不同工艺生态浮床技术对污染水体的净化效果、机制及示范研究
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摘要
生态浮床作为一种有效的水体原位修复技术,具有无需占用土地,无二次污染,可以直接从水体中去除污染物并且造价低廉、运行管理相对容易等优点,已受到人们的广泛关注。目前,在国内外已开发出多种工艺的生态浮床,应用到湖泊、水库等静态污染水体和河流等动态污染水体的生态修复中,均有较好的净化效果,但对于不同工艺的浮床能适应的浓度范围,以及不同污染物构成的水体所适合的浮床工艺均不清晰,将不同工艺的净化效率进行系统比较的研究也鲜有报道。
为此,本文开展了不同工艺生态浮床的研究,首先研究了传统生态浮床在不同污水浓度下不同植物对污染物的净化效果,然后在此基础上设计构建了复合式生态浮床和移动式湿地浮床,并对其净化效果进行系统研究,进而对不同工艺浮床的净化效率进行比较,最后从植物吸收、根系泌氧和微生物角度对净化机理进行初步的探讨。通过本研究得到以下结论：
1、传统植物浮床技术对污染水体的净化效率
本试验根据生态学原理及低成本的要求,选择美人蕉、风车草、黄菖蒲、香根草、再力花、象草等湿地植物,构建植物浮床,对不同浓度污水的净化效果进行研究,结果显示：
选择的湿地植物均能够在较高有机物和氮磷浓度废水中生长,6种植物浮床对CODCr、TP、TN、NH4+-N均表现出较高的去除负荷,不同植物浮床对CODcr均有较好的去除效果(p>0.05)；再力花、美人蕉、风车草、黄菖蒲浮床对TP的去除负荷显著高于象草和香根草浮床(p<0.05)；对TN、NH4+-N去除效率以美人蕉、黄菖蒲、再力花浮床最好(p<0.05)。
2、复合式生态浮床技术对污染水体的净化效率
采用美人蕉、风车草两种湿地植物,弹性填料、组合填料两种填料类型,通过不同植物+不同填料两两组合,构建4种类型复合式生态浮床,并以不加植物的2种填料浮床作为对照,开展对不同浓度污水处理效果研究,结果显示：
6种处理方式对CODCr均有较好的去除效果,且不同处理工艺间无显著差异(p>0.05),表明在CODCr的降解中,植物和微生物同时发挥作用,且微生物的去除作用更为明显；6种浮床对不同浓度污水TP均有较好的处理效果,且4种有植物的复合式生态浮床对TP的去除负荷均显著高于无植物的填料浮床(p<0.05),说明浮床对于磷的去除,依赖于植物和微生物的共同作用,且植物吸收发挥着重要作用；6种处理方式对不同浓度污水中TN、NH4+-N也有好的处理效率,与TP趋势相同,也表现出4种复合式生态浮床去除负荷高于无植物填料组(p<0.05)。
3、移动式湿地浮床技术对污染河水的净化效率
开展珠江三角洲内河河道移动式湿地浮床对污染河水示范工程研究,通过为期一年的采样监测,结果显示：
美人蕉、风车草、黄菖蒲、再立花、梭鱼草5种植物构建的移动式湿地浮床在污染的水体中均能正常运行,植物成活率高达95%以上,且全年保持较高的生长速率；移动式湿地浮床自运行以来,对CODCr的去除负荷均维持在较高的范围,且示范区CODCr的浓度较对照区有显著的下降(p<0.05),说明移动式湿地植物和填料上的微生物均在其中发挥了重要作用；浮床运行期间,示范区TP、TN、NH4+-N的去除也保持着较好的效果,与对照区相比呈现出显著差异(p<0.05),同样表明除了浮床植物的吸收、吸附作用外,填料微生物在此也有重大的作用。
4、不同工艺生态浮床的净化效果比较
对不同工艺生态浮床净化效果进行比较,结果表明,三种不同类型生态浮床对CODcr均有很好的去除效果,其中复合式生态浮床和移动式湿地浮床的净化效果优于于传统植物浮床(p<0.05)；对于TP、TN、NH4+-N等营养物的处理,有植物浮床的净化效果显著大于无植物填料(p<0.01)。
5、生态浮床的净化机制
两种浮床植物(美人蕉、风车草)的根系泌氧量与TN的去除率呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与NH4+-N呈显著正相关(p<0.05),植物的孔隙度与NH4+-N、CODcr的去除率呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；浮床系统中氨化细菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌的丰度与各污染物的去除密切相关,表现为氨化细菌、硝化细菌的丰度与TN、NH4+-N去除负荷分别呈显著正相关(p<0.05)及极显著正相关(p<0.01),硝化细菌的数量与CODcr的去除负荷呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；亚硝化细菌的数量与TN的去除负荷相关性极显著(p<0.01),与NH4+-N、CODCr去除负荷呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。
综上结果表明,三种不同工艺生态浮床对CODCr、TP、TN、NH4+-N等污染物的去除效果,以复合式生态浮床效果最好,其次是移动式湿地浮床和传统植物生态浮床。
As an effective in-situ water remediation technology, Ecological Floating Bed System(EFBS) possessed many advantages:(1) remove pollutants directly from water body; (2) be able to dispense with land; (3) low operating cost and convenient maintenance management. So EFBS technology have aroused wide concern. Current research showed many kinds of EFBS with good decontamination performance had been developed and applied in the ecological remediation of lentic (lake, reservoir, etc.) and lotic (river) polluted water. But it is still not clear that what concentration range these EFBS could work effectively? Which kind EFBS was best for certain kind of contaminant? And there was rare report on systematic comparison of decontamination efficiency of different EFBS.
Therefore, different process EFBS was studied in our paper. Firstly, the decontamination efficiency of traditional EFBS to different concentration of pollutant was studied, and then, Combined Ecological Floating Bed System (CEFBS) and Movable Wetland Floating Bed System (MWFBS) was designed and constructed. their decontamination efficiency was evaluated and compared. Finally, the decontamination mechanism was discussed through Phytoaccumulation, radial oxygen loss (ROL) and microorganism. Our results were as follows:
