城市风景园林应对当代气候变化的理念和手法研究
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摘要
应对气候变化是全球性的课题,涉及各种行业和领域,风景园林也不例外。一方面风景园林将会受到气候变化的直接影响；另一方面,风景园林在适应和减缓气候变化中将会扮演重要的角色。目前我国风景园林行业在应对气候变化方面已有实践案例,但是缺乏对气候变化危机的深刻认识和对于风景园林师在气候变化中责任的深入了解,更缺少如何通过风景园林设计来应对和减缓气候变化影响方面的系统理论研究。这种系统研究的缺失使我们可能产生一些成功的个案,却没有办法抓住问题的根源,统筹全局,缺乏理论指导下的普遍性实践,并影响实践的有效性。本论旨在通过对理论的总结,以及技术手段、设计手法的阐述,将科研成果、设计实践和应对策略相结合,研究在气候变化影响下,风景园林师如何在应对气候变化风景园林理论的指导下,营建适应气候变化的、符合园林美学的、可持续发展的人居环境。
本论文由五部分组成：第一部分,当代气候变化的特点。主要内容包括气候变化的直接观测和未来预估,造成气候变化的主要原因,还有气候变化可能产生的影响。该部分旨在为风景园林的应对研究提供背景；第二部分,当代气候变化对风景园林的影响,包括气候变化对风景园林元素产生的直接影响,还有它对风景园林行业角色产生的间接影响；第三部分,应对当代气候变化的风景园林理论,包括认识风景园林元素的生态价值,碳中立园林理论,流域景观,能源节约型园林,还有适应气候变化式园林；第四部分,应对当代气候变化的风景园林手法。本部分将结合相关的科研和实践成果,对目前国际上应对气候变化的各种风景园林手法进行比较研究,了解其应用潜力和存在的问题。主要内容包括应对气候变暖的风景园林手法,应对城市水问题的风景园林手法,引导和推广低碳生活的风景园林手法,还有风景园林本身增加碳汇和减少碳排的手法。
第五部分,应对当代气候变化的北京中心城绿地建设研究。热浪和强降雨是北京地区气候变化的重要表现,也是北京迫切需要应对的问题。本研究旨在探索北京中心城的城市绿地在缓解热浪和减避城市闪洪两方面的潜力。本部分结合最新的气候变化预测数据与城市绿地发展预测,通过对比模型计算的现状和预测结果,得出城市绿地在帮助城市减少气候变化影响方面的作用。研究结果发现：首先,通过提高一定绿化覆盖率可以抵消高排放情景模式下21世纪末的气温升高值；其次,绿地在缓解城市极端高温和热浪方面有巨大潜力,因为绿地的降温效果随着日平均温度的升高而增大；再次,在减少地面雨水径流方面,提高绿化覆盖率和改善土壤的透水性可以显著减少城市地面的雨水径流,从而有助于缓解城市的泄洪压力,最大限度的恢复城市地的流域特征。还有,如果无视气候变化,继续减少绿地或增加城市的不透水率,那么城市将要面临更加严重的后果；最后,本文就中心城各场地绿地空间布局的改善提出了建议。
本文采用的理论研究和量化计算相结合的研究模式可以推广应用在城市应对气候变化的规划实践中,还可以为决策制定和设计实践提供依据。
Tackling with Climate Change is one of the major challenges and opportunities of landscape architects in 21st century, because, on one hand, Climate Change will give significant impacts on landscape architeccture; on the other hand, landscape architects will play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Although cases in tackling climate change can be found in domestic landscape architecture practice currently, we are still lack of deep understanding in the Climate Change crisis and the resposibilities landscape architects should take in the context of Climate Change, and more lack of a systematic theoretical study on how we can adapt and mitigate Climate Change through landscape architectural means. We could possibly create a few successful cases without systematic study, but we could not understand the root of the issue, take the whole situation into account, have common and effective practices without theoretical guidance. The disertation aims at how landscape architect could create a sustainable living environment with adaptation to Climate Change, meeting the requirements of landscape aesthetics, under the instruction of theories of landscape architecture tackling Climate Change, through the summary and discussion on related theories, techniques, design methods, research findings, practices and strategies.
The dessertation starts from; firstly, discuss the main features of contemporary Climate Change, including causes, future trends and impacts to provide basis for the following research; secondly, discuss the direct and indirect impacts that contemporary Climate Change could give on urban landscape architecture; thirdly, summarize landscape architectural theories tackling Climate Change, including recognize the ecological value of landscape elements, carbon neutral landscape, watershed landscape, resource and energy friendly landscape, and climate proof landscape; fourthly, explore and discuss the advantages and disadvantages, issues and potential of present typical landscape architectural methods in tackling Climate Change internationally, including methods tackling with global warming, urban water issues, promoting low-carbon life, reducing carbon print and increasing the carbon capture in landscape; fifthly, reasearch on the relationship between urban green space and Climate Change in Beijing, by using the results of methods study, and model. Results found that daily maximum surface temperature and surface stormwater runoff both have high relevance with green cover ratio. In terms of surface temperature, when reference temperature arise, the temperature reduced by green space will increase as well, in addition, through increasing green cover, the effect of global warming in the end of 21st century will be offset. In terms of surface stormwater runoff, research found that runoff can be reduced significantly by increasing green cover and tree cover, as well as the permeability of the soil. This will increase stormwater infiltration, soil moisture, reduce irrigation needs, urban discharge pressure. On the contrary, if green cover is reduced, urban area will have to face more serious impacts from Climate Change. In the end, suggestions on spatial planning of green spaces are made for all sites.
