厦门市景观格局尺度效应与形成机制研究
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摘要
景观格局的尺度效应与形成机制研究是景观生态学研究的热点和难点之一。本文以景观生态学理论为基础,首先编制厦门市景观类型图,探讨了厦门市不同幅度下的景观格局的半变异函数,建立厦门市景观格局的BP网络模型,进而分析厦门市景观格局的形成机制,在此基础上提出了厦门市景观格局优化对策。
结果表明:(1)厦门市景观多样性指数和斑块密度的空间格局差异很大,空间异质性明显,且其随尺度变化而变化,厦门市景观格局的较好分析幅度为3km。(2)3km幅度下,厦门市景观多样性指数可分为三个区域:最高值区分布于多种景观类型相互交错分布的城乡结合区,次高值分布具有多个中心,最低值区分布于景观类型单一的市中心和山地。斑块密度可分为三个层次:最大值分布于斑块较破碎区域,最低值分布于景观类型单一的北部和西北部森林覆盖地区和经济快速发展的市中心,次高值则介于两者之间。(3)BP网络模型模拟结果平均误差为12.34%,最小误差仅为1.06%,因此选取样本面积大小为3km×3km,具有一定的合理性;厦门景观格局形成机制与高程、坡度等自然因素,以及距公路远近、居民点面积等社会经济因素有较大关系。
The research on scaling effects and forming mechanism of landscape pattern becomes one of the hottest and most difficult subjects in landscape ecology. Based on landscape ecology theory, a map of urban landscape ecological classification in Xiamen is made and semivariogram of landscape pattern at different extents is discussed. Then a BP neural network model of landscape pattern in Xiamen city is set up, forming mechanism of landscape pattern are analyzed. Based on the above, optimization measures of landscape pattern are proposed.
The conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The spatial pattern difference between diversity index and patch density is great. Spatial heterogeneity is obvious and changes greatly at different extents. The best analyzed extent of landscape pattern in Xiamen city is 3km. (2) At 3km extent, diversity index in Xiamen city is divided into three regions as follows: The highest value areas are distributed in the urban and rural combined areas of many landscape types Staggered distribution. The second high value areas have multiple centers. The lowest value areas are distributed in the downtown and mountain which the landscape type is single. Patch density is divided into three regions as follows: The highest value areas are distributed in fragmentation patch regions. The lowest value areas are distributed in the north and north-west of forest cover areas and rapid economic developed downtown, both of which the landscapes type are less. The second high value areas are located between the highest value areas and the lowest value areas. (3) 3km X 3km as sample size is reasonable, with the average error only 12.34% and the minimal error only 1.06%. Forming mechanism of landscape pattern in Xiamen city is related to elevation, slope, the nearest distance to the highways, industrial and mining sites, the area of residential sites.
结果表明:(1)厦门市景观多样性指数和斑块密度的空间格局差异很大,空间异质性明显,且其随尺度变化而变化,厦门市景观格局的较好分析幅度为3km。(2)3km幅度下,厦门市景观多样性指数可分为三个区域:最高值区分布于多种景观类型相互交错分布的城乡结合区,次高值分布具有多个中心,最低值区分布于景观类型单一的市中心和山地。斑块密度可分为三个层次:最大值分布于斑块较破碎区域,最低值分布于景观类型单一的北部和西北部森林覆盖地区和经济快速发展的市中心,次高值则介于两者之间。(3)BP网络模型模拟结果平均误差为12.34%,最小误差仅为1.06%,因此选取样本面积大小为3km×3km,具有一定的合理性;厦门景观格局形成机制与高程、坡度等自然因素,以及距公路远近、居民点面积等社会经济因素有较大关系。
The research on scaling effects and forming mechanism of landscape pattern becomes one of the hottest and most difficult subjects in landscape ecology. Based on landscape ecology theory, a map of urban landscape ecological classification in Xiamen is made and semivariogram of landscape pattern at different extents is discussed. Then a BP neural network model of landscape pattern in Xiamen city is set up, forming mechanism of landscape pattern are analyzed. Based on the above, optimization measures of landscape pattern are proposed.
The conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The spatial pattern difference between diversity index and patch density is great. Spatial heterogeneity is obvious and changes greatly at different extents. The best analyzed extent of landscape pattern in Xiamen city is 3km. (2) At 3km extent, diversity index in Xiamen city is divided into three regions as follows: The highest value areas are distributed in the urban and rural combined areas of many landscape types Staggered distribution. The second high value areas have multiple centers. The lowest value areas are distributed in the downtown and mountain which the landscape type is single. Patch density is divided into three regions as follows: The highest value areas are distributed in fragmentation patch regions. The lowest value areas are distributed in the north and north-west of forest cover areas and rapid economic developed downtown, both of which the landscapes type are less. The second high value areas are located between the highest value areas and the lowest value areas. (3) 3km X 3km as sample size is reasonable, with the average error only 12.34% and the minimal error only 1.06%. Forming mechanism of landscape pattern in Xiamen city is related to elevation, slope, the nearest distance to the highways, industrial and mining sites, the area of residential sites.
引文
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