低压配电网载波自动抄表路由技术研究
摘要
自动抄表系统,简称AMRS (Automatic Meter Reading System)是一种不需要人员到达现场就能完成抄读用户消耗电能的智能化管理系统。它是电力部门为了加强用电管理,提高供电效益,使其适应市场经济需要而设计的,但是由于配电网具有高时变、高衰减和高噪声的特性,抄表系统内部各点之间不能完全实现直接通信,需要有路由中继。本文主要研究能够应用于电力载波抄表系统的切实可行的路由算法,并根据具体的帧格式对其进行协议仿真与设计。
首先本文研究可预测p-保持CSMA(Predictive p-persistent CSMA)的基本工作原理,这是一种根据预测信道上的数据流量来确定发送时隙的载波侦听多路访问机制。然后分析蚁群算法和洪泛算法的基本原理,蚁群算法是一种性能优良的启发式随机优化算法,采用正反馈机制实现分布式全局优化;洪泛算法的基本思想是,当一个节点接收到一个非重复的广播消息时,立即将此消息转发给所有相邻的网络节点。最后研究用于Ad Hoc网络中的按需路由算法:Ad Hoc按需距离矢量路由协议(AODV)和源动态路由协议(DSR)。
其次,本文提出了蚁群路由算法应用于电力载波抄表网络的具体方案。然后又对用于Ad Hoc网络的AODV路由协议和DSR路由协议进行了基于NS2网络仿真软件的仿真测试,设计了一个13个节点的通信模型。模型设定13个节点为固定节点,令一个节点向其他节点发送路由指令,检测这两种路由方案在电力载波抄表网络结构条件下找寻节点的方式和找寻结果,并给出了应用于电力载波抄表网络洪泛路由协议具体设计方案。
最后本文给出了系统协议的具体实现方案,该协议设计方案是基于力合LME2200C电力线通信调制解调芯片的固定帧结构。此款电力载波芯片采用了多载波调制解调技术,此技术专门针对电力线较差的信道条件,因而具有很好的传输性能。协议中的命令帧包括下行帧和上行帧。其中下行帧包括蚁群方式组网命令、抄收丢失节点数据命令、寻找丢失节点命令、广播测试命令、网络地址设置命令、间接PLC测试和洪泛广播命令等;上行帧用于电表开关报警。
Automatic Meter Reading System (AMRS) is an intelligentized management system that needs nobody to read the electric energy consumer used at the scene. AMRS is design for electric power department to enhance the management of electric energy, improve the benefit of electric power supplement and adapt itself to the needs of market economy. But the distribution network has the characters of high time-varying, high attenuation and high noise, so meter reading system between the points can not fully realize direct communication. There must be routing relay. The purpose of this paper is to design several feasible routing algorithms for AMRS and the routing protocol following the specific frame format.
Firstly, this paper studies the basic working principle of predictive p-persistent CSMA. The CSMA can determine sending time slot according to the predictive flow of data channel. Then it analyzes the basic principles of Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) and Flooding routing algorithm. ACA is a kind of heuristic stochastic optimization algorithm that has excellent performance. It adapts the positive feedback mechanism to realize the global optimization of distribution network. The basic idea of flooding is that when a node receives a non-duplication broadcasting message, the message will forward to all adjacent network nodes at once. Finally it studies two on-demand routing algorithms used in Ad Hoc: Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector protocol (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR).
Secondly, this paper presents the detail project and the frame format of ACA used in AMRS. Next this paper simulates and tests AODV and DSR used for Ad Hoc based on Network Simulator 2 (NS2). This is a communication model of 13 fixed-nodes that makes one node to transmit routing instructions to the others in order to test the searching mode and the searching result of the two routing methods in the environment of AMRS, and then give the specific design project of the flooding routing protocol used in AMRS.
Finally the paper gives the specific project of system protocol. The project of system design is based on the fixed frame structure given by the power line communication (PLC) modem chip of LME2200C. The chip uses the multi-carrier modulation and demodulation technique that is target to the poor power line channel conditions. The frames consist of upstream frames and downstream frames. Upstream frames include organizing net orders based on ACA, reading data of a lost node orders, finding lost nodes orders, broadcasting test orders, setup network address orders, indirect PLC orders, flooding orders and so on. The downstream frame is used to alarm as soon as the cover of electric meter table is opened.
