成像光谱岩矿识别方法技术研究和影响因素分析
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摘要
在遥感地质应用中,岩矿光谱和空间分布的精细特征是空间与光谱高分辨率遥感的优势所在。随着传感器性能的提高,尤其是光谱分辨率的提高,大为改善了岩矿信息识别与提取的技术环境。但是,由于高光谱分辨率的成像光谱波段带宽很窄,在岩矿光谱信息遥感、识别与提取的过程中岩矿信息极易受诸多因素的制约和影响。本文围绕在岩矿光谱信息的获取、光谱特征信息识别与提取的过程中,分析与岩矿光谱特征信息息息相关的组成成分、内部结构与构造,以及与之发生相互作用的外部环境或过程;通过理论、模型、模拟和试验测试分析相结合的方法,开展分析研究岩矿的各种矿物组分、结构类型、化学成分,风化作用,岩矿颗粒度、高温模拟,遥感的大气分子组分、传感器的几何观测条件、平台的运动姿态、传感器的光学传递函数、探测器的光谱响应以及光谱、空间分辨率与信噪比等对岩矿光谱特征信息识别与提取的影响。系统地分析研究新疆东天山试验区成像光谱遥感矿物光谱信息识别与提取的实用化方法技术。并阐述了高分辨率的岩矿光谱特性在多光谱技术中应用分析,通过本论文的研究工作取得了以下主要成果:
一、岩矿光谱特性及其变异性
1、通过分析研究试验区岩石、矿物和矿石矿光谱特征,归纳总结了河北张家口的崇礼—赤城和新疆东天山地区岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩和不同矿床的光谱特征,不同地层中光谱差异性及其成因;分析了东坪、黄土梁两金矿区以及三道沟多金属矿的褐铁矿化、粘土蚀变强度和类型,初步探讨了三个矿床成因温度。
2、从观测几何光学位置关系出发,分析总结了光源的方位和入射角、仪器观测方位和观测角影响岩矿的光谱特性:入射光方位、入射角的变化和观测方位、观测角的变化都会引起岩矿光谱反射率值的变化,但其特征吸收谱的强弱程度不变;总结了岩矿在室内外测量条件下和不同入射光谱辐照度条件下岩矿光谱特性的差异性。
3、对岩矿的颗粒度、风化程度和温度试验等各种因素引起的岩石光谱变异性特征和规律进行了较全面的研究;对岩矿的光谱特征参量在各种条件下的稳定性进行了有效地分析评价:也较深入地探讨了遥感地质研究中的“同物异谱”和“异物同谱”现象的发生、影响及减轻或消除的可能途径;提出了成像光谱岩矿识别的深层次的定量化分析应尽量利用高光谱分辨率的岩矿光谱特征数据的技术思路,为开展精细的岩矿分类与识别提供了有效的事实依据和技术指导。
4、通过岩石矿物高温模拟实验的光谱特征与参量分析,结合岩石、矿物的晶体结构的稳定性以及形成条件,对岩矿在模拟高温条件下的光谱特性的变异性进行了初步探讨。随着岩矿温度的升高,其光谱行为表现为吸收谱带相变宽变浅;反之,其光谱特性表现为吸收谱带变深,且尖锐:并且吸收谱带波长位置向长波发生飘移。
二、影响遥感岩矿光谱特征信息识别与提取的因素分析
1、大气传输
总结了大气的成份与分层结构,探讨了大气的传输理论模型,开展了岩矿光谱反射辐射特性在不同大气厚度层中的模拟分析,从而深刻地认识了大气对光谱传输的复杂性和多变性;该工作的开展对发展和开发高光谱遥感岩矿光谱特性的恢复方法,提高高光谱遥感中光谱重建精度,还原出岩矿本质光谱特性极具重要意义。
2、岩矿光谱信息遥感的方向性
尽管岩矿光谱特性的二向性问题并不影响岩矿的特征谱带,影响的仅为反射率值的大小。但是在遥感影像中,确实影响不同航带上的岩矿信息识别和提取。通过从理论上分析形成方向反射
In the geological application of remote sensing, the subtle features of Rocks and Minerals(r.m.) of spectrum and space distribution is it's the superiority to remote sensing with high resolution. With the higher performances for the improved sensor, special for the spectral resolution, with the more improved the technique environment for distinguishing and extraction the r.m. information. But, for there is very narrow bandwidth to high spectral resolution imaging spectrometer, in the remote sensing, extraction and discrimination r.m. spectral information process, spectral information of r.m. is easy effected and controlled by a few factors. The paper moves round the for the remote sensing, extraction and discrimination r.m. spectral information process, such as the component, interior structure, and the exterior background ,or process with closer to spectral characteristic information of rocks and minerals, by the method combined for the theory, model, simulation and measurement, develops analyzing the factors of the mineral composition all of r.m., type of structure, chemical composition, weathered action, grain size, high temperature, atmospheric component of gases molecule, geometric measurement condition, the movement situation of platform, optical transfer function(OPT),response function of detector, and the resolution of spectral, space and ratio of signal-noise etc. effect the extraction and distinguishing the spectral properties information for r.m.. In the basement for more systematic researching spectral information of r.m., the paper expounds the application analysis of spectral properties of r.m. with high spectral resolution in multi-spectral technology for remote sensing, and systematic investigates the methodology with practical effect for the extraction and discrimination spectral information of r.m. using airborne imaging spectrometric remote sensing data at the Hami area in Xinjiang autonomy.The main results have been obtained by the work of researching in this paper:1. Spectral characteristic and differences of the rocks and minerals①The spectral features, differences and formation cause of igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks difference deposits is summarized by analyzing the spectral signatures of rocks, minerals and ores in test area;the intensity and type of limonite, clay altered among the dong-ping and huang-tu-liang Au deposits and san-dao-gou multi-metal deposits, and preliminarily discusses the forming temperature of the deposits of 3.②From the geometric relation with optical position of measurement, analyzing and summing up the influence of r.m. spectral features to changes of incident angle and azimuth, reflected and viewing angle: the spectral reflectance changes, but the absorption features isn't changed by the changes of incident angle and azimuth, reflected and viewing angle;and summarized the spectral differences under inside and outdoor, different irradiance in solar spectra.