1、The decontamination efficiency of traditional EFBS
On the basis of ecologicl principle and low cost,6 kinds of wetland plants (Canna generalis, Cyperus alternifolius, Acorus calamus, vetiveria zizanioides, Thalia dealbata and Pennisetum purpureum) were chose to constructed the EFBS in order to study the decontamination performance in different concentration sewage. For one EFBS, only one kind of plant was planted. Results showed that:
All the 6 wetland plants could maintain their regularly growth in high concentration of N,P and organic matter. They all had high remove loading to CODCr、TP、TN and NH4+-N. A good decontamination performance to CODcr was obtained for all EFBS (p>0.05); The EFBS with T. dealbata, C. generalis, C. alternifolius and A. calamus all had a higher remove loading than the EFBS with P. purpureum and V. zizanioides (p<0.05); EFBS with C. generalis, A. calamus and T. dealbata showed the best decontamination performance to TN and NH4+-N (p<0.05).
2. The decontamination efficiency of CEFBS
Four kinds of CEFBS were constructed by the pairwise combination of two kinds of plants (C. generalis and C. alternifolius) and two kinds of paddings (elastic packing and combination packing). Compared with the EFBS with each paddings only, to study the decontamination performance in different concentration sewage. Results showed that:
All the 6 EFBS had good decontamination performance to CODCr, and there was no significant difference among them (p>0.05), which showed that plant and microorganism worked simultaneously in the degrdation of CODCr. And microorganism played a more important role;
All the 6 EFBS had good decontamination performance to TP in different concentration sewage, and the EFBS with plant showed notably high decontamination effiency compared to the EFBS with paddings only (p<0.05), which showed that the remove for EFBS to P was depend on the cooperation of plant and microorganism, and plant play a more important role;
The 6 EFBS also had good decontamination performance to TN and NH4+-N, which showed the same trend as TP:The EFBS with plant showed notably high decontamination effiency compared to the EFBS with paddings only (p<0.05),
3、The decontamination efficiency of MEFBS
One year sampling and monitoring work were conducted to study the MEFBS in the river channal of inland river in the Pearl River Delta. Results showed that:
The MEFBS with C. generalis, C. alternifolius, A. calamus, T. dealbata and P. purpureum could worked regularly in the polluted water, the survival rate of plant reached up to 95% and a high growth rate was maintained for the whole year. High remove loading to CODcr was maintained since the MEFBS worked, and a notably decrease to CODCr was obtained in the demonstration plot compared to the check plot (p<0.05). This showed that the microorganism in both the plant and paddings played a crucial role; During the EFBS working period, the remove loading to TP, TN and NH4+-N was high in check plot, showed a significant difference compared to demonstration plot. This also showed that besides the absorption of plant, the microorganism in paddings also played a important role.
