen and provide scientific evidence for kiwifruit breeding, production, arrangement of pollination trees,and the improvement of fruit quality and yield.The main results are as follows.
1 After observing plant pollen viability of Deliciosa male plant(Matua、Qinsong401、Miliang),Actinidia Chinensis(HongYang、JinYang、JinNong2hao、HongYang、JinFeng、JiangYuan1hao、ZaoXian、JinKui、KuiMi)and Kolomikta male plants. It was found that pollen viability between different species are significantly different.Among thr three species,actinidia kolomicta had the lowest pollen viability,its germination rate was 31%;followed by the three intra species of actinidia chinensis,their even pollen germination rate was 75%; the three intra species of actinidia deliciosa had the highest pollen germination rate at 84% on average. However,pollen viability of different varieties that belong to same species is not significant.
2 By studying intraspecific and interspecific hybridization affinity and fruit set rate between different species of kiwifruit, it was found that intraspecific hybridization showed less hybridization affinity and fruit set rate than interspecific hybridization . Differences also existed between the plants which belong to the same species. Low affinity and fruit set rate was observed when the pollen from actinidia kolomicta was pollinated to the stigma of actinidia chinensis and actinidia deliciosa, and the affinity index were 229.8 and 245.0 respectively, and the fruit set rate were 21.11% and 17.18%. Three male plants which belong to actinidia chinensis were hybridize with two female plants which belong to actinidia deliciosa. They showed high affinity and their average fruit set rate was about 90%.The experiment proved that affinity index below 300 were affinity low;between 300-600 were affinity medium; more than 601were affinity high. The experiment also proved that actinidia deliciosa and actinidia chinensis are genetically close; Fruit set rate by artificial pollination was significantly higher than natural pollination.
3 The experiment used Matua、QinXiong401、HongYang、JinYang、GouZao as paternal parent,and used Haiwode、Qinmei、Jinyang,Hongyangas maternal parent. Natural pollination was used as control group,16 pollination combination were established to observe the metaxenia effect. 7 traits which related to the appearance and quality of fruit were analyzed. The result showed that single fruit weight, longitudinal diameter , transverse diameter, fruit shape and their hardness all had metaxenia effect. Fruit with or without villi did not show obvious metaxenia effect. six indicators were analyzed to assess the internal quality of fruit.The results show that the soluble solids, titratable acidity Vc,flesh color and placenta shapes all had metaxenia effect. However, great difference existed among the metaxenia effect on the internal quality of fruit. The study proved that same female parent with different male parent or same male parent with different female parent placed showed great metaxenia effect on the internal quality of fruit.
4 Study on metaxenia effect of pollen seeds were also carried out, same female parent were hybridized with different male parent or same male parent were hybridized with different female parent. Seed’s shape and color showed metaxenia effect,whereas color and surface characteristics showed less evident metaxenia effect and unease to observe.
5 By Kiwifruit affinity Xenia studied to determine the species with the female adapter male plants flowering encounter. The results show that Date is not Actinidiag and Actinidia deliciosa male plant adaptation,Hayward fit male plants first to matua, followed by QinXiong401,Hong-Yang, JinYang,JinNong 2hao;Qinmeimale adapter for the Qinxiong401 male plants first,followed by matua, hongyang, jinyang,Jin Nong 2hao;HongYang fit male plants first,followed by JinYang、Jin Nong 2hao;Jinyang fit for the male plants first, followed by Hong-Yang、Jin Nong 2hao;
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