语义Web服务及其合成方法的研究
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摘要
作为一种新兴的Web网络上的分布式计算模式,Web服务提供了一种集成Web上数据与软件模块的机制,有效地解决了异构平台上共享与集成数据与软件应用系统的互操作问题。语义Web服务是将Web服务概念与语义Web技术相结合而产生的崭新的服务计算实现形式,旨在解决基于XML的Web服务交互过程中因缺乏语义描述导致交互双方无法正确地相互理解的问题。语义Web服务通过共享与重用Web服务的语义知识,使得计算机程序能够理解Web服务交互过程中传递消息的内容,从而促进发现、选择、调用与合成Web服务的自动化实现。
Web服务合成是指当单一的Web服务无法支持业务应用实现时,将多个Web服务有机地组合在一起来实现复杂的应用功能。服务合成过程中的发现、选择、合成与协调各组成Web服务的实现均是对用户“透明的”。虽然当前国内外关于Web服务的研究工作已经提供了一些标准与规范,如：“Web服务描述语言(WSDL)”、“简单对象接入协议(SOAP)”,以及“统一描述、发现和集成(UDDI)”等,然而在开放的、分布式的网络环境下进行语义Web服务的描述、发现、选择与合成存在如下的现实问题需要解决：
(1)如何找到满足用户需求的语义Web服务：解决这一问题实际上包括两方面的内容：第一,在较好地隐藏Web服务的实现技术细节的基础上,服务提供者如何清楚明了地描述其提供的Web服务实现的软件应用功能；第二,仅仅明白自己需要什么而不知道到哪里、使用什么方法发现Web服务信息的用户,如何能够顺利地找到满足其需求的Web服务来实现软件功能运行。针对上述Web服务描述需求,必须采取有效的方法实现Web服务的语义化描述。
(2)如何实现语义Web服务描述与用户需求之间的正确匹配：现有的Web服务描述方法是通过描述调用Web服务过程中用户与Web服务之间进行的消息传递来说明Web服务的接口,而用户需求是从用户的角度阐述用户希望得到什么样的软件应用功能。语义Web服务通过增强Web服务描述的语义表述能力减少了服务提供者与用户之间的理解误差,从而实现服务信息的机器可理解,然而当网络上候选Web服务较多时,语义信息将大大降低Web服务匹配的实现效率。
(3)如何灵活地、有效地实现语义Web服务的合成：现实应用中经常会出现从网络上可用的服务资源中找不到单一的Web服务来支持复杂业务流程的情况,此时合成多个Web服务来生成一个新的、支持更复杂应用功能的Web服务是一个可行的、有效的解决方法。然而应对开放的、多变的、不可预期的网络环境、协调各个组成Web服务之间的互操作、根据业务流程定义得到合成服务过程描述说明等方面均使得语义Web服务合成成为一个富有挑战性的研究课题。
在讨论了语义Web服务合成存在的现实问题之后,本文通过研究分析Web服务的描述方法与描述语言、语义化标识、以及现有合成方法等存在的不足,提出了语义Web服务社区SWSC模型,说明了SWSC的概念模型、组成结构、服务语义描述方法、包含的活动等方面,并优化了现有Web服务发现与选择算法,提出了SWSC框架下语义Web服务合成的规则与实现方法。本文的研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)讨论了Web服务描述包含的内容、描述方法、现有描述语言等,并阐述了语义Web服务是Web服务发展的必然趋势。接下来讨论了如何从语义层面上描述Web服务,并分析Web服务的功能与非功能属性的描述对于服务发现与选择过程的影响,得出了区分Web服务之间的相同点与不同点能够帮助提高服务发现与选择效率的结论。
(2)提出了语义Web服务社区SWSC模型,说明了在SWSC下描述语义Web服务的方法,并从概念模型、组成结构、包含的活动、实现规则、与其它语义Web服务模型相比具有的特性等方面阐述了SWSC模型的构造与运行。
(3)通过增强语义约束改进了现有的基于OWL-S的服务功能匹配算法,弥补了原始算法在服务查找与选择时存在的一类语义偏差。在此基础之上,本文描述了SWSC下查找与选择Web服务的基本思想与实现算法,并结合SWSC的组成结构说明了SWSC下查找与选择服务方法是如何通过缩小Web服务搜索范围来提高查找与选择效率。
(4)在讨论了服务合成面临的现实问题以及现有的服务合成方法的基础之上,提出了SWSC框架下语义Web服务的合成方法,同时介绍了在尽可能满足用户需求的前提条件下,促使Web服务资源与用户需求达到相对地供需平衡的协调机制。
本文的创新之处在于：
(1)提出了语义Web服务社区SWSC模型,并阐述了其概念模型、组成结构以及服务语义化描述方法；
(2)通过增强语义约束改进并完善了现有的基于OWL-S的服务功能匹配算法；
(3)提出了SWSC框架下的服务合成规则与方法；
(4)提出了SWSC框架下在尽可能满足用户需求的前提条件下,促使Web服务资源与用户需求之间达到并保持相对平衡的协调机制。
As a novel distributed computing model on Web, Web Service enables efficient integration of various data and software on Web by providing an effective mechanism to facilitate interaction across heterogeneous platform when sharing and integrating multifarious data and software application. Built by combination of Web Service and Semantic Web, Semantic Web Service aims at dealing with misunderstanding issue of XML-based web service interoperation derived from the lack of semantic description ability. By sharing and reusing semantic information about web services, semantic web services make exchanged messages between web services understood by computers, and therefore promote the automation of web service discovery, selection, invocation and composition.
