智能天线中几种圆阵DOA估计算法及性能分析研究
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摘要
智能天线作为第三代移动通信的关键技术之一越来越受到人们的重视，随着空分多址概念的引入，智能天线可以在空域实现滤波，能够有效的提高系统容量，减小干扰，所以随着对智能天线技术的研究慢慢走向成熟，这项技术最终在实际中得到良好的应用。
智能天线技术是一门很复杂的技术，其中涉及许多相关领域。波达方向估计(DOA)对智能天线来说是非常重要的，所以近年来对DOA技术的研究逐渐成为热点。由于传统的高分辨率DOA算法都是基于矩阵分解的，这种方法优点是估计准确，缺点是计算量大，实用性不强。所以，研究几种实用的计算量小的DOA算法成为本文的重点。
本文首先介绍了智能天线系统的基本理论和阵列天线的信号模型，然后主要针对圆阵实值MUSIC估计算法和实值ESPRIT算法进行研究，并对其进行了大量的仿真及性能分析。在此基础之上，本文提出了几种减少计算量和复杂度的新算法，圆阵快速MUSIC算法和改进波束空间MUSIC算法，计算机模拟仿真结果证实它们的有效性。最后，本文讨论了阵列天线性能对DOA估计的影响，主要介绍了互耦对DOA估计及本文提出的快速算法的影响，从矩阵理论分析了互耦对DOA估计产生的影响，并提出了一种类似去相关的空间平滑的方法来修正互耦的影响，仿真结果表明了此方法有一定的效果但是还不成熟，还要在以后的工作种进行深入的研究。
本文的主要工作旨在分析几种适合实际引用的DOA算法，所以有一定的工程实用价值。
Smart antenna as one of the essential technique of the third generation communication taken more seriously .the introduction of the SDMA concept smart antenna can be a space region filter, also can enhances the system capacity, and reduces the disturbance, so with the research on the smart antenna become more maturely,this technology will obtain a good application in the fact.
The smart antenna technology is a very complex technology, involves many related domains, DOA estimation algorithm is very important to the smart antenna technology ,so he research on DOA algorithm become a hot spot in recent years. Because the traditional high resolution DOA algorithm are all based on the matrix decomposition, this method merit is the estimate accurate, the shortcoming is big complex computation and the usability is weak. Therefore, study several kind of small computation DOA algorithms become the key point of this thesis.
The basic theory of smart antenna system and signal pattern of array antenna is introduced first in the thesis. Then the thesis mainly focuses on the UNITARY-MUSIC algorithm in the circular array, also with detail simulation and performance analysis. In this foundation this thesis bring several kinds of new small computation algorithms: UCA-FAST-MUSIC algorithm and beam space MUSIC algorithm, two new algorithms with less computation and complexity. Computer simulation results confirm their validity. Last, we discussed the influence caused by the array antenna performance , mianly discussed the influence to the DOA algorithm , from the matrix theoretical we analysis the influence to the DOA algorithm caused by the array coupling,and bring a spatial smoothing technology to reduce the influence, the simulation result indicate this method has the certain effect but not mature, will have to plan a deep research in the future.
The topic probed in this thesis is highly applicable and is instructive for further theoretical research in this field.
智能天线技术是一门很复杂的技术，其中涉及许多相关领域。波达方向估计(DOA)对智能天线来说是非常重要的，所以近年来对DOA技术的研究逐渐成为热点。由于传统的高分辨率DOA算法都是基于矩阵分解的，这种方法优点是估计准确，缺点是计算量大，实用性不强。所以，研究几种实用的计算量小的DOA算法成为本文的重点。
本文首先介绍了智能天线系统的基本理论和阵列天线的信号模型，然后主要针对圆阵实值MUSIC估计算法和实值ESPRIT算法进行研究，并对其进行了大量的仿真及性能分析。在此基础之上，本文提出了几种减少计算量和复杂度的新算法，圆阵快速MUSIC算法和改进波束空间MUSIC算法，计算机模拟仿真结果证实它们的有效性。最后，本文讨论了阵列天线性能对DOA估计的影响，主要介绍了互耦对DOA估计及本文提出的快速算法的影响，从矩阵理论分析了互耦对DOA估计产生的影响，并提出了一种类似去相关的空间平滑的方法来修正互耦的影响，仿真结果表明了此方法有一定的效果但是还不成熟，还要在以后的工作种进行深入的研究。
本文的主要工作旨在分析几种适合实际引用的DOA算法，所以有一定的工程实用价值。
Smart antenna as one of the essential technique of the third generation communication taken more seriously .the introduction of the SDMA concept smart antenna can be a space region filter, also can enhances the system capacity, and reduces the disturbance, so with the research on the smart antenna become more maturely,this technology will obtain a good application in the fact.