③completely investigating the differences and law of rock and minerals effected by its grain size, weathered extent and temperature;the stability of spectral features and feature parameters r.m in all of different condition is evaluated;the phenomenon to" different spectra with equal to material "and " different materials with equal to spectra", effect and reduce or the method of elimination are discussed profoundly;meanwhile, the technique principle of hyperspectral resolution features in the quantitative application in r.m. distinguish is suggested, the actual factor and technique guiding principle are provided in order to develop the precision classification and discrimination.④preliminarily make an inquiry into the spectral differences under high condition about r.m. by trial analysis the features and its parameters. The feature absorption become the more wide and more shallow with increasing temperature;Contrary, the feature absorption become the more deep and more narrow with reducing temperature, and the wavelength of feature absorption moves to long wavelength with temperature change.2. Analyzing factors of effecting the spectral information extraction and identification in remotesensing①atmospheric transfer: the component and structure of atmosphere are summarized, the model and theory of atmospheric transfer are analyzed, and the spectra simulation of different altitude is done by 6s model;The complex and changes of incident flex and reflected spectrum from r.m. is profoundly recognized;This work is very important signification for development resuming method of high spectral remote sensing of r.m., improved the spectral construction precision of imaging spectrometer remote sensing and being restored original state the internal spectral feature of rocks and minerals.②the direction reflection of remote sensing spectral properties of rocks and mineralsThe direction reflection doesn't effect the feature absorption of r.m., but effects its reflectance. In
remote sensing image, spectral information extraction and recognition in different flight lines is influenced by direction reflection properties. The principle of direct reflection is analyzed from theory, and the calculation about revising radiance different is developed. The complex and all of change .multi-effects and un-stability are sufficiently recognized to remote sensing radiance distort. The reflection property is comprehensive effects of earth surface geographical complex, atmospheric variable property and movement of viewing. Specially, the phenomenon is distinctly displayed in airborne imaging spectrometer remote sensing.(3) sensorThe effects to r.m. spectral information extraction discrimination by spectral and geometric resolution and ratio of signal-noise are considered. On the basis of spectral features and differences of r.m., different spectral resolution requirement in quantitative analysis for the surveying of rocks & minerals, abundance of minerals and component analysis is proposed, and resolution become gradually high.Theoretically analyzing the effecting pixels' geometric formation from the platform situation position parameters of aircraft, extraction reflectance from different ground resolution is done using HyMap and OMIS-I imaging spectrometer data. Effect to extracting analyzing target's spectra is more intensity with lower space resolution for the mixing pixels occur. In imaging spectrometer, because of making use of r.m. hyperspectral absorption identification the miners and rocks, space resolution isn't considered for the main factor. It is possible for improved the band's signal-noise.Theoretically analysis showing the ratio signal-noise(S/N) is important and complex specification for imaging spectrometer, and is controlled by a few factors. So as to obtain more subtle spectra characteristic of r.m., high value of S/N about imaging spectrometer data is inquired;The need for S/N is dependent on intensity of r.m.'s spectral absorption, response precision of detector, bandwidth and high reflection radiance;The more intensity absorption needs lower value of S/N. But the weaker absorption recognization, the higher value of S/N.3. The spectral information of rocks & minerals application in multi-spectral remote sensingBy means of the resources satellite sensor band in our country, the high spectral features, band selection and its combined, simulation and application result are done. On the base of completely analysis and summary the reflected signatures of rocks & minerals, peculiarity of spectral information application, ores spectral features of main deposits, simulation