印度贱民解放的历史透视：过程、问题和展望
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摘要
印度的贱民处于印度社会的最底层,遭受着残酷的压迫和社会歧视。本文以时间顺序为主轴,叙述近现代印度贱民的解放过程。本文的正文部分由五部分组成,第一部分论述英国殖民政府为改善贱民的社会地位采取的措施和印度开明阶层对印度教的改革和解放贱民的尝试。这在一定程度上唤醒了贱民的解放意识,使他们开始争取自身的权利。第二部分论述在贱民解放的过程中做出巨大贡献的甘地和阿姆贝德卡的一系列政治活动。第三部分是文章的重点,论述印度独立后政府在提高贱民社会地位方面采取的积极措施。正是在政府的保障下,独立后贱民的社会处境得到了很大改善。第四部分论述独立后贱民政治影响力的扩大和伴随着政治地位的提高而来的对贱民的种姓暴力的增加。
最后作者在分析批判学界观点的基础上对贱民的未来解放之路提出了自己的看法,认为在印度这样种姓和宗教矛盾复杂的社会,贱民的解放是不可能在短时间内实现的。
oppression and social discrimination. The dissertation narrates the liberation process of modern Indian Dalits in historical sequence. The text is divided into five parts. The first part discusses the measures taken by British colonial government to improve the social status of dalits and the Reform of Hinduism and attempts of liberating Dalits by Indian enlightened class. This aroused the liberation consciousness of Dalits and made them begin to fight for their rights. The second part discusses what Gandhi and Ambedkar did for the liberation of Dalits. The third part is the main one,discussing the positive steps taken by the Indian government to improve the social status of Dalits since independence. It is under the protection of government that the social situation of Dalits have gained very much improvement. The fourth part discusses the expansion of Dalits’political influence after independence and the caste violence imposed on them with their political status improved.
Finally,the author puts forward private opinion about the future way of the emancipation of Dalits, holding that the Dalits’s emancipation has a long way to go in such a complex society of India full of caste and religion contradictions.
最后作者在分析批判学界观点的基础上对贱民的未来解放之路提出了自己的看法,认为在印度这样种姓和宗教矛盾复杂的社会,贱民的解放是不可能在短时间内实现的。
oppression and social discrimination. The dissertation narrates the liberation process of modern Indian Dalits in historical sequence. The text is divided into five parts. The first part discusses the measures taken by British colonial government to improve the social status of dalits and the Reform of Hinduism and attempts of liberating Dalits by Indian enlightened class. This aroused the liberation consciousness of Dalits and made them begin to fight for their rights. The second part discusses what Gandhi and Ambedkar did for the liberation of Dalits. The third part is the main one,discussing the positive steps taken by the Indian government to improve the social status of Dalits since independence. It is under the protection of government that the social situation of Dalits have gained very much improvement. The fourth part discusses the expansion of Dalits’political influence after independence and the caste violence imposed on them with their political status improved.
Finally,the author puts forward private opinion about the future way of the emancipation of Dalits, holding that the Dalits’s emancipation has a long way to go in such a complex society of India full of caste and religion contradictions.
引文
①Dipankar Gupta:“Caste and Politics”, Annual Revie of Anthropology, Vol.34(2005), p. 152.
①林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第361页。
①Neelam Yadav : Encyclopaedia of Backward Castes VOL 1. New Delhi: Anmol Publication Pvt.Ltd., 2005, p. 210.
②Ibid.
③Ibid .. p.209.
④Ibid .. p .211.
①Neelam Yadav:Encyclopaedia of Backward Castes VOL1. New Delhi. Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd. 2005. pp.209—210.
②Ibid .. p.213.
③Neelam Yadav:Encyclopaedla of Backward Castes VOL1. New Delhi. Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd. 2005. p. 214.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopaedla of Backward Castes Vol.1. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd, 2005.p.214.
②邱永辉:《论英国殖民时期印度种姓制度的变化》,《南亚研究季刊》,1999年第3期,第75页。
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第97页。
②尚会鹏,《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第97页。
③Anupama.Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.18.
④Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p.18.
①Anupama Rao: The caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p.18.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California Press, p. 12.
②G. R. Pradhan: Untouchable Workers of Bombay. Knmataka: Karnataka Publish House. 1999, p.38.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press,2009. p. 79.
②Ibid., p.81.
③Ibid., p.83.
④Anupama Rao :The Caste Question-Dalit and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.87.
⑤Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p. 82.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p. 83.
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. California: University of California press, 2009. p. 89.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p.92.
②Ibid., p. 93.
③Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.93.
④Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. California: Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 95.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anumol Publications Pvt.Ltd. 2005, p.143.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anmol Publication Pvt.Ltd, 2005, p. 85.
②Ibid., p. 87.
③林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第361页。
④同上书,第362页。
①林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第363页。
②Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2005, p.110.
③Ibid., p.110.
④林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第364页。
①林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2004年,第365页。
②Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p.63.
①Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt.Ltd, 2008, p.68.
②Ibid., p. 75.
③B. R. Ambedkar: Annihilation of caste, in S. V. Printers, Pahar Ganj, Social justice and Political Safeguards for Depressed Class. New Delhi, 1991, p.39.
①C. Joe Arun: Constructing Dalit Identity. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2004, p.65.
②Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p. 86.
③Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd, 2005, p.236.
④尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第102页。
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2004年,第102—103页。
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angeles: University of California press, 2009, p. 117.
③Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p.89.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, pp. 119-120.
②Ibid., p.73.
③Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd. 2008, p. 97.
④D. K. Kaul: Dalit in Rural India:Challenges and Opportunities. New Delhi: Cyber Tech Publications, 2008, p. 66.
⑤尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》【M】,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第108页。
⑥同上书,第112页。
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第114页。
②同上书,第116页。
③Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p. 89.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand oaks: Sage Publications, 2009, p.10.
②Ibid.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand oaks: Sage Publications, 2009, p. 12.
②邱永辉:《论英国殖民时期印度种姓制度的变化》,《南亚研究季刊》1999年第3期,第76页。
③Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2009, p. 169.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL.1. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2005, p. 251.
②Ibid., p .252.
③Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL.1. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2005, p.252.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for common Destiny. Thousand oaks: Sage Publications , 2009, p.15.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications , 2009, p. 17.
②Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009. p.18.
③Ibid.,
④Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 19.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009. p. 20.
②邱永辉:《现代印度的种姓制度》,成都:四川人民出版社,1996年,第187页。
③Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2009, p. 24.
①何承金、赵学董主编《贫困与发展道路选择》,成都:四川大学出版社,1992年,第121页。
②王晓丹:《印度贫困农民的状况及政府的努力》,《当代亚太》,2001年第4期,第15页。
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 198.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics Of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press,2009. p. 207.
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 207.
③Ibid., p. 209.
④Ibid., p. 213.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.187.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.217.
②Ibid
③Ibid., p. 229..
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 131.
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 113.
③尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第79页。
④Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.142.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.142.
②Ibid., p. 126.
③Ibid., p. 127.
④Ibid., p. 128.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.132.
②Ibid., p. 133.
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第75页。
②Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India—Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.135.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 137.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India–Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 97.
②Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.98.
①R. M. Sarkar: Dalit in India: past and present. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2006, p. 132.
②Ibid., p. 127.
③Ibid., p. 98.
④Ibid., p. 156.
①R. M. Sarkar: Dalit in India: past and present. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2006, p. 58.
②Ibid., p. 83.
③Ibid., p. 117.
①培轮主编:《印度通史》,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1990年,第786页。
②Dipankar Gupta:“Caste and Politics”, Annual Revie of Anthropology, Vol. 34(2005),p. 148.
①转引自钱乘旦:《印度现代化进程中的种姓制影响》,《南京大学学报(哲学·人文·社会科学)》,1999年第4期,第98页。
②同上书,第100页。
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p,265.
②转引自钱乘旦:《印度现代化进程中的种姓制影响》,《南京大学学报(哲学·人文·社会科学)》,1999年第4期,第97页。
③R, M, Sarkar: Dalit in India: Past and Present. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2006, p.187.
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①Neelam Yadav : Encyclopaedia of Backward Castes VOL 1. New Delhi: Anmol Publication Pvt.Ltd., 2005, p. 210.
②Ibid.
③Ibid .. p.209.
④Ibid .. p .211.
①Neelam Yadav:Encyclopaedia of Backward Castes VOL1. New Delhi. Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd. 2005. pp.209—210.
②Ibid .. p.213.
③Neelam Yadav:Encyclopaedla of Backward Castes VOL1. New Delhi. Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd. 2005. p. 214.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopaedla of Backward Castes Vol.1. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd, 2005.p.214.
②邱永辉:《论英国殖民时期印度种姓制度的变化》,《南亚研究季刊》,1999年第3期,第75页。
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第97页。
②尚会鹏,《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第97页。
③Anupama.Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.18.
④Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p.18.
①Anupama Rao: The caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p.18.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California Press, p. 12.
②G. R. Pradhan: Untouchable Workers of Bombay. Knmataka: Karnataka Publish House. 1999, p.38.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press,2009. p. 79.
②Ibid., p.81.
③Ibid., p.83.
④Anupama Rao :The Caste Question-Dalit and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.87.
⑤Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p. 82.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p. 83.
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. California: University of California press, 2009. p. 89.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press, 2009. p.92.
②Ibid., p. 93.
③Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.93.
④Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. California: Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 95.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anumol Publications Pvt.Ltd. 2005, p.143.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anmol Publication Pvt.Ltd, 2005, p. 85.
②Ibid., p. 87.
③林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第361页。
④同上书,第362页。
①林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第363页。
②Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2005, p.110.
③Ibid., p.110.
④林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第364页。
①林承节:《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2004年,第365页。
②Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p.63.
①Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt.Ltd, 2008, p.68.
②Ibid., p. 75.
③B. R. Ambedkar: Annihilation of caste, in S. V. Printers, Pahar Ganj, Social justice and Political Safeguards for Depressed Class. New Delhi, 1991, p.39.
①C. Joe Arun: Constructing Dalit Identity. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2004, p.65.
②Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p. 86.
③Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL2. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd, 2005, p.236.
④尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第102页。
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2004年,第102—103页。
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angeles: University of California press, 2009, p. 117.
③Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p.89.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, pp. 119-120.
②Ibid., p.73.
③Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd. 2008, p. 97.
④D. K. Kaul: Dalit in Rural India:Challenges and Opportunities. New Delhi: Cyber Tech Publications, 2008, p. 66.
⑤尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》【M】,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第108页。
⑥同上书,第112页。
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第114页。
②同上书,第116页。
③Vidya Devi: Dalit and Social Justice. New Delhi: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2008, p. 89.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand oaks: Sage Publications