激光光谱学在环境监测中的应用
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摘要
自然界中的物质由于其原子或者分子结构的不同,具有不同的特征吸收谱或者荧光谱等。通过对这些谱线的分析,就可以获得待测物质种类及含量等方面的特征信息。自激光问世以来,激光光谱技术被广泛应用于医疗,生物,农业,环境监测等各个不同的领域。本论文的主要工作是利用激光光谱技术开展在环境监测方面的应用研究,主要包括大气气体测量,农业害虫监测以及食品安全监测三个方面的探索性和应用性研究。
随着中国社会经济的迅速发展,日益恶化的大气环境亟需采用先进的技术来开展大气环境的监测和治理。差分吸收激光雷达技术是利用气体吸收光谱学技术探测大气污染物的一种先进的光学遥感技术。通过探测气体吸收波长以及偏离气体吸收峰的波长的激光脉冲的大气后向散射信号的强度,来获取待测气体的空间浓度分布信息。差分吸收激光雷达技术可以实现对大气污染物的大范围、实时、动态的三维测量。本论文中分别利用染料激光器以及光参量振荡激光器作为光源,开展差分吸收激光雷达技术的研究与应用。研制了能够测量大气汞含量的差分吸收激光雷达系统,并利用紫外波段的氧气吸收信号对雷达系统进行验证,实现了对中国杭州和广州的大气污染物—原子汞和一氧化氮分子—的有效测量,并提出了利用三波长差分吸收激光雷达开展大气中的光化学指示气体—乙二醛的探索性研究工作。
基于先进的激光遥感技术,本论文将激光诱导荧光雷达技术应用于农业害虫的探索性研究。利用激光诱导荧光雷达技术可以实现对农业害虫的运动及迂徙行为的追踪,还可以实现某些昆虫的种类鉴别等,为激光诱导荧光雷达技术在研究昆虫对信息素的反应等方面指明了方向。
此外,激光诱导荧光技术还可以应用于食品安全的检测。利用激光诱导荧光技术并结合特征分量分析法开展茶叶种类鉴定以及茶叶品质的评估,成功的实现了对茉莉花茶的品质以及乌龙茶的种类的有效评估。此外,还利用不同波长的发光二极管进一步开展龙井茶茶叶种类及品质的评估的研究工作,研制了基于多个不同波长发光二级管的紧凑的荧光检测系统。通过分析不同波长的发光二极管激发出的荧光光谱可以实现更准确的茶叶品质分析,该技术的进一步发展必将应用在更广泛的食品监测领域。
All natural materials have their special atomic or molecular structures, which can be observed as different kinds of absorption/emission spectra, fluorescence spectra, etc. By analyzing their spectra, one could obtain the components, corresponding contents, and other inherent characteristics of the measured materials. Since the invention of the laser, laser spectroscopy has been widely used in many fields;such as biomedicine, biology, agriculture and environmental monitoring, etc. The main aim of the present thesis work is to utilize laser spectroscopy to develop exploratory and applicable research technique in environmental monitoring, including atmospheric gas monitoring, agricultural pest monitoring and food safety monitoring.
With the rapid development of Chinese economy and society, the worsening atmospheric environment becomes more and more problematic, which highly demands advanced technologies to monitor and control the atmospheric environment. The differential absorption LIDAR technique is an advanced optical remote sensing method, utilizing gas absorption spectroscopy to detect many kinds of atmospheric pollutants. By detecting the atmospheric backscattering signal of the laser pulses which would be switched alternatively between wavelengths on and slightly off the gas absorption peak, the range-resolved concentration for the gas of interest can be retrieved. This technique can realize large-range, in situ and dynamic3D monitoring of the atompsheric pollutants. In the present work, a dye laser and an optical parametric oscillator are utilized as light sources to develop differential absorption LIDAR systems and explore relevant applications. A first Chinese differential absorption lidar system, which was able to monitor the atmospheric mercury concentration, was developed using a dye laser, and the system performance was well calibrated by the oxygen absorption lines in the ultraviolet region. At the same time, atmospheric atomic mercury and nitric oxide molecules were efficiently monitered, and the exploratory research on an atmospheric photolysis gas indicator-glyoxal-is also performed with a three wavelengths differential absorption LIDAR method.
The advanced laser-induced fluorescence LIDAR technique, for the first time, is utilized to study agricultural pest. With the help of this technique, one could track the moving or migration behavior of the agricultural pest, and even classify certain types of pests. The new research presented greatly encourages future research and applications of this technique in this field. It is especially useful for tracking the moving behavior of pest/insect around different types of pheromones.