首先本文研究可预测p-保持CSMA(Predictive p-persistent CSMA)的基本工作原理,这是一种根据预测信道上的数据流量来确定发送时隙的载波侦听多路访问机制。然后分析蚁群算法和洪泛算法的基本原理,蚁群算法是一种性能优良的启发式随机优化算法,采用正反馈机制实现分布式全局优化;洪泛算法的基本思想是,当一个节点接收到一个非重复的广播消息时,立即将此消息转发给所有相邻的网络节点。最后研究用于Ad Hoc网络中的按需路由算法:Ad Hoc按需距离矢量路由协议(AODV)和源动态路由协议(DSR)。
其次,本文提出了蚁群路由算法应用于电力载波抄表网络的具体方案。然后又对用于Ad Hoc网络的AODV路由协议和DSR路由协议进行了基于NS2网络仿真软件的仿真测试,设计了一个13个节点的通信模型。模型设定13个节点为固定节点,令一个节点向其他节点发送路由指令,检测这两种路由方案在电力载波抄表网络结构条件下找寻节点的方式和找寻结果,并给出了应用于电力载波抄表网络洪泛路由协议具体设计方案。
最后本文给出了系统协议的具体实现方案,该协议设计方案是基于力合LME2200C电力线通信调制解调芯片的固定帧结构。此款电力载波芯片采用了多载波调制解调技术,此技术专门针对电力线较差的信道条件,因而具有很好的传输性能。协议中的命令帧包括下行帧和上行帧。其中下行帧包括蚁群方式组网命令、抄收丢失节点数据命令、寻找丢失节点命令、广播测试命令、网络地址设置命令、间接PLC测试和洪泛广播命令等;上行帧用于电表开关报警。
Automatic Meter Reading System (AMRS) is an intelligentized management system that needs nobody to read the electric energy consumer used at the scene. AMRS is design for electric power department to enhance the management of electric energy, improve the benefit of electric power supplement and adapt itself to the needs of market economy. But the distribution network has the characters of high time-varying, high attenuation and high noise, so meter reading system between the points can not fully realize direct communication. There must be routing relay. The purpose of this paper is to design several feasible routing algorithms for AMRS and the routing protocol following the specific frame format.
Firstly, this paper studies the basic working principle of predictive p-persistent CSMA. The CSMA can determine sending time slot according to the predictive flow of data channel. Then it analyzes the basic principles of Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) and Flooding routing algorithm. ACA is a kind of heuristic stochastic optimization algorithm that has excellent performance. It adapts the positive feedback mechanism to realize the global optimization of distribution network. The basic idea of flooding is that when a node receives a non-duplication broadcasting message, the message will forward to all adjacent network nodes at once. Finally it studies two on-demand routing algorithms used in Ad Hoc: Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector protocol (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR).
Secondly, this paper presents the detail project and the frame format of ACA used in AMRS. Next this paper simulates and tests AODV and DSR used for Ad Hoc based on Network Simulator 2 (NS2). This is a communication model of 13 fixed-nodes that makes one node to transmit routing instructions to the others in order to test the searching mode and the searching result of the two routing methods in the environment of AMRS, and then give the specific design project of the flooding routing protocol used in AMRS.
Finally the paper gives the specific project of system protocol. The project of system design is based on the fixed frame structure given by the power line communication (PLC) modem chip of LME2200C. The chip uses the multi-carrier modulation and demodulation technique that is target to the poor power line channel conditions. The frames consist of upstream frames and downstream frames. Upstream frames include organizing net orders based on ACA, reading data of a lost node orders, finding lost nodes orders, broadcasting test orders, setup network address orders, indirect PLC orders, flooding orders and so on. The downstream frame is used to alarm as soon as the cover of electric meter table is opened.