The smart antenna technology is a very complex technology, involves many related domains, DOA estimation algorithm is very important to the smart antenna technology ,so he research on DOA algorithm become a hot spot in recent years. Because the traditional high resolution DOA algorithm are all based on the matrix decomposition, this method merit is the estimate accurate, the shortcoming is big complex computation and the usability is weak. Therefore, study several kind of small computation DOA algorithms become the key point of this thesis.
The basic theory of smart antenna system and signal pattern of array antenna is introduced first in the thesis. Then the thesis mainly focuses on the UNITARY-MUSIC algorithm in the circular array, also with detail simulation and performance analysis. In this foundation this thesis bring several kinds of new small computation algorithms: UCA-FAST-MUSIC algorithm and beam space MUSIC algorithm, two new algorithms with less computation and complexity. Computer simulation results confirm their validity. Last, we discussed the influence caused by the array antenna performance , mianly discussed the influence to the DOA algorithm , from the matrix theoretical we analysis the influence to the DOA algorithm caused by the array coupling,and bring a spatial smoothing technology to reduce the influence, the simulation result indicate this method has the certain effect but not mature, will have to plan a deep research in the future.
The topic probed in this thesis is highly applicable and is instructive for further theoretical research in this field.
引文
[1] 张贤达．现代信号处理[M]．清华大学出版社．1995．5．
[2] 李建东，杨家玮．《个人通信》．人民邮电出版社．1999．
[3] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东．《数字移动通信》．人民邮电出版社．1996．
[4] 张贤达、保铮．通信信号处理．北京：国防工业出版社．2000．12．
[5] 张贤达．现代信号处理[M]．清华大学出版社．1995．5．
[6] Prabhakar S. Naidu. Sensor Array Signal Processing. USA: CRC Press, 2001.
[7] James A. Cadzow. Methods of Direction-Of-Arrival. IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing, May.1991, pp: 9-10.
[8] Joseph C. Liberti and Theodore S. Rappaport. Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications. USA: Prentice Hall PTR,1999.
[10] Cherian P. Mathews and Michael D. Zoltowski. Performance Analysis of the UCA-ESPRIT Algorithm for Circular Ring Arrays. [J]. IEEE Transanction on Signal Processing, Sep. 1994,Vol.42, No.9,pp:2535-2539.
[11] Cherian P. Mathews. Eigenstructure Techniques for 2-D Angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays. [J]. IEEE Transanction on Signal Processing, Sep.1994,Vol. 42, No.9,pp: 2395-2407.
[12] Michael D. Zoltowski and Cherian P. Mathews. Closed-Form 2D Angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays Via Phase Mode Excitation and ESPRIT. [A]. IEEE 1993, pp: 169-173.
[13] Jones, M. R.; Griffiths, H. D.. Prediction of circular array phase mode characteristics. Electronics Letters, Jun.1988,Vol.24, Issue:13, 23, pp: 811-812.
[14] Cherian P. Mathews. Eigenstructure Techniques for 2-D Angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays. [J]. IEEE Transanction on Signal Processing, Sep. 1994, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp: 2395-2407.
[15] K. C. Huamg and C. C. Yeh. A unitary transformation method for angle of arrival estimation. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech, Signal Processing, Apr.1991, Vol. 39, pp. 975-977.
[16] Hassan M A. Rational Invariant Subspace Approximations with Applications[J]. IEEE Trans. Assp, 2000 48(11), pp. 3032-3041.
[17] G. H. Golub and C. Reinsch. Singular value decomposition and least squares solutions. Numer. Math.1970, Vol. 14, pp. 403-420.
[18] Mathews. C. P., Zoltowski. M. D. Eigenstructure Techniques for 2-D angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays. IEEE Tr. Signal Processing, Vol. 42 (9), 1994. pp. 2395-2407.
[19] M. D. Zoltowski, G. M. Kautz, and S. D. Silverstein. Beamspace root-MUSIC. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Jan. 1993,vol. 41, pp: 344-364.
[20] Pillai. S. U, Kson. B. H. Forward/backward spatial smoothing techniques for coherent signal identification[J] IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1989, 37(1): 8-15.
[21] Pillai. S. U, Kwon. B. H. Performance analysis of MUSIC-type high-resolution estimators for direction finding incorrelated and coherent scenes[J]. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1989, 37(8): 1176-1189.
[22] 张瑾，赵益民，王琦，一种均匀圆环阵DOA估计算法，空间电子技术2004年第3期。
[23] 杨超，邱文杰“自适应天线阵中阵元间互耦的校正”电子学报第二期，1993，P：58-62．
[24] 何子述“智能天线中的信道多径参数估计技术” 电子科技大学博是士论文1999．
[25] Belloni, F.; Koivunen, V. Analysis of beamspace transform on uniform circular array. Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004. Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Volume 2, 7-10 Nov. 2004 Page(s): 1963-1967.