Web service composition refers to integration of several web services in a harmony way to offer a set of complex application function which could not be supported by a single web service. Discovery, selection, composition and harmonizing the implement of web services, are all transparent to the users. Although current research work has provided some standards and specifications, such as Web Service Description Language (WSDL), Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) etc, some actual problems still hinder the description, discovery, selection and composition of semantic web services in such an open and distributed network environment as followings:
(1) How to find the semantic web service which is exactly the client needs. This problem consists of two parts. The first one is how service providers expound the problem the web service can solve on the premise of hiding the underlying technological details; the other one is how the client, who only knows what he/she needs and has no idea where and in which way he/she can find useful information about required web services, can discover web services to satisfy his/her requirement. To the web service requirement described previously, an effective approach is needed to be utilized to realize semantic description of web services.
(2) How to effectively and efficiently match between semantic web service description and client requirement:currently web service description explains the interface by depicting the exchanged messages during interaction between the client and the web service, while clients state the requirement by declaring what application function they want. Semantic web service could decrease misunderstanding between service providers and clients and enable information about web service understood by computers by adding some semantic annotations, however these semantic information would largely reduce the efficiency of service matching especially when there are lots of web service candidates existing on web.
(3) How to implement flexible and efficient semantic web service composition: sometimes there are no single web service available to meet the client's complicated application requirement, and at this time composition of several web services which generates one new web service with more value is a feasible solution. However, the difficulties of semantic web service composition derives from open, volatile and unpredictable network environment, collaboration among every component web service, translation from workflow definition to web service composition process description, and so on.
Based on the analysis of the practical problems of web service composition, this thesis discusses the limitation of current method and language of web service description, semantic annotation, composition approach. At the same time, we propose Semantic Web Service Community (SWSC) model, and explain the conceptual model, construction structure, service semantic description approach and activities included in SWSC. Additionally, thehesis focuses on semantic web service composition process by improving and optimizing web service discovery and selection algorithms. The main research work presented by the thesis includes as follows:
(1)The content, approach and language of web service description are discussed in detail, and meanwhile the conclusion that semantic web service is an inevitable next step of current web service development, has been reached. Subsequently, we explain how to describe web service in semantic level and analysis what the functional and nonfunctional description of web service means to the web service discovery and selection, and find that effectively clustering and separate web service individuals according to the commonness and peculiarity of web services can efficiently improve the efficiency of web service discovery and selection process.
(2)The Semantic Web Service Community (SWSC) model is proposed and the description approach of semantic web service in the circumstance of SWSC is presented in the thesis. At the same time, the development and implementation of SWSC model is depicted by explaining the conceptual model, construction, main activities included in SWSC, implementation rules and the prominent characteristics of SWSC model compared with other semantic web service models.
(3)By adding some semantic constraints, the current web service function-oriented matching algorithm based on OWL-S is improved to avoid a type of semantic deviation existing in the process of web service discovery and selection. Based on the improvement of this algorithm, the policy and approach of web service discovery and selection in the circumstance of SWSC is presented, and meanwhile how the web service discovery and selection approach in SWSC model improves the efficiency of web service discovery and selection process by shrinking the search space, is depicted combined with the description of SWSC construction.