4、The performance comparison of different EFBS
The decontamination performance were compared among different EFBS, results showed that:All the three EFBS showed good decontamination performance to CODcr, of which the decontamination performance of CEFBS and MEFBS were better than EFBS(p< 0.05); To remove TP, TN and NH4+-N, the decontamination performance of EFBS with plant were notably higher than EFBS with paddings only (p<0.01).
5、The decontamination mechanism of EFBS
There was a significantly positive correlation between the ROL and TN removing load of the two kinds of floating bed plant (C. generalis, C. alternifolius) (p<0.01) and there was also a positive correlation between ROL and NH4+-N (p<0.05). The plant porosity was positively correlated to the removing load of NH4+-N and CODcr (p<0.05).
The abundance of ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and nitrosification bacteria played a important role for the contaminant remove which was proved by their correlation. The abundance of ammonifying bacteria and nitrifying bacteria had a positive correlation (p< 0.05) and a significantly positive correlation (p<0.01) to the removing load of TN and NH4+-N respectively. The abundance of nitrifying bacteria had a significantly positive correlation to the removing load of CODCr (p<0.05); There was a significant correlation between the abundance of nitrosification bacteria and the removing load of TN (p<0.01), and there was also a correlation to the removing load of NH4+-N and CODCr(p<0.05).
In sum, the CEFBS showed the best decontamination performance among the three kinds of EFBS, followed by MEFBS and traditional EFBS.
为此,本文开展了不同工艺生态浮床的研究,首先研究了传统生态浮床在不同污水浓度下不同植物对污染物的净化效果,然后在此基础上设计构建了复合式生态浮床和移动式湿地浮床,并对其净化效果进行系统研究,进而对不同工艺浮床的净化效率进行比较,最后从植物吸收、根系泌氧和微生物角度对净化机理进行初步的探讨。通过本研究得到以下结论：
1、传统植物浮床技术对污染水体的净化效率
本试验根据生态学原理及低成本的要求,选择美人蕉、风车草、黄菖蒲、香根草、再力花、象草等湿地植物,构建植物浮床,对不同浓度污水的净化效果进行研究,结果显示：
选择的湿地植物均能够在较高有机物和氮磷浓度废水中生长,6种植物浮床对CODCr、TP、TN、NH4+-N均表现出较高的去除负荷,不同植物浮床对CODcr均有较好的去除效果(p>0.05)；再力花、美人蕉、风车草、黄菖蒲浮床对TP的去除负荷显著高于象草和香根草浮床(p<0.05)；对TN、NH4+-N去除效率以美人蕉、黄菖蒲、再力花浮床最好(p<0.05)。
2、复合式生态浮床技术对污染水体的净化效率