引文
1包依勤,周竞扬.基于分布式路由技术的多费率自动抄表系统.电测与仪表. 2003, 40(452):57~62
2樊建学,盛新富.低压电力线载波集中抄表系统的研究.继电器. 2005, 33(17): 49-52
3潘家斌,刘立祥.应用电力线载波通信技术的自动抄表系统.机电工程. 2005, 22(10): 58-60
4 HC Ferreira, HM Grove, O Hooijen and AJ Han Vinck. Power Line Communications:an Overview. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1996, 19(6): 558-563
5 HC Ferriera, HM Grove, O Hoojien. Power Line Communications an Overview. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery. 1996, 19(3): 238-242
6 I. Hakki Cavdar. A Solution to Remote Detection of Illegal Electricity Usage via Power Line Communications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2004, 19(4): 1663-1667
7张健.基于低压电力线载波的自动抄表与负荷管理系统.华北电力大学硕士论文. 2004:10
8何健,杜海霞,孔令宇.新时代的电力线通信技术东北电力学院学报2005,
25(2): 27-31
9 Liu D, Flint E. Wide Band AC Power Line Characterization. IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics. 1999, 45(4): 1087-1097
10 Morgan H., Chan L., Robert W.. Attenuation of Communication Signals on Residential and Commercial Intrabuilding Power Distribution Circuits. IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1986, 28(4): 220-230
11梅欣,吴蓉晖. OFDM在配电网高速数据通信中的应用.电力系统通信. 2005, 26(150): 20-23
12易斌,钱逢安,米红菊.电器噪声对低压电力线通信的干扰及其抑制.电力系统通信. 2005, 26(153): 15-17
13郭静波,王赞基.低压配电网扩频信号传输特性及通信系统实现对策.中国电机工程学报. 2001, 21(7): 78~82
14 Li Jiankun, Xu Zhengxun. Analysis of Low Voltage Power CarrierCommunication and Circuit Design of Signal Inject and Inspect. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation. 2002, 6
15 H. Meng, Y. L. Guan, S. Chen. Modeling and Analysis of Noise Effects on Broadband Power-Line Communications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2005, 20(2): 630-637
16 Qinruo Wang, Shiwei Gong. Communication Reliability Design of Low-voltage Power Line Communication System. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery. 2003:4040~4044
17陈林星,曾曦,曹毅.移动Ad hoc网络—自组织分组无线网络技术.电子工业出版社, 2006:45
18梅欣,吴荣晖. OFDM在配电网高速数据通信中的应用.电力系统通信. 2005, 26(150): 20-23
19汪晓岩,樊昊,易浩勇,孙荣久.基于OFDM技术的电力线通信系统的MATLAB模拟.电力系统通信. 2002, 2: 2-6
20 Pimentel P.R.S., Baldissin A., Cesar L.S.. Revolution in the Distribution (Use of the Technology Power Line Communication in the Transmission of Data, Voice and Images). IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition: Latin America. 2004: 314-320
21罗春风,程时杰,熊兰等.低压电力线OFDM载波通信系统符号定时同步方法.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(9): 65-71
22张瑞红.基于PL3105的低压电力线载波通信硬件设计.电子设计应用. 2004, 12:1-4
23 Youbing Zhang, Shijie Cheng. A Novel Multicarrier Signal Transmission System Over Multipath Channel of Low-Voltage Power Line. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, 2004, 19(4): 1668~1672
24 E. Del Re, R. Fantacci, S. Morosi and R. Seravalle. Comparison of CDMA and OFDM Techniques for Downstream Power-Line Communications on Low Voltage Grid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2003, 18(4): 1104~1109
25毛秀伟,吴铁军.自适应p-持续CSMA/CD介质访问控制策略.通信学报. 2003, 24(8):161-167
26 LAMMLET. CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide Second Edition.电子工业出版社, 2000:35-36
27王俊杰,谢春燕. LonTalk网络通信协议.自动化仪表. 2000, 21(4): 51-54
28赵军,张世璐,邓亚平. LONWORKS控制网络中的可预测p-CSMA协议.重庆邮电学院学报. 2001, 13(1):72-74
29李生红,潘理诸,鸿文等.基于蚁群算法的组播路由调度方法.计算机工程. 2001, 27(4):63-65