(4)On the basis of analysis of current problems and approaches of web service composition approaches, a dynamic web service composition method in the circumstance of SWSC is proposed. At the same time, a coordination mechanism is introduced in order to reach and maintain relative balance between actual client requirement and available web service resource on the premise that most of clients'requirements are largely satisfied.
The main contributions of the thesis include as follows:
(1)The Semantic Web Service Community (SWSC) model is proposed and the conceptual model, construction structure, semantic description method of SWSC model is explained.
(2)The current web service function matching algorithm based on OWL-S is improved and optimized by adding some semantic restrictions.
(3)A web service composition mechanism and approach in the circumstance of SWSC is presented.
(4)A coordination mechanism aimed to reach and maintain relative balance between actual client requirement and available web service resource is proposed. The premise of this mechanism is that most of clients'requirements should be largely satisfied.
Web服务合成是指当单一的Web服务无法支持业务应用实现时,将多个Web服务有机地组合在一起来实现复杂的应用功能。服务合成过程中的发现、选择、合成与协调各组成Web服务的实现均是对用户“透明的”。虽然当前国内外关于Web服务的研究工作已经提供了一些标准与规范,如：“Web服务描述语言(WSDL)”、“简单对象接入协议(SOAP)”,以及“统一描述、发现和集成(UDDI)”等,然而在开放的、分布式的网络环境下进行语义Web服务的描述、发现、选择与合成存在如下的现实问题需要解决：
(1)如何找到满足用户需求的语义Web服务：解决这一问题实际上包括两方面的内容：第一,在较好地隐藏Web服务的实现技术细节的基础上,服务提供者如何清楚明了地描述其提供的Web服务实现的软件应用功能；第二,仅仅明白自己需要什么而不知道到哪里、使用什么方法发现Web服务信息的用户,如何能够顺利地找到满足其需求的Web服务来实现软件功能运行。针对上述Web服务描述需求,必须采取有效的方法实现Web服务的语义化描述。
(2)如何实现语义Web服务描述与用户需求之间的正确匹配：现有的Web服务描述方法是通过描述调用Web服务过程中用户与Web服务之间进行的消息传递来说明Web服务的接口,而用户需求是从用户的角度阐述用户希望得到什么样的软件应用功能。语义Web服务通过增强Web服务描述的语义表述能力减少了服务提供者与用户之间的理解误差,从而实现服务信息的机器可理解,然而当网络上候选Web服务较多时,语义信息将大大降低Web服务匹配的实现效率。
(3)如何灵活地、有效地实现语义Web服务的合成：现实应用中经常会出现从网络上可用的服务资源中找不到单一的Web服务来支持复杂业务流程的情况,此时合成多个Web服务来生成一个新的、支持更复杂应用功能的Web服务是一个可行的、有效的解决方法。然而应对开放的、多变的、不可预期的网络环境、协调各个组成Web服务之间的互操作、根据业务流程定义得到合成服务过程描述说明等方面均使得语义Web服务合成成为一个富有挑战性的研究课题。
在讨论了语义Web服务合成存在的现实问题之后,本文通过研究分析Web服务的描述方法与描述语言、语义化标识、以及现有合成方法等存在的不足,提出了语义Web服务社区SWSC模型,说明了SWSC的概念模型、组成结构、服务语义描述方法、包含的活动等方面,并优化了现有Web服务发现与选择算法,提出了SWSC框架下语义Web服务合成的规则与实现方法。本文的研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)讨论了Web服务描述包含的内容、描述方法、现有描述语言等,并阐述了语义Web服务是Web服务发展的必然趋势。接下来讨论了如何从语义层面上描述Web服务,并分析Web服务的功能与非功能属性的描述对于服务发现与选择过程的影响,得出了区分Web服务之间的相同点与不同点能够帮助提高服务发现与选择效率的结论。
(2)提出了语义Web服务社区SWSC模型,说明了在SWSC下描述语义Web服务的方法,并从概念模型、组成结构、包含的活动、实现规则、与其它语义Web服务模型相比具有的特性等方面阐述了SWSC模型的构造与运行。
(3)通过增强语义约束改进了现有的基于OWL-S的服务功能匹配算法,弥补了原始算法在服务查找与选择时存在的一类语义偏差。在此基础之上,本文描述了SWSC下查找与选择Web服务的基本思想与实现算法,并结合SWSC的组成结构说明了SWSC下查找与选择服务方法是如何通过缩小Web服务搜索范围来提高查找与选择效率。
(4)在讨论了服务合成面临的现实问题以及现有的服务合成方法的基础之上,提出了SWSC框架下语义Web服务的合成方法,同时介绍了在尽可能满足用户需求的前提条件下,促使Web服务资源与用户需求达到相对地供需平衡的协调机制。
本文的创新之处在于：
(1)提出了语义Web服务社区SWSC模型,并阐述了其概念模型、组成结构以及服务语义化描述方法；
(2)通过增强语义约束改进并完善了现有的基于OWL-S的服务功能匹配算法；
(3)提出了SWSC框架下的服务合成规则与方法；
(4)提出了SWSC框架下在尽可能满足用户需求的前提条件下,促使Web服务资源与用户需求之间达到并保持相对平衡的协调机制。
As a novel distributed computing model on Web, Web Service enables efficient integration of various data and software on Web by providing an effective mechanism to facilitate interaction across heterogeneous platform when sharing and integrating multifarious data and software application. Built by combination of Web Service and Semantic Web, Semantic Web Service aims at dealing with misunderstanding issue of XML-based web service interoperation derived from the lack of semantic description ability. By sharing and reusing semantic information about web services, semantic web services make exchanged messages between web services understood by computers, and therefore promote the automation of web service discovery, selection, invocation and composition.
