强度调制型光纤传感器液体浓度检测系统的研究
|
摘要
浓度是溶液的一个重要参数。目前,溶液浓度的检测大都需要复杂或昂贵的检测装置。本文根据全反射原理、菲涅尔公式及朗伯-比尔定律,分析了液体浓度与折射率、吸光度之间的线性关系,得出光纤出射光强随液体包层浓度成负指数关系。根据上述结论,本文利用光的强度调制进行溶液浓度检测,即通过测量光强的变化,检测出待测溶液浓度。实验表明,本文研制的强度调制光纤传感器可以实现浓度检测。
在分析、总结国内外研究的基础上,选择强度调制原理研制浓度检测系统。利用光纤熔接机制作光纤敏感元件,将其插入待测液体,通过测量出射光强,实现对液体浓度的直接测量。选取半导体激光器(LD)光源,发出波长650nm的光信号,经传输光纤和光纤敏感元件内部反射后到达光探测器。在光探测器中,硅光电二极管将光信号转换成电信号,经LM358芯片放大后输出。为测量准确,光探测器后接数字万用表直接读取电压值,实现待测液体浓度的检测。同时,本文还提出一套操作简单、快速且不损伤纤芯的去除光纤包层的加工方法。
本系统采用廉价的光纤连接器对光纤、光源进行耦合,避免了使用光学聚焦透镜复杂的校准过程,简化了系统的设计,降低了成本。实验证明,本检测系统工作可靠、性能稳定,具有灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰、耐腐蚀、结构简单、体积小、重量轻和低侵入被测对象等优点,对实际检测具有良好的应用前景。
Concentration is an important parameter of solution. At present, the detection technology for concentration requires complex or expensive experimental device. According to total reflection principle, Fresnel formula and Lambert-Beer's law, the linear relationships between the liquid concentration and refractive index, the liquid concentration and absorbance are analyzed respectively, and the negative exponent relationship between the optical leakage strength and clad liquid concentration is obtained. According to the above conclusions, the light intensity modulation is used to detect the solution concentration. The change of light intensity is measured to test solution concentration. The experiment indicates that the concentration of solution can be realized by the intensity modulated optical sensor developed here.
The intensity modulation principle is chosen to develope the concentration testing system. The sensitive unit is made by welding naked optical fiber. Inserting it into testing liquid, loss of light intensity is measured and the liquid concentration is known directly. The 650nm light signal is emitted by semiconductor laser diode (LD). The total reflection of light is in the optical fiber and light is lost in the optical fiber sensitive unit before it arrives at the light detector. In the light detector, the silicon photodiode transforms the light signal into the electrical signal and the output electrical signal is measured after amplified by the LM358. In order to increase the accuracy of measurement, the digital multimeter is followed the light detector to read the voltage value directly. The results show that the performance of the optical sensor developed here can detect the liquid concentration well. A simple, fast and scatheless way to peel off the fiber cladding is also presented.
The low-cost fiber optic connector is adopted to couple the optical fiber and light in order to avoid the complex calibration process of optical focusing lens. System design is simplified, and the cost is reduced. It is also found that the liquid detection system has reliability, stability, high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, corrosion resistance, simple structure, small size, light weight, minimum invasion, etc. Good prospects of application are showed.
在分析、总结国内外研究的基础上,选择强度调制原理研制浓度检测系统。利用光纤熔接机制作光纤敏感元件,将其插入待测液体,通过测量出射光强,实现对液体浓度的直接测量。选取半导体激光器(LD)光源,发出波长650nm的光信号,经传输光纤和光纤敏感元件内部反射后到达光探测器。在光探测器中,硅光电二极管将光信号转换成电信号,经LM358芯片放大后输出。为测量准确,光探测器后接数字万用表直接读取电压值,实现待测液体浓度的检测。同时,本文还提出一套操作简单、快速且不损伤纤芯的去除光纤包层的加工方法。
本系统采用廉价的光纤连接器对光纤、光源进行耦合,避免了使用光学聚焦透镜复杂的校准过程,简化了系统的设计,降低了成本。实验证明,本检测系统工作可靠、性能稳定,具有灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰、耐腐蚀、结构简单、体积小、重量轻和低侵入被测对象等优点,对实际检测具有良好的应用前景。
Concentration is an important parameter of solution. At present, the detection technology for concentration requires complex or expensive experimental device. According to total reflection principle, Fresnel formula and Lambert-Beer's law, the linear relationships between the liquid concentration and refractive index, the liquid concentration and absorbance are analyzed respectively, and the negative exponent relationship between the optical leakage strength and clad liquid concentration is obtained. According to the above conclusions, the light intensity modulation is used to detect the solution concentration. The change of light intensity is measured to test solution concentration. The experiment indicates that the concentration of solution can be realized by the intensity modulated optical sensor developed here.