The innovation in this dissertation is combinning research on theory and method with mathematical modelling and simulation on the base of summary of theory and method in tackling with Climate Change, to quantize the effects of landscape architectural design methods in medium-scale, explore the potential of urban green space in tackling with Climate Change. Research model adopted in the reasearch could be used in urban planning practice with Climate Change as a major consideration and subject, and also offer guidance to design practice.
本论文由五部分组成：第一部分,当代气候变化的特点。主要内容包括气候变化的直接观测和未来预估,造成气候变化的主要原因,还有气候变化可能产生的影响。该部分旨在为风景园林的应对研究提供背景；第二部分,当代气候变化对风景园林的影响,包括气候变化对风景园林元素产生的直接影响,还有它对风景园林行业角色产生的间接影响；第三部分,应对当代气候变化的风景园林理论,包括认识风景园林元素的生态价值,碳中立园林理论,流域景观,能源节约型园林,还有适应气候变化式园林；第四部分,应对当代气候变化的风景园林手法。本部分将结合相关的科研和实践成果,对目前国际上应对气候变化的各种风景园林手法进行比较研究,了解其应用潜力和存在的问题。主要内容包括应对气候变暖的风景园林手法,应对城市水问题的风景园林手法,引导和推广低碳生活的风景园林手法,还有风景园林本身增加碳汇和减少碳排的手法。
第五部分,应对当代气候变化的北京中心城绿地建设研究。热浪和强降雨是北京地区气候变化的重要表现,也是北京迫切需要应对的问题。本研究旨在探索北京中心城的城市绿地在缓解热浪和减避城市闪洪两方面的潜力。本部分结合最新的气候变化预测数据与城市绿地发展预测,通过对比模型计算的现状和预测结果,得出城市绿地在帮助城市减少气候变化影响方面的作用。研究结果发现：首先,通过提高一定绿化覆盖率可以抵消高排放情景模式下21世纪末的气温升高值；其次,绿地在缓解城市极端高温和热浪方面有巨大潜力,因为绿地的降温效果随着日平均温度的升高而增大；再次,在减少地面雨水径流方面,提高绿化覆盖率和改善土壤的透水性可以显著减少城市地面的雨水径流,从而有助于缓解城市的泄洪压力,最大限度的恢复城市地的流域特征。还有,如果无视气候变化,继续减少绿地或增加城市的不透水率,那么城市将要面临更加严重的后果；最后,本文就中心城各场地绿地空间布局的改善提出了建议。
本文采用的理论研究和量化计算相结合的研究模式可以推广应用在城市应对气候变化的规划实践中,还可以为决策制定和设计实践提供依据。
Tackling with Climate Change is one of the major challenges and opportunities of landscape architects in 21st century, because, on one hand, Climate Change will give significant impacts on landscape architeccture; on the other hand, landscape architects will play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Although cases in tackling climate change can be found in domestic landscape architecture practice currently, we are still lack of deep understanding in the Climate Change crisis and the resposibilities landscape architects should take in the context of Climate Change, and more lack of a systematic theoretical study on how we can adapt and mitigate Climate Change through landscape architectural means. We could possibly create a few successful cases without systematic study, but we could not understand the root of the issue, take the whole situation into account, have common and effective practices without theoretical guidance. The disertation aims at how landscape architect could create a sustainable living environment with adaptation to Climate Change, meeting the requirements of landscape aesthetics, under the instruction of theories of landscape architecture tackling Climate Change, through the summary and discussion on related theories, techniques, design methods, research findings, practices and strategies.
The dessertation starts from; firstly, discuss the main features of contemporary Climate Change, including causes, future trends and impacts to provide basis for the following research; secondly, discuss the direct and indirect impacts that contemporary Climate Change could give on urban landscape architecture; thirdly, summarize landscape architectural theories tackling Climate Change, including recognize the ecological value of landscape elements, carbon neutral landscape, watershed landscape, resource and energy friendly landscape, and climate proof landscape; fourthly, explore and discuss the advantages and disadvantages, issues and potential of present typical landscape architectural methods in tackling Climate Change internationally, including methods tackling with global warming, urban water issues, promoting low-carbon life, reducing carbon print and increasing the carbon capture in landscape; fifthly, reasearch on the relationship between urban green space and Climate Change in Beijing, by using the results of methods study, and model. Results found that daily maximum surface temperature and surface stormwater runoff both have high relevance with green cover ratio. In terms of surface temperature, when reference temperature arise, the temperature reduced by green space will increase as well, in addition, through increasing green cover, the effect of global warming in the end of 21st century will be offset. In terms of surface stormwater runoff, research found that runoff can be reduced significantly by increasing green cover and tree cover, as well as the permeability of the soil. This will increase stormwater infiltration, soil moisture, reduce irrigation needs, urban discharge pressure. On the contrary, if green cover is reduced, urban area will have to face more serious impacts from Climate Change. In the end, suggestions on spatial planning of green spaces are made for all sites.
The innovation in this dissertation is combinning research on theory and method with mathematical modelling and simulation on the base of summary of theory and method in tackling with Climate Change, to quantize the effects of landscape architectural design methods in medium-scale, explore the potential of urban green space in tackling with Climate Change. Research model adopted in the reasearch could be used in urban planning practice with Climate Change as a major consideration and subject, and also offer guidance to design practice.
引文
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