Web service composition refers to integration of several web services in a harmony way to offer a set of complex application function which could not be supported by a single web service. Discovery, selection, composition and harmonizing the implement of web services, are all transparent to the users. Although current research work has provided some standards and specifications, such as Web Service Description Language (WSDL), Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) etc, some actual problems still hinder the description, discovery, selection and composition of semantic web services in such an open and distributed network environment as followings:
(1) How to find the semantic web service which is exactly the client needs. This problem consists of two parts. The first one is how service providers expound the problem the web service can solve on the premise of hiding the underlying technological details; the other one is how the client, who only knows what he/she needs and has no idea where and in which way he/she can find useful information about required web services, can discover web services to satisfy his/her requirement. To the web service requirement described previously, an effective approach is needed to be utilized to realize semantic description of web services.
(2) How to effectively and efficiently match between semantic web service description and client requirement:currently web service description explains the interface by depicting the exchanged messages during interaction between the client and the web service, while clients state the requirement by declaring what application function they want. Semantic web service could decrease misunderstanding between service providers and clients and enable information about web service understood by computers by adding some semantic annotations, however these semantic information would largely reduce the efficiency of service matching especially when there are lots of web service candidates existing on web.
(3) How to implement flexible and efficient semantic web service composition: sometimes there are no single web service available to meet the client's complicated application requirement, and at this time composition of several web services which generates one new web service with more value is a feasible solution. However, the difficulties of semantic web service composition derives from open, volatile and unpredictable network environment, collaboration among every component web service, translation from workflow definition to web service composition process description, and so on.
Based on the analysis of the practical problems of web service composition, this thesis discusses the limitation of current method and language of web service description, semantic annotation, composition approach. At the same time, we propose Semantic Web Service Community (SWSC) model, and explain the conceptual model, construction structure, service semantic description approach and activities included in SWSC. Additionally, thehesis focuses on semantic web service composition process by improving and optimizing web service discovery and selection algorithms. The main research work presented by the thesis includes as follows:
(1)The content, approach and language of web service description are discussed in detail, and meanwhile the conclusion that semantic web service is an inevitable next step of current web service development, has been reached. Subsequently, we explain how to describe web service in semantic level and analysis what the functional and nonfunctional description of web service means to the web service discovery and selection, and find that effectively clustering and separate web service individuals according to the commonness and peculiarity of web services can efficiently improve the efficiency of web service discovery and selection process.
(2)The Semantic Web Service Community (SWSC) model is proposed and the description approach of semantic web service in the circumstance of SWSC is presented in the thesis. At the same time, the development and implementation of SWSC model is depicted by explaining the conceptual model, construction, main activities included in SWSC, implementation rules and the prominent characteristics of SWSC model compared with other semantic web service models.
(3)By adding some semantic constraints, the current web service function-oriented matching algorithm based on OWL-S is improved to avoid a type of semantic deviation existing in the process of web service discovery and selection. Based on the improvement of this algorithm, the policy and approach of web service discovery and selection in the circumstance of SWSC is presented, and meanwhile how the web service discovery and selection approach in SWSC model improves the efficiency of web service discovery and selection process by shrinking the search space, is depicted combined with the description of SWSC construction.