analysis with different spectral resolution is developed, the differences between spectral features with different deposits and spectral resolution are evaluated;The band selection is objective to requirement of multi-spectral information in geological survey, evaluation of mineral resources;By way of investigation the airborne imaging spectrometer data, simulation of selected band, verification and comparison of application, the technological produces of simulation wide band using high spectral resolution data is established;Preliminarily selecting multi-spectral band wavelength position, bandpass and number of band in order to meet mineral resources survey is provided scientific basis for designing sensor band of post series resources satellite in our country.4. The technique method for rocks & minerals spectral extraction and discriminationin imaging spectrometer remote sensingSince development of imaging spectrometer technology, the identification method technique and application of direct making use of rock and minerals spectra has become the research hot spot in geological remote sensing, and its application effect in geological remote sensing has displayed. In order to promote practice and engineering progress of imaging spectrometer remote sensing spectral information extraction and discrimination technique method applied in geological investigation, and development to technique production direction, this work is the first to develop practice rock & minerals spectral information extraction and identification method techniques using imaging spectrometer HyMap data with bands of 128 in dong-tian-shan test area of Xinjiang autonomy. The minerals distribution image with chlorite, muscovite, carbonate, kaolinite and serpentine, 3180km area, standard scaled of 1:50,000 is mapped, and the chart with important geological forming deposit of about 300km2 is mapped displaying seven minerals with scale of 1:10,000.By means of this research, preliminarily the method technique process on rock and minerals spectral information extraction and identification is created;The minerals distribution map in test area will provided mineralization altered information for profound analyzing and evaluating formation potentiality;This method technique will promote action for imaging spectrometer technological applied in geological production progress. Meanwhile, this technique will be ready technological ability for airborne and space-borne remote sensing data applied widely in future.
一、岩矿光谱特性及其变异性
1、通过分析研究试验区岩石、矿物和矿石矿光谱特征,归纳总结了河北张家口的崇礼—赤城和新疆东天山地区岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩和不同矿床的光谱特征,不同地层中光谱差异性及其成因;分析了东坪、黄土梁两金矿区以及三道沟多金属矿的褐铁矿化、粘土蚀变强度和类型,初步探讨了三个矿床成因温度。
2、从观测几何光学位置关系出发,分析总结了光源的方位和入射角、仪器观测方位和观测角影响岩矿的光谱特性:入射光方位、入射角的变化和观测方位、观测角的变化都会引起岩矿光谱反射率值的变化,但其特征吸收谱的强弱程度不变;总结了岩矿在室内外测量条件下和不同入射光谱辐照度条件下岩矿光谱特性的差异性。
3、对岩矿的颗粒度、风化程度和温度试验等各种因素引起的岩石光谱变异性特征和规律进行了较全面的研究;对岩矿的光谱特征参量在各种条件下的稳定性进行了有效地分析评价:也较深入地探讨了遥感地质研究中的“同物异谱”和“异物同谱”现象的发生、影响及减轻或消除的可能途径;提出了成像光谱岩矿识别的深层次的定量化分析应尽量利用高光谱分辨率的岩矿光谱特征数据的技术思路,为开展精细的岩矿分类与识别提供了有效的事实依据和技术指导。
4、通过岩石矿物高温模拟实验的光谱特征与参量分析,结合岩石、矿物的晶体结构的稳定性以及形成条件,对岩矿在模拟高温条件下的光谱特性的变异性进行了初步探讨。随着岩矿温度的升高,其光谱行为表现为吸收谱带相变宽变浅;反之,其光谱特性表现为吸收谱带变深,且尖锐:并且吸收谱带波长位置向长波发生飘移。
二、影响遥感岩矿光谱特征信息识别与提取的因素分析
1、大气传输
总结了大气的成份与分层结构,探讨了大气的传输理论模型,开展了岩矿光谱反射辐射特性在不同大气厚度层中的模拟分析,从而深刻地认识了大气对光谱传输的复杂性和多变性;该工作的开展对发展和开发高光谱遥感岩矿光谱特性的恢复方法,提高高光谱遥感中光谱重建精度,还原出岩矿本质光谱特性极具重要意义。
2、岩矿光谱信息遥感的方向性
尽管岩矿光谱特性的二向性问题并不影响岩矿的特征谱带,影响的仅为反射率值的大小。但是在遥感影像中,确实影响不同航带上的岩矿信息识别和提取。通过从理论上分析形成方向反射
In the geological application of remote sensing, the subtle features of Rocks and Minerals(r.m.) of spectrum and space distribution is it's the superiority to remote sensing with high resolution. With the higher performances for the improved sensor, special for the spectral resolution, with the more improved the technique environment for distinguishing and extraction the r.m. information. But, for there is very narrow bandwidth to high spectral resolution imaging spectrometer, in the remote sensing, extraction and discrimination r.m. spectral information process, spectral information of r.m. is easy effected and controlled by a few factors. The paper moves round the for the remote sensing, extraction and discrimination r.m. spectral information process, such as the component, interior structure, and the exterior background ,or process with closer to spectral characteristic information of rocks and minerals, by the method combined for the theory, model, simulation and measurement, develops analyzing the factors of the mineral composition all of r.m., type of