30 Dorigo M, Gambardella L M. Ant Colony System: A Cooperative Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem. IEEE Trans Evolutionary Computation, 1997, 1(1): 53-56
31李士勇.蚁群算法及其应用.哈尔滨工业大学出版社. 2004: 6-8
32马良,项培军.蚁群算法在组合优化中的应用.管理科学学报2001, 4(2): 32-37
33张素兵,刘泽民.基于蚁群算法的时延受限分布式多波路由研究.通信学报. 2001, 22(3): 70-74
34吕勇,赵光宙,苏凡军.基于蚁群算法的自适应动态路由算法.浙江大学学报. 2005: 30~33
35 Dorigo M, Di Caro G, Gambardella L M. Ant Algorithms for Discrete Optimization. Artificial Life, 1999, 5(2): 137~172
36 Dorigo M, Di Caro G. The Ant Colony Optimization meta-heuristic. New Ideas in Optimization, London: McGraw-Hill, 1999
37桥昕,钱松荣.基于移动自组网络的可靠组播协议研究.计算机工程. 2003, 29(14):133-135
38 M. Bani Yassein, M. Ould-Khaoua , S. Papanastasiou. On the Performance of Probabilistic Flooding in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2005
11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 2005, 5(5):1-5
39袁培燕,庄新豪,赵慧娜.移动Ad Hoc网络AODV路由协议的研究发展.许昌学院学报. 2007, 26(2): 91-94
40 Chia-Ching Ooi, N.Fisal. Implementation of Geocast-Enhanced AODVbis Routing Protocol in MANET. IEEE, 2004: 660-663
41 Abolhasan M. A Review of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 2004(2): 1-22
42孙晓艳,李建东,张光辉,田红涛. Ad Hoc中的常用路由算法分析.现代电子技术. 2003, 13:18-21
43 David Johnson B, David Maltz A. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc WirelessNetworks. Mobile Computing. 1996, 22(5):153-181
44 Gerd Bumiller, Liping Lu, YeQiong Song. Analytic Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols in Master-Slave PLC Networks. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery. 2005, 5(5):116-120
45赵建,孙俊锁.基于NS2的Ad Hoc网络路由协议仿真与研究.鞍山科技大学学报. 2007, 30(2):160-163
2樊建学,盛新富.低压电力线载波集中抄表系统的研究.继电器. 2005, 33(17): 49-52
3潘家斌,刘立祥.应用电力线载波通信技术的自动抄表系统.机电工程. 2005, 22(10): 58-60
4 HC Ferreira, HM Grove, O Hooijen and AJ Han Vinck. Power Line Communications:an Overview. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1996, 19(6): 558-563
5 HC Ferriera, HM Grove, O Hoojien. Power Line Communications an Overview. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery. 1996, 19(3): 238-242
6 I. Hakki Cavdar. A Solution to Remote Detection of Illegal Electricity Usage via Power Line Communications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2004, 19(4): 1663-1667
7张健.基于低压电力线载波的自动抄表与负荷管理系统.华北电力大学硕士论文. 2004:10
8何健,杜海霞,孔令宇.新时代的电力线通信技术东北电力学院学报2005,
25(2): 27-31
9 Liu D, Flint E. Wide Band AC Power Line Characterization. IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics. 1999, 45(4): 1087-1097
10 Morgan H., Chan L., Robert W.. Attenuation of Communication Signals on Residential and Commercial Intrabuilding Power Distribution Circuits. IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1986, 28(4): 220-230
11梅欣,吴蓉晖. OFDM在配电网高速数据通信中的应用.电力系统通信. 2005, 26(150): 20-23
12易斌,钱逢安,米红菊.电器噪声对低压电力线通信的干扰及其抑制.电力系统通信. 2005, 26(153): 15-17
13郭静波,王赞基.低压配电网扩频信号传输特性及通信系统实现对策.中国电机工程学报. 2001, 21(7): 78~82
14 Li Jiankun, Xu Zhengxun. Analysis of Low Voltage Power CarrierCommunication and Circuit Design of Signal Inject and Inspect. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation. 2002, 6
15 H. Meng, Y. L. Guan, S. Chen. Modeling and Analysis of Noise Effects on Broadband Power-Line Communications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2005, 20(2): 630-637