采用美人蕉、风车草两种湿地植物,弹性填料、组合填料两种填料类型,通过不同植物+不同填料两两组合,构建4种类型复合式生态浮床,并以不加植物的2种填料浮床作为对照,开展对不同浓度污水处理效果研究,结果显示：
6种处理方式对CODCr均有较好的去除效果,且不同处理工艺间无显著差异(p>0.05),表明在CODCr的降解中,植物和微生物同时发挥作用,且微生物的去除作用更为明显；6种浮床对不同浓度污水TP均有较好的处理效果,且4种有植物的复合式生态浮床对TP的去除负荷均显著高于无植物的填料浮床(p<0.05),说明浮床对于磷的去除,依赖于植物和微生物的共同作用,且植物吸收发挥着重要作用；6种处理方式对不同浓度污水中TN、NH4+-N也有好的处理效率,与TP趋势相同,也表现出4种复合式生态浮床去除负荷高于无植物填料组(p<0.05)。
3、移动式湿地浮床技术对污染河水的净化效率
开展珠江三角洲内河河道移动式湿地浮床对污染河水示范工程研究,通过为期一年的采样监测,结果显示：
美人蕉、风车草、黄菖蒲、再立花、梭鱼草5种植物构建的移动式湿地浮床在污染的水体中均能正常运行,植物成活率高达95%以上,且全年保持较高的生长速率；移动式湿地浮床自运行以来,对CODCr的去除负荷均维持在较高的范围,且示范区CODCr的浓度较对照区有显著的下降(p<0.05),说明移动式湿地植物和填料上的微生物均在其中发挥了重要作用；浮床运行期间,示范区TP、TN、NH4+-N的去除也保持着较好的效果,与对照区相比呈现出显著差异(p<0.05),同样表明除了浮床植物的吸收、吸附作用外,填料微生物在此也有重大的作用。
4、不同工艺生态浮床的净化效果比较
对不同工艺生态浮床净化效果进行比较,结果表明,三种不同类型生态浮床对CODcr均有很好的去除效果,其中复合式生态浮床和移动式湿地浮床的净化效果优于于传统植物浮床(p<0.05)；对于TP、TN、NH4+-N等营养物的处理,有植物浮床的净化效果显著大于无植物填料(p<0.01)。
5、生态浮床的净化机制
两种浮床植物(美人蕉、风车草)的根系泌氧量与TN的去除率呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与NH4+-N呈显著正相关(p<0.05),植物的孔隙度与NH4+-N、CODcr的去除率呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；浮床系统中氨化细菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌的丰度与各污染物的去除密切相关,表现为氨化细菌、硝化细菌的丰度与TN、NH4+-N去除负荷分别呈显著正相关(p<0.05)及极显著正相关(p<0.01),硝化细菌的数量与CODcr的去除负荷呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；亚硝化细菌的数量与TN的去除负荷相关性极显著(p<0.01),与NH4+-N、CODCr去除负荷呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。
综上结果表明,三种不同工艺生态浮床对CODCr、TP、TN、NH4+-N等污染物的去除效果,以复合式生态浮床效果最好,其次是移动式湿地浮床和传统植物生态浮床。
As an effective in-situ water remediation technology, Ecological Floating Bed System(EFBS) possessed many advantages:(1) remove pollutants directly from water body; (2) be able to dispense with land; (3) low operating cost and convenient maintenance management. So EFBS technology have aroused wide concern. Current research showed many kinds of EFBS with good decontamination performance had been developed and applied in the ecological remediation of lentic (lake, reservoir, etc.) and lotic (river) polluted water. But it is still not clear that what concentration range these EFBS could work effectively? Which kind EFBS was best for certain kind of contaminant? And there was rare report on systematic comparison of decontamination efficiency of different EFBS.