The laser-induced fluorescence technique, apart from its remote sensing application, can also be used in food safety studies. In the present work, the laser-induced fluorescence technique, combined with principal component analysis, for the first time, was successfully utilized for classification and quality assessment of Chinese jasmine and oolong tea samples. A compact multiple light-emitting diodes based fluorescence system was also developed. By analyzing the fluorescence spectra induced by different wavelengths, one could evaluate the classification and quality of tea samples more accurately, e.g, Longjing tea. The proposed technique could be further developed and applied in many other food safety fields.
随着中国社会经济的迅速发展,日益恶化的大气环境亟需采用先进的技术来开展大气环境的监测和治理。差分吸收激光雷达技术是利用气体吸收光谱学技术探测大气污染物的一种先进的光学遥感技术。通过探测气体吸收波长以及偏离气体吸收峰的波长的激光脉冲的大气后向散射信号的强度,来获取待测气体的空间浓度分布信息。差分吸收激光雷达技术可以实现对大气污染物的大范围、实时、动态的三维测量。本论文中分别利用染料激光器以及光参量振荡激光器作为光源,开展差分吸收激光雷达技术的研究与应用。研制了能够测量大气汞含量的差分吸收激光雷达系统,并利用紫外波段的氧气吸收信号对雷达系统进行验证,实现了对中国杭州和广州的大气污染物—原子汞和一氧化氮分子—的有效测量,并提出了利用三波长差分吸收激光雷达开展大气中的光化学指示气体—乙二醛的探索性研究工作。
基于先进的激光遥感技术,本论文将激光诱导荧光雷达技术应用于农业害虫的探索性研究。利用激光诱导荧光雷达技术可以实现对农业害虫的运动及迂徙行为的追踪,还可以实现某些昆虫的种类鉴别等,为激光诱导荧光雷达技术在研究昆虫对信息素的反应等方面指明了方向。
此外,激光诱导荧光技术还可以应用于食品安全的检测。利用激光诱导荧光技术并结合特征分量分析法开展茶叶种类鉴定以及茶叶品质的评估,成功的实现了对茉莉花茶的品质以及乌龙茶的种类的有效评估。此外,还利用不同波长的发光二极管进一步开展龙井茶茶叶种类及品质的评估的研究工作,研制了基于多个不同波长发光二级管的紧凑的荧光检测系统。通过分析不同波长的发光二极管激发出的荧光光谱可以实现更准确的茶叶品质分析,该技术的进一步发展必将应用在更广泛的食品监测领域。
All natural materials have their special atomic or molecular structures, which can be observed as different kinds of absorption/emission spectra, fluorescence spectra, etc. By analyzing their spectra, one could obtain the components, corresponding contents, and other inherent characteristics of the measured materials. Since the invention of the laser, laser spectroscopy has been widely used in many fields;such as biomedicine, biology, agriculture and environmental monitoring, etc. The main aim of the present thesis work is to utilize laser spectroscopy to develop exploratory and applicable research technique in environmental monitoring, including atmospheric gas monitoring, agricultural pest monitoring and food safety monitoring.
With the rapid development of Chinese economy and society, the worsening atmospheric environment becomes more and more problematic, which highly demands advanced technologies to monitor and control the atmospheric environment. The differential absorption LIDAR technique is an advanced optical remote sensing method, utilizing gas absorption spectroscopy to detect many kinds of atmospheric pollutants. By detecting the atmospheric backscattering signal of the laser pulses which would be switched alternatively between wavelengths on and slightly off the gas absorption peak, the range-resolved concentration for the gas of interest can be retrieved. This technique can realize large-range, in situ and dynamic3D monitoring of the atompsheric pollutants. In the present work, a dye laser and an optical parametric oscillator are utilized as light sources to develop differential absorption LIDAR systems and explore relevant applications. A first Chinese differential absorption lidar system, which was able to monitor the atmospheric mercury concentration, was developed using a dye laser, and the system performance was well calibrated by the oxygen absorption lines in the ultraviolet region. At the same time, atmospheric atomic mercury and nitric oxide molecules were efficiently monitered, and the exploratory research on an atmospheric photolysis gas indicator-glyoxal-is also performed with a three wavelengths differential absorption LIDAR method.
The advanced laser-induced fluorescence LIDAR technique, for the first time, is utilized to study agricultural pest. With the help of this technique, one could track the moving or migration behavior of the agricultural pest, and even classify certain types of pests. The new research presented greatly encourages future research and applications of this technique in this field. It is especially useful for tracking the moving behavior of pest/insect around different types of pheromones.
The laser-induced fluorescence technique, apart from its remote sensing application, can also be used in food safety studies. In the present work, the laser-induced fluorescence technique, combined with principal component analysis, for the first time, was successfully utilized for classification and quality assessment of Chinese jasmine and oolong tea samples. A compact multiple light-emitting diodes based fluorescence system was also developed. By analyzing the fluorescence spectra induced by different wavelengths, one could evaluate the classification and quality of tea samples more accurately, e.g, Longjing tea. The proposed technique could be further developed and applied in many other food safety fields.
引文
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