[26] Lau, B. K.; Leung, Y.H.;Liu,Y.;Teo,K.L.; Direction of arrival estimation in the presence of correlated signal and array imperfections with uniform circular arrays. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2002. Proceedings. (ICASSP '02). IEEE International Conference onVolume 3, 13-17 May 2002 Page(s): Ⅲ-3037-Ⅲ-3040 vol. 3.
[27] Ioannides, P.; Balanis, C. A. Uniform circular arrays for smart antennas. Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2004. IEEE Volume 3, 20-25 June 2004 Page(s): 2796-2799.
[2] 李建东，杨家玮．《个人通信》．人民邮电出版社．1999．
[3] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东．《数字移动通信》．人民邮电出版社．1996．
[4] 张贤达、保铮．通信信号处理．北京：国防工业出版社．2000．12．
[5] 张贤达．现代信号处理[M]．清华大学出版社．1995．5．
[6] Prabhakar S. Naidu. Sensor Array Signal Processing. USA: CRC Press, 2001.
[7] James A. Cadzow. Methods of Direction-Of-Arrival. IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing, May.1991, pp: 9-10.
[8] Joseph C. Liberti and Theodore S. Rappaport. Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications. USA: Prentice Hall PTR,1999.
[10] Cherian P. Mathews and Michael D. Zoltowski. Performance Analysis of the UCA-ESPRIT Algorithm for Circular Ring Arrays. [J]. IEEE Transanction on Signal Processing, Sep. 1994,Vol.42, No.9,pp:2535-2539.
[11] Cherian P. Mathews. Eigenstructure Techniques for 2-D Angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays. [J]. IEEE Transanction on Signal Processing, Sep.1994,Vol. 42, No.9,pp: 2395-2407.
[12] Michael D. Zoltowski and Cherian P. Mathews. Closed-Form 2D Angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays Via Phase Mode Excitation and ESPRIT. [A]. IEEE 1993, pp: 169-173.
[13] Jones, M. R.; Griffiths, H. D.. Prediction of circular array phase mode characteristics. Electronics Letters, Jun.1988,Vol.24, Issue:13, 23, pp: 811-812.
[14] Cherian P. Mathews. Eigenstructure Techniques for 2-D Angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays. [J]. IEEE Transanction on Signal Processing, Sep. 1994, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp: 2395-2407.
[15] K. C. Huamg and C. C. Yeh. A unitary transformation method for angle of arrival estimation. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech, Signal Processing, Apr.1991, Vol. 39, pp. 975-977.
[16] Hassan M A. Rational Invariant Subspace Approximations with Applications[J]. IEEE Trans. Assp, 2000 48(11), pp. 3032-3041.
[17] G. H. Golub and C. Reinsch. Singular value decomposition and least squares solutions. Numer. Math.1970, Vol. 14, pp. 403-420.
[18] Mathews. C. P., Zoltowski. M. D. Eigenstructure Techniques for 2-D angle Estimation with Uniform Circular Arrays. IEEE Tr. Signal Processing, Vol. 42 (9), 1994. pp. 2395-2407.
[19] M. D. Zoltowski, G. M. Kautz, and S. D. Silverstein. Beamspace root-MUSIC. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Jan. 1993,vol. 41, pp: 344-364.
[20] Pillai. S. U, Kson. B. H. Forward/backward spatial smoothing techniques for coherent signal identification[J] IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1989, 37(1): 8-15.
[21] Pillai. S. U, Kwon. B. H. Performance analysis of MUSIC-type high-resolution estimators for direction finding incorrelated and coherent scenes[J]. IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1989, 37(8): 1176-1189.
[22] 张瑾，赵益民，王琦，一种均匀圆环阵DOA估计算法，空间电子技术2004年第3期。
[23] 杨超，邱文杰“自适应天线阵中阵元间互耦的校正”电子学报第二期，1993，P：58-62．
[24] 何子述“智能天线中的信道多径参数估计技术” 电子科技大学博是士论文1999．
[25] Belloni, F.; Koivunen, V. Analysis of beamspace transform on uniform circular array. Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004. Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Volume 2, 7-10 Nov. 2004 Page(s): 1963-1967.
[26] Lau, B. K.; Leung, Y.H.;Liu,Y.;Teo,K.L.; Direction of arrival estimation in the presence of correlated signal and array imperfections with uniform circular arrays. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2002. Proceedings. (ICASSP '02). IEEE International Conference onVolume 3, 13-17 May 2002 Page(s): Ⅲ-3037-Ⅲ-3040 vol. 3.
[27] Ioannides, P.; Balanis, C. A. Uniform circular arrays for smart antennas. Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2004. IEEE Volume 3, 20-25 June 2004 Page(s): 2796-2799.