The intensity modulation principle is chosen to develope the concentration testing system. The sensitive unit is made by welding naked optical fiber. Inserting it into testing liquid, loss of light intensity is measured and the liquid concentration is known directly. The 650nm light signal is emitted by semiconductor laser diode (LD). The total reflection of light is in the optical fiber and light is lost in the optical fiber sensitive unit before it arrives at the light detector. In the light detector, the silicon photodiode transforms the light signal into the electrical signal and the output electrical signal is measured after amplified by the LM358. In order to increase the accuracy of measurement, the digital multimeter is followed the light detector to read the voltage value directly. The results show that the performance of the optical sensor developed here can detect the liquid concentration well. A simple, fast and scatheless way to peel off the fiber cladding is also presented.
The low-cost fiber optic connector is adopted to couple the optical fiber and light in order to avoid the complex calibration process of optical focusing lens. System design is simplified, and the cost is reduced. It is also found that the liquid detection system has reliability, stability, high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, corrosion resistance, simple structure, small size, light weight, minimum invasion, etc. Good prospects of application are showed.
引文
[1]周继明,江世明,传感技术与应用,长沙:中南大学出版社,2005,21-24
[2]欧国荣,陈翔,马新华等,光纤传感检测水中氰化物的研制,中国公共卫生,2003, 19(1): 83-84
[3] http://col.njtu.edu.cn/zskj
[4]王民,智能化是传感器发展的必然趋势,录井技术,2004, 15(2): 55-57
[5]崔大付,刘长春,陈翔萌,发展中的生化传感器,传感器世界,2004, 3: 6-11
[6]田领红,一种可用于军事领域上的压力光纤传感器,传感器技术,2001, 20(8): 46-48
[7]曹汇敏,微小型光纤传感器理论建模与设计实现,博士学位论文,华中科技大学,2006
[8]李学金,光纤微弯传感器及反射式强度调制光纤传感器研究,博士学位论文,天津大学,2005
[9]王玉田,郑龙江,侯培国等,光电子学与光纤传感器技术,北京:国防工业出版社,2003, 218-224
[10]张娜,光纤传感器液体浓度检测系统的研究,硕士学位论文,山东大学,2005
[11]崔大付,刘长春,陈翔,生化传感器发展的新特点,测控技术,2004, 23(3): 1-4
[12]杜铜练,冀邦杰,赵润辉,水下远程光纤传输损耗研究,舰船科学技术,2003, 25(3): 16-18
[13] A.Balaji Ganesh, T.K. Radhakrishnan, Fiber-optic sensors for the estimation of pH within natural biofilms on metals, Sensors and Actuators, 2007, 123(B): 1107–1112
[14] Azizul Isha, Nor Azah Yusof, Musa Ahmad, et al., Optical fibre chemical sensor for trace vanadium (V) determination based on newly synthesized palm based fatty hydroxamic acid immobilized in polyvinyl chloride membrane, Spectrochimica Acta Part, 2007, 67(A): 1398–1402
[15]程湘,王宇华,庞振章等,光纤出射光强分布研究,中国计量学院学报,2006, 17(1): 21-24
[16] Brian Culshaw, Optical Fiber Sensor Technologies: Opportunities And Perhaps Pitfalls, Jouranl of Lightwave Technology, 2004, 22(1):39-50
[17] Aw.B.Lyons, H.Ewald,E.Lewis, An optical fibre distributed sensor based on pattern recognition, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002(127): 23-30
[18] Jan Rayss, Grzegorz Sudolski, Ion adsorption in the Porous sol-gel silica layer In the fibre optic pH sensor, Sensors and Actuators, 2002, 87(B): 397-405