structure, chemical composition, weathered action, grain size, high temperature, atmospheric component of gases molecule, geometric measurement condition, the movement situation of platform, optical transfer function(OPT),response function of detector, and the resolution of spectral, space and ratio of signal-noise etc. effect the extraction and distinguishing the spectral properties information for r.m.. In the basement for more systematic researching spectral information of r.m., the paper expounds the application analysis of spectral properties of r.m. with high spectral resolution in multi-spectral technology for remote sensing, and systematic investigates the methodology with practical effect for the extraction and discrimination spectral information of r.m. using airborne imaging spectrometric remote sensing data at the Hami area in Xinjiang autonomy.The main results have been obtained by the work of researching in this paper:1. Spectral characteristic and differences of the rocks and minerals①The spectral features, differences and formation cause of igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks difference deposits is summarized by analyzing the spectral signatures of rocks, minerals and ores in test area;the intensity and type of limonite, clay altered among the dong-ping and huang-tu-liang Au deposits and san-dao-gou multi-metal deposits, and preliminarily discusses the forming temperature of the deposits of 3.②From the geometric relation with optical position of measurement, analyzing and summing up the influence of r.m. spectral features to changes of incident angle and azimuth, reflected and viewing angle: the spectral reflectance changes, but the absorption features isn't changed by the changes of incident angle and azimuth, reflected and viewing angle;and summarized the spectral differences under inside and outdoor, different irradiance in solar spectra.③completely investigating the differences and law of rock and minerals effected by its grain size, weathered extent and temperature;the stability of spectral features and feature parameters r.m in all of different condition is evaluated;the phenomenon to" different spectra with equal to material "and " different materials with equal to spectra", effect and reduce or the method of elimination are discussed profoundly;meanwhile, the technique principle of hyperspectral resolution features in the quantitative application in r.m. distinguish is suggested, the actual factor and technique guiding principle are provided in order to develop the precision classification and discrimination.④preliminarily make an inquiry into the spectral differences under high condition about r.m. by trial analysis the features and its parameters. The feature absorption become the more wide and more shallow with increasing temperature;Contrary, the feature absorption become the more deep and more narrow with reducing temperature, and the wavelength of feature absorption moves to long wavelength with temperature change.2. Analyzing factors of effecting the spectral information extraction and identification in remotesensing①atmospheric transfer: the component and structure of atmosphere are summarized, the model and theory of atmospheric transfer are analyzed, and the spectra simulation of different altitude is done by 6s model;The complex and changes of incident flex and reflected spectrum from r.m. is profoundly recognized;This work is very important signification for development resuming method of high spectral remote sensing of r.m., improved the spectral construction precision of imaging spectrometer remote sensing and being restored original state the internal spectral feature of rocks and minerals.②the direction reflection of remote sensing spectral properties of rocks and mineralsThe direction reflection doesn't effect the feature absorption of r.m., but effects its reflectance. In