16 Qinruo Wang, Shiwei Gong. Communication Reliability Design of Low-voltage Power Line Communication System. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery. 2003:4040~4044
17陈林星,曾曦,曹毅.移动Ad hoc网络—自组织分组无线网络技术.电子工业出版社, 2006:45
18梅欣,吴荣晖. OFDM在配电网高速数据通信中的应用.电力系统通信. 2005, 26(150): 20-23
19汪晓岩,樊昊,易浩勇,孙荣久.基于OFDM技术的电力线通信系统的MATLAB模拟.电力系统通信. 2002, 2: 2-6
20 Pimentel P.R.S., Baldissin A., Cesar L.S.. Revolution in the Distribution (Use of the Technology Power Line Communication in the Transmission of Data, Voice and Images). IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition: Latin America. 2004: 314-320
21罗春风,程时杰,熊兰等.低压电力线OFDM载波通信系统符号定时同步方法.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(9): 65-71
22张瑞红.基于PL3105的低压电力线载波通信硬件设计.电子设计应用. 2004, 12:1-4
23 Youbing Zhang, Shijie Cheng. A Novel Multicarrier Signal Transmission System Over Multipath Channel of Low-Voltage Power Line. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, 2004, 19(4): 1668~1672
24 E. Del Re, R. Fantacci, S. Morosi and R. Seravalle. Comparison of CDMA and OFDM Techniques for Downstream Power-Line Communications on Low Voltage Grid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2003, 18(4): 1104~1109
25毛秀伟,吴铁军.自适应p-持续CSMA/CD介质访问控制策略.通信学报. 2003, 24(8):161-167
26 LAMMLET. CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide Second Edition.电子工业出版社, 2000:35-36
27王俊杰,谢春燕. LonTalk网络通信协议.自动化仪表. 2000, 21(4): 51-54
28赵军,张世璐,邓亚平. LONWORKS控制网络中的可预测p-CSMA协议.重庆邮电学院学报. 2001, 13(1):72-74
29李生红,潘理诸,鸿文等.基于蚁群算法的组播路由调度方法.计算机工程. 2001, 27(4):63-65
30 Dorigo M, Gambardella L M. Ant Colony System: A Cooperative Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem. IEEE Trans Evolutionary Computation, 1997, 1(1): 53-56
31李士勇.蚁群算法及其应用.哈尔滨工业大学出版社. 2004: 6-8
32马良,项培军.蚁群算法在组合优化中的应用.管理科学学报2001, 4(2): 32-37
33张素兵,刘泽民.基于蚁群算法的时延受限分布式多波路由研究.通信学报. 2001, 22(3): 70-74
34吕勇,赵光宙,苏凡军.基于蚁群算法的自适应动态路由算法.浙江大学学报. 2005: 30~33
35 Dorigo M, Di Caro G, Gambardella L M. Ant Algorithms for Discrete Optimization. Artificial Life, 1999, 5(2): 137~172
36 Dorigo M, Di Caro G. The Ant Colony Optimization meta-heuristic. New Ideas in Optimization, London: McGraw-Hill, 1999
37桥昕,钱松荣.基于移动自组网络的可靠组播协议研究.计算机工程. 2003, 29(14):133-135
38 M. Bani Yassein, M. Ould-Khaoua , S. Papanastasiou. On the Performance of Probabilistic Flooding in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2005
11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 2005, 5(5):1-5
39袁培燕,庄新豪,赵慧娜.移动Ad Hoc网络AODV路由协议的研究发展.许昌学院学报. 2007, 26(2): 91-94
40 Chia-Ching Ooi, N.Fisal. Implementation of Geocast-Enhanced AODVbis Routing Protocol in MANET. IEEE, 2004: 660-663
41 Abolhasan M. A Review of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 2004(2): 1-22
42孙晓艳,李建东,张光辉,田红涛. Ad Hoc中的常用路由算法分析.现代电子技术. 2003, 13:18-21
43 David Johnson B, David Maltz A. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc WirelessNetworks. Mobile Computing. 1996, 22(5):153-181
44 Gerd Bumiller, Liping Lu, YeQiong Song. Analytic Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols in Master-Slave PLC Networks. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery. 2005, 5(5):116-120
45赵建,孙俊锁.基于NS2的Ad Hoc网络路由协议仿真与研究.鞍山科技大学学报. 2007, 30(2):160-163
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