[19] J.M.Senior, S.E.Moss, S.D.Cusworth, Wavelength division multiplexed optical point-sensor networks using injection laser diode sources,Optical & Laser Technology, 2002, 36: 1-5
[20] George M. Hale, Marvin R. Querry, Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region,Applied Optics, 1973, 12(3): 555-563
[21] Minato H, Kakui Y, Nishimato A, Remote refractive index diffractive meter for salinity sensor, IEEE Transacations on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1989, 38(2): 608-612
[22] TL Bergman, FP Incropera, WH Stevenson, Miniature fiber-optic refractometer for measurement of salinity in double-diffusive thermohaline systems, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1985, 56(2): 291-296
[23] T.L. Bergman, D.R. Munoz, F.P. Incropera, et al., Measurement of salinity distribution in salt-stratified double-diffusive systems by optical deflectometry, Rev. Sci. Instr. 1986, 57(10): 2538-2542
[24] J.P. Longtin, B. Badran, F.M. Gerner, A one-dimension model of a micro heat pipe during steady-state operation, J. Heat Transfer, 1994, 116(3): 709-715
[25] J. P. Longtin, C. H. Fan, Laser-Based Temperature Measurement at a Liquid Surface, Kyongyu, Korea: Heat Transfer Conference, 1998: 119-123
[26] J.P. Longtin, C.H. Fan, Precision laser-based concentration and refractive index measurement of liquids, Microscale Thermophys Eng., 1998, 2(4): 261-272
[27] SH Smith, A Lozano, MG Mungal, et al., Scalar mixing in the subsonic jet in crossflow,Computational and Experimental Assessment of Jets in Cross Flow,1993(32): 7-34
[28] A. Lozano, S.H. Smith, M.G. Mungal, et al., Concentration measurements in a transverse jet by planar laser-induced fluorescence of acetone, AIAA J., 1993,32 (1): 218-221
[29] V.A. Vink, G.A. Sokolov, Yu.S. Fomochev, Measurement of the concentration of flowing liquid solutions by a heat-marker method, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1985, 58(2): 357-359
[30] T. Konishi, S. Naka, A. Ito, et al., Transient two-dimensional fuelconcentration measurement technique, Appl. Opt., 1997, 36(33): 8815-8819
[31] T.A. Wilson, W.F. Reed, Low-Cost, Interferometric differential refractometer, Am. J. Phys., 1993, 61 (11): 1046-1148
[32] R.J. Harris, G.T. Johnston, G.A. Kepple, et al., Infrared thermooptic coefficient measurement of polycrystalline ZnSe, ZnS, CdTe, CaF2, and BaF2, single crystal KCl, and T1-20 Glass, Appl. Opt., 1997, 16(2): 436-438
[33] K. Ikeda, Ultrasonic measurement of concentration in solutions by a phase-locked loop method, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1997, 36(5B): 3180-3183
[34] Jun C X, Zhang K, et al., Fiber optic brag grating sensor based on hydrogels for measuring salinity, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2002, 87(3): 487-490
[35]赵凯华,钟锡华,光学,北京:北京大学出版社,10-16
[36]刘君,何兴道,邹文栋,光纤连接器端面研磨的技术关键,南昌航空工业学院学报,2004, 18(1): 86-89
[37]田秀劳,光波在左手材料中的菲涅尔公式和布儒斯特定律,光子学报,2006, 35(7): 1103-1106