Therefore, different process EFBS was studied in our paper. Firstly, the decontamination efficiency of traditional EFBS to different concentration of pollutant was studied, and then, Combined Ecological Floating Bed System (CEFBS) and Movable Wetland Floating Bed System (MWFBS) was designed and constructed. their decontamination efficiency was evaluated and compared. Finally, the decontamination mechanism was discussed through Phytoaccumulation, radial oxygen loss (ROL) and microorganism. Our results were as follows:
1、The decontamination efficiency of traditional EFBS
On the basis of ecologicl principle and low cost,6 kinds of wetland plants (Canna generalis, Cyperus alternifolius, Acorus calamus, vetiveria zizanioides, Thalia dealbata and Pennisetum purpureum) were chose to constructed the EFBS in order to study the decontamination performance in different concentration sewage. For one EFBS, only one kind of plant was planted. Results showed that:
All the 6 wetland plants could maintain their regularly growth in high concentration of N,P and organic matter. They all had high remove loading to CODCr、TP、TN and NH4+-N. A good decontamination performance to CODcr was obtained for all EFBS (p>0.05); The EFBS with T. dealbata, C. generalis, C. alternifolius and A. calamus all had a higher remove loading than the EFBS with P. purpureum and V. zizanioides (p<0.05); EFBS with C. generalis, A. calamus and T. dealbata showed the best decontamination performance to TN and NH4+-N (p<0.05).
2. The decontamination efficiency of CEFBS
Four kinds of CEFBS were constructed by the pairwise combination of two kinds of plants (C. generalis and C. alternifolius) and two kinds of paddings (elastic packing and combination packing). Compared with the EFBS with each paddings only, to study the decontamination performance in different concentration sewage. Results showed that:
All the 6 EFBS had good decontamination performance to CODCr, and there was no significant difference among them (p>0.05), which showed that plant and microorganism worked simultaneously in the degrdation of CODCr. And microorganism played a more important role;
All the 6 EFBS had good decontamination performance to TP in different concentration sewage, and the EFBS with plant showed notably high decontamination effiency compared to the EFBS with paddings only (p<0.05), which showed that the remove for EFBS to P was depend on the cooperation of plant and microorganism, and plant play a more important role;
The 6 EFBS also had good decontamination performance to TN and NH4+-N, which showed the same trend as TP:The EFBS with plant showed notably high decontamination effiency compared to the EFBS with paddings only (p<0.05),
3、The decontamination efficiency of MEFBS
One year sampling and monitoring work were conducted to study the MEFBS in the river channal of inland river in the Pearl River Delta. Results showed that:
The MEFBS with C. generalis, C. alternifolius, A. calamus, T. dealbata and P. purpureum could worked regularly in the polluted water, the survival rate of plant reached up to 95% and a high growth rate was maintained for the whole year. High remove loading to CODcr was maintained since the MEFBS worked, and a notably decrease to CODCr was obtained in the demonstration plot compared to the check plot (p<0.05). This showed that the microorganism in both the plant and paddings played a crucial role; During the EFBS working period, the remove loading to TP, TN and NH4+-N was high in check plot, showed a significant difference compared to demonstration plot. This also showed that besides the absorption of plant, the microorganism in paddings also played a important role.
4、The performance comparison of different EFBS
The decontamination performance were compared among different EFBS, results showed that:All the three EFBS showed good decontamination performance to CODcr, of which the decontamination performance of CEFBS and MEFBS were better than EFBS(p< 0.05); To remove TP, TN and NH4+-N, the decontamination performance of EFBS with plant were notably higher than EFBS with paddings only (p<0.01).
5、The decontamination mechanism of EFBS
There was a significantly positive correlation between the ROL and TN removing load of the two kinds of floating bed plant (C. generalis, C. alternifolius) (p<0.01) and there was also a positive correlation between ROL and NH4+-N (p<0.05). The plant porosity was positively correlated to the removing load of NH4+-N and CODcr (p<0.05).
The abundance of ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and nitrosification bacteria played a important role for the contaminant remove which was proved by their correlation. The abundance of ammonifying bacteria and nitrifying bacteria had a positive correlation (p< 0.05) and a significantly positive correlation (p<0.01) to the removing load of TN and NH4+-N respectively. The abundance of nitrifying bacteria had a significantly positive correlation to the removing load of CODCr (p<0.05); There was a significant correlation between the abundance of nitrosification bacteria and the removing load of TN (p<0.01), and there was also a correlation to the removing load of NH4+-N and CODCr(p<0.05).
In sum, the CEFBS showed the best decontamination performance among the three kinds of EFBS, followed by MEFBS and traditional EFBS.
引文
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