remote sensing image, spectral information extraction and recognition in different flight lines is influenced by direction reflection properties. The principle of direct reflection is analyzed from theory, and the calculation about revising radiance different is developed. The complex and all of change .multi-effects and un-stability are sufficiently recognized to remote sensing radiance distort. The reflection property is comprehensive effects of earth surface geographical complex, atmospheric variable property and movement of viewing. Specially, the phenomenon is distinctly displayed in airborne imaging spectrometer remote sensing.(3) sensorThe effects to r.m. spectral information extraction discrimination by spectral and geometric resolution and ratio of signal-noise are considered. On the basis of spectral features and differences of r.m., different spectral resolution requirement in quantitative analysis for the surveying of rocks & minerals, abundance of minerals and component analysis is proposed, and resolution become gradually high.Theoretically analyzing the effecting pixels' geometric formation from the platform situation position parameters of aircraft, extraction reflectance from different ground resolution is done using HyMap and OMIS-I imaging spectrometer data. Effect to extracting analyzing target's spectra is more intensity with lower space resolution for the mixing pixels occur. In imaging spectrometer, because of making use of r.m. hyperspectral absorption identification the miners and rocks, space resolution isn't considered for the main factor. It is possible for improved the band's signal-noise.Theoretically analysis showing the ratio signal-noise(S/N) is important and complex specification for imaging spectrometer, and is controlled by a few factors. So as to obtain more subtle spectra characteristic of r.m., high value of S/N about imaging spectrometer data is inquired;The need for S/N is dependent on intensity of r.m.'s spectral absorption, response precision of detector, bandwidth and high reflection radiance;The more intensity absorption needs lower value of S/N. But the weaker absorption recognization, the higher value of S/N.3. The spectral information of rocks & minerals application in multi-spectral remote sensingBy means of the resources satellite sensor band in our country, the high spectral features, band selection and its combined, simulation and application result are done. On the base of completely analysis and summary the reflected signatures of rocks & minerals, peculiarity of spectral information application, ores spectral features of main deposits, simulation analysis with different spectral resolution is developed, the differences between spectral features with different deposits and spectral resolution are evaluated;The band selection is objective to requirement of multi-spectral information in geological survey, evaluation of mineral resources;By way of investigation the airborne imaging spectrometer data, simulation of selected band, verification and comparison of application, the technological produces of simulation wide band using high spectral resolution data is established;Preliminarily selecting multi-spectral band wavelength position, bandpass and number of band in order to meet mineral resources survey is provided scientific basis for designing sensor band of post series resources satellite in our country.4. The technique method for rocks & minerals spectral extraction and discriminationin imaging spectrometer remote sensingSince development of imaging spectrometer technology, the identification method technique and application of direct making use of rock and minerals spectra has become the research hot spot in geological remote sensing, and its application effect in geological remote sensing has displayed. In order to promote practice and engineering progress of imaging spectrometer remote sensing spectral information extraction and discrimination technique method applied in geological investigation, and development to technique production direction, this work is the first to develop practice rock & minerals spectral information extraction and identification method techniques using imaging spectrometer HyMap data with bands of 128 in dong-tian-shan test area of Xinjiang autonomy. The minerals distribution image with chlorite, muscovite, carbonate, kaolinite and serpentine, 3180km area, standard scaled of 1:50,000 is mapped, and the chart with important geological forming deposit of about 300km2 is mapped displaying seven minerals with scale of 1:10,000.By means of this research, preliminarily the method technique process on rock and minerals spectral information extraction and identification is created;The minerals distribution map in test area will provided mineralization altered information for profound analyzing and evaluating formation potentiality;This method technique will promote action for imaging spectrometer technological applied in geological production progress. Meanwhile, this technique will be ready technological ability for airborne and space-borne remote sensing data applied widely in future.
引文
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