[38]戴莲瑾等,智能化光纤压力传感器,1994, 15(1): 8-11
[39]戴新宇,闫长春,王群动态判别溶液浓度大小的光电测量方法,实验室研究与探索,2004, 23(12): 27-39
[40]张以生,张以清,溶液浓度的测定,教育科学,2004, 5: 58-59
[41]解延雷,朱民,辛督强,张涛,无机溶液折射率与质量浓度关系的理论计算和实验验证,北京师范大学学报,2007, 43(1): 47-49
[42]赵海英,用MATLAB语言计算不同浓度乙醇溶液和折射率的关系,大学物理实验,2001, 14(1): 51-52
[43]赵凯华,钟锡华,光学,北京:北京大学出版社,228-229
[44]谢增鸿,用于汞检测的多孔塑料光纤探头及硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的快速检测试纸的分析研究,硕士学位论文,福州大学,2003
[45]韦世红,王敏琦,基于保偏光纤的光纤应力传感器研究与设计,半导体光电,2006, 27(6): 784-787
[46]高淑琴,里佐威,孙昕等,低折射率液芯光纤喇曼光谱的实验研究,激光技术,1997, 21(3): 160-163
[47]鲍振武,刘钊,刘晶,传感器用特种光纤,光纤与电缆及其应用技术,2000(1): 26-33
[48]田穗康,程晓宏,章竹君等,液芯波导与光强差技术测定食品中痕量亚硫酸根,分析试验室,2007, 26(3): 15-17
[49]程晓宏,章竹君,田穗康等,液芯波导与光强差技术测定食品中痕量亚硫酸根,应用化学,2007, 24(2): 144-147
[50]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,微流控光纤芯片检测系统的研制,分析化学,2006, 34: 295-298
[51]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,光纤型PDMS电泳芯片的制作与研究,测试技术学报,2006, 20(5): 402-406
[52]苏波,集成光纤的毛细管电泳芯片检测系统的研制,博士学位论文,中国科学院电子学研究所,2006
[53]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,PDMS微流控光纤芯片的研制,微细加工技术,2005, 9: 57-61
[54]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,光纤型电泳芯片的研制,测控技术,2005, 24(11): 5-8
[55]杨丙成,谭峰,陈令新等,一种以发光二极管为激发光源的荧光检测器,分析测试学报,2003, 22(3): 22-24
[56] R.M. Tiggelaar, T.T. Veenstra, R.G.P. Sanders, et al., A light detection cell to be used in a micro analysis system for ammonia, Talanta, 2002, 56: 331–339
[57] Greg E. Collins, Qin Lub, Microfabricated capillary electrophoresis sensor for uranium (VI), Analytica Chimica Acta, 2001, 436: 181–189
[58] Jeff Hecht著,贾东方,余震虹,王肇颖等译,光纤光学,北京:人民邮电出版社,2004
[59]王元超,外腔半导体激光器伺服电路系统的改进设计与实现,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2004
[60] F.K. Mickadeit, S. Berniolles, H.R. Kemp, et al., Sub-parts-per-quadrillion-level graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry based on laser wave mixing, Anal. Chem., 2004, 76(6): 1788-1792
[61] http://www.21icsearch.com/download.asp?id=879041
[62]江宇,强度调制光纤传感器数值模拟与仿真,硕士学位论文,哈尔滨工程大学,2003
[63]安毓英,曾小东,光学传感与测量,北京:电子工业出版社,2001, 250-254
[64]胡先志,李永红,胡佳妮等,粗波分复用技术及其工程应用,北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[65]陈代书,沈先云,光纤液体浓度仪及其应用,光纤光缆传输技术,1991, 3: 21-23
[66]杨晓志,夏群科,红外光谱测定绿辉石结构水含量的两种吸收系数之比较,矿物学报,2006, 26(2): 210-214
[67]金晓丹,廖延彪,强度调制型光纤传感器的光电补偿技术,光学学报,1996, 16(7): 1002-1005
[2]欧国荣,陈翔,马新华等,光纤传感检测水中氰化物的研制,中国公共卫生,2003, 19(1): 83-84
[3] http://col.njtu.edu.cn/zskj
[4]王民,智能化是传感器发展的必然趋势,录井技术,2004, 15(2): 55-57
[5]崔大付,刘长春,陈翔萌,发展中的生化传感器,传感器世界,2004, 3: 6-11
[6]田领红,一种可用于军事领域上的压力光纤传感器,传感器技术,2001, 20(8): 46-48
[7]曹汇敏,微小型光纤传感器理论建模与设计实现,博士学位论文,华中科技大学,2006
[8]李学金,光纤微弯传感器及反射式强度调制光纤传感器研究,博士学位论文,天津大学,2005
[9]王玉田,郑龙江,侯培国等,光电子学与光纤传感器技术,北京:国防工业出版社,2003, 218-224
[10]张娜,光纤传感器液体浓度检测系统的研究,硕士学位论文,山东大学,2005
[11]崔大付,刘长春,陈翔,生化传感器发展的新特点,测控技术,2004, 23(3): 1-4
[12]杜铜练,冀邦杰,赵润辉,水下远程光纤传输损耗研究,舰船科学技术,2003, 25(3): 16-18
[13] A.Balaji Ganesh, T.K. Radhakrishnan, Fiber-optic sensors for the estimation of pH within natural biofilms on metals, Sensors and Actuators, 2007, 123(B): 1107–1112