(4)On the basis of analysis of current problems and approaches of web service composition approaches, a dynamic web service composition method in the circumstance of SWSC is proposed. At the same time, a coordination mechanism is introduced in order to reach and maintain relative balance between actual client requirement and available web service resource on the premise that most of clients'requirements are largely satisfied.
The main contributions of the thesis include as follows:
(1)The Semantic Web Service Community (SWSC) model is proposed and the conceptual model, construction structure, semantic description method of SWSC model is explained.
(2)The current web service function matching algorithm based on OWL-S is improved and optimized by adding some semantic restrictions.
(3)A web service composition mechanism and approach in the circumstance of SWSC is presented.
(4)A coordination mechanism aimed to reach and maintain relative balance between actual client requirement and available web service resource is proposed. The premise of this mechanism is that most of clients'requirements should be largely satisfied.
引文
[1]Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web:the Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its Inventor, Sep.1999,1st edition, HarperSanFrancisco.
[2]Tim Berners-Lee, Evolvability, Keynote on WWW7, Mar.1998, available at http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Evolution.html.
[3]Ron Brachman, Dan Connolly, Rohit Khare, Frank Smadja and Frank V. Harmelen, Meaning on the Web:Evolution vs Intelligent Design, Proceeding of the 15th International World Wide Web Conference, ACM,2006, pp.745.
[4]Nova Spivak, Radar Networks; John Breslin, DERI & Mills Davis, Internet Evolution to 2020, available at http://colab.cim3.net/file/work/SICoP/2007-04-25/InternetTo2020.pdf.
[5]Yihong Ding and Li Xu, Evolution of the World Wide Web:a Historical View and Analogical Study, Apr.2007, available at http://www.deg.byu.edu/ding/WebEvolution/evolution-prelude.html.
[6]Mike P. Papazoglou, Paolo Traverso, Schahram Dusttdar and Frank Leymann, Service-Oriented Computing:a Research Roadmap, International Journal of Cooperative Information System, ISSN:, Jun.2008, Vol.17, Issue 2, pp.223-255.
[7]Eric Newcomer和Greg Lomow(著),徐涵(译),Understanding SOA with Web Services中文版,2006年,第一版,电子工业出版社。
[8]岳昆,王晓玲,周傲英,Web服务核心支撑技术：研究综述,软件学报,2004,第15卷,第3期,第428-442页。
[9]Thomas Erl, Service-Oriented Architecture:Concepts, Technology, and Design, Agu. 2005, Prentice Hall PTR.
[10]Ethan Cerami, Web Services Essentials, Feb.2002, O'Reilly.
[11]Michael P. Papazoglou and Jean-jacques Dubray, A Survey of Web Service Technologies, Technical Report (#DIT-04-058), Jun.2004, available at http://eprints.biblio.it/archive/00000586/.
[12]Liang-Jie Zhang, Challenges and Opportunities for Web Services Research, International Journal of Web Service Research, ISSN:1545-7362, Jan.-Mar.2004, Vol. 1(1), Foreword.
[13]Mike P. Papazoglou and D. Georgakopoulos, Service Oriented Computing, Communication of the ACM, ISSN:0001-0782,2003, Vol.46, No.10, pp.24-28.
[14]List of Web Service Specifications, From Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.ogr/wiki/List_of_Web_ervice_specifications.
[15]Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (5th Edition), W3C Recommendation 26 November 2008, available at http://www.w3.org/TR/PEC-xml/.
[16]XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1, W3C Working draft 30 January 2009, available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-1/.
[17]Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.2, W3C Recommendation 27 April 2007, available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-soap12-part1-20070427/.
[18]HTTP 1.1 Specifications, W3C revised draft-06,2009, available at http://www.w3.org/Protocols/.
[19]Web Services Addressing 1.0, W3C Recommendation 9 May 2006, available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-ws-addr-core-20060509/.
[20]Web Service Description Language (WSDL) version 2.0, W3C Recommendation 26 June 2007, available at http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl20/.
[21]Web Service.Policy 1.5-Framework, W3C Recommendation 04 September 2007, available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-ws-policy-20070904/.
[22]Web Services Metadata Exchange 1.1, W3C Member Submission 13 August 2008, available at http://www.w3.org/Submission/WS-MetadataExchange/.
[23]Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) version 3.0.2,2004, available at http://www.uddi.org/pubs/uddi_v3.htm.
[24]Web Services Security:SOAP Message Security 1.1,2006, available at http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/vl.1/wss-vl.1-spec-os-SOAPMessageSecurity.pdf.
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