[14] Azizul Isha, Nor Azah Yusof, Musa Ahmad, et al., Optical fibre chemical sensor for trace vanadium (V) determination based on newly synthesized palm based fatty hydroxamic acid immobilized in polyvinyl chloride membrane, Spectrochimica Acta Part, 2007, 67(A): 1398–1402
[15]程湘,王宇华,庞振章等,光纤出射光强分布研究,中国计量学院学报,2006, 17(1): 21-24
[16] Brian Culshaw, Optical Fiber Sensor Technologies: Opportunities And Perhaps Pitfalls, Jouranl of Lightwave Technology, 2004, 22(1):39-50
[17] Aw.B.Lyons, H.Ewald,E.Lewis, An optical fibre distributed sensor based on pattern recognition, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002(127): 23-30
[18] Jan Rayss, Grzegorz Sudolski, Ion adsorption in the Porous sol-gel silica layer In the fibre optic pH sensor, Sensors and Actuators, 2002, 87(B): 397-405
[19] J.M.Senior, S.E.Moss, S.D.Cusworth, Wavelength division multiplexed optical point-sensor networks using injection laser diode sources,Optical & Laser Technology, 2002, 36: 1-5
[20] George M. Hale, Marvin R. Querry, Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region,Applied Optics, 1973, 12(3): 555-563
[21] Minato H, Kakui Y, Nishimato A, Remote refractive index diffractive meter for salinity sensor, IEEE Transacations on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1989, 38(2): 608-612
[22] TL Bergman, FP Incropera, WH Stevenson, Miniature fiber-optic refractometer for measurement of salinity in double-diffusive thermohaline systems, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1985, 56(2): 291-296
[23] T.L. Bergman, D.R. Munoz, F.P. Incropera, et al., Measurement of salinity distribution in salt-stratified double-diffusive systems by optical deflectometry, Rev. Sci. Instr. 1986, 57(10): 2538-2542
[24] J.P. Longtin, B. Badran, F.M. Gerner, A one-dimension model of a micro heat pipe during steady-state operation, J. Heat Transfer, 1994, 116(3): 709-715
[25] J. P. Longtin, C. H. Fan, Laser-Based Temperature Measurement at a Liquid Surface, Kyongyu, Korea: Heat Transfer Conference, 1998: 119-123
[26] J.P. Longtin, C.H. Fan, Precision laser-based concentration and refractive index measurement of liquids, Microscale Thermophys Eng., 1998, 2(4): 261-272
[27] SH Smith, A Lozano, MG Mungal, et al., Scalar mixing in the subsonic jet in crossflow,Computational and Experimental Assessment of Jets in Cross Flow,1993(32): 7-34
[28] A. Lozano, S.H. Smith, M.G. Mungal, et al., Concentration measurements in a transverse jet by planar laser-induced fluorescence of acetone, AIAA J., 1993,32 (1): 218-221
[29] V.A. Vink, G.A. Sokolov, Yu.S. Fomochev, Measurement of the concentration of flowing liquid solutions by a heat-marker method, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1985, 58(2): 357-359
[30] T. Konishi, S. Naka, A. Ito, et al., Transient two-dimensional fuelconcentration measurement technique, Appl. Opt., 1997, 36(33): 8815-8819
[31] T.A. Wilson, W.F. Reed, Low-Cost, Interferometric differential refractometer, Am. J. Phys., 1993, 61 (11): 1046-1148
[32] R.J. Harris, G.T. Johnston, G.A. Kepple, et al., Infrared thermooptic coefficient measurement of polycrystalline ZnSe, ZnS, CdTe, CaF2, and BaF2, single crystal KCl, and T1-20 Glass, Appl. Opt., 1997, 16(2): 436-438
[33] K. Ikeda, Ultrasonic measurement of concentration in solutions by a phase-locked loop method, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1997, 36(5B): 3180-3183
[34] Jun C X, Zhang K, et al., Fiber optic brag grating sensor based on hydrogels for measuring salinity, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2002, 87(3): 487-490
[35]赵凯华,钟锡华,光学,北京:北京大学出版社,10-16
[36]刘君,何兴道,邹文栋,光纤连接器端面研磨的技术关键,南昌航空工业学院学报,2004, 18(1): 86-89
[37]田秀劳,光波在左手材料中的菲涅尔公式和布儒斯特定律,光子学报,2006, 35(7): 1103-1106
[38]戴莲瑾等,智能化光纤压力传感器,1994, 15(1): 8-11
[39]戴新宇,闫长春,王群动态判别溶液浓度大小的光电测量方法,实验室研究与探索,2004, 23(12): 27-39
[40]张以生,张以清,溶液浓度的测定,教育科学,2004, 5: 58-59
[41]解延雷,朱民,辛督强,张涛,无机溶液折射率与质量浓度关系的理论计算和实验验证,北京师范大学学报,2007, 43(1): 47-49
[42]赵海英,用MATLAB语言计算不同浓度乙醇溶液和折射率的关系,大学物理实验,2001, 14(1): 51-52
[43]赵凯华,钟锡华,光学,北京:北京大学出版社,228-229
[44]谢增鸿,用于汞检测的多孔塑料光纤探头及硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的快速检测试纸的分析研究,硕士学位论文,福州大学,2003
[45]韦世红,王敏琦,基于保偏光纤的光纤应力传感器研究与设计,半导体光电,2006, 27(6): 784-787
[46]高淑琴,里佐威,孙昕等,低折射率液芯光纤喇曼光谱的实验研究,激光技术,1997, 21(3): 160-163
[47]鲍振武,刘钊,刘晶,传感器用特种光纤,光纤与电缆及其应用技术,2000(1): 26-33
[48]田穗康,程晓宏,章竹君等,液芯波导与光强差技术测定食品中痕量亚硫酸根,分析试验室,2007, 26(3): 15-17
[49]程晓宏,章竹君,田穗康等,液芯波导与光强差技术测定食品中痕量亚硫酸根,应用化学,2007, 24(2): 144-147
[50]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,微流控光纤芯片检测系统的研制,分析化学,2006, 34: 295-298
[51]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,光纤型PDMS电泳芯片的制作与研究,测试技术学报,2006, 20(5): 402-406
[52]苏波,集成光纤的毛细管电泳芯片检测系统的研制,博士学位论文,中国科学院电子学研究所,2006
[53]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,PDMS微流控光纤芯片的研制,微细加工技术,2005, 9: 57-61
[54]苏波,崔大付,刘长春等,光纤型电泳芯片的研制,测控技术,2005, 24(11): 5-8
[55]杨丙成,谭峰,陈令新等,一种以发光二极管为激发光源的荧光检测器,分析测试学报,2003, 22(3): 22-24
[56] R.M. Tiggelaar, T.T. Veenstra, R.G.P. Sanders, et al., A light detection cell to be used in a micro analysis system for ammonia, Talanta, 2002, 56: 331–339
[57] Greg E. Collins, Qin Lub, Microfabricated capillary electrophoresis sensor for uranium (VI), Analytica Chimica Acta, 2001, 436: 181–189
[58] Jeff Hecht著,贾东方,余震虹,王肇颖等译,光纤光学,北京:人民邮电出版社,2004
[59]王元超,外腔半导体激光器伺服电路系统的改进设计与实现,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2004
[60] F.K. Mickadeit, S. Berniolles, H.R. Kemp, et al., Sub-parts-per-quadrillion-level graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry based on laser wave mixing, Anal. Chem., 2004, 76(6): 1788-1792
[61] http://www.21icsearch.com/download.asp?id=879041
[62]江宇,强度调制光纤传感器数值模拟与仿真,硕士学位论文,哈尔滨工程大学,2003
[63]安毓英,曾小东,光学传感与测量,北京:电子工业出版社,2001, 250-254
[64]胡先志,李永红,胡佳妮等,粗波分复用技术及其工程应用,北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[65]陈代书,沈先云,光纤液体浓度仪及其应用,光纤光缆传输技术,1991, 3: 21-23
[66]杨晓志,夏群科,红外光谱测定绿辉石结构水含量的两种吸收系数之比较,矿物学报,2006, 26(2): 210-214
[67]金晓丹,廖延彪,强度调制型光纤传感器的光电补偿技术,光学学报,1996, 16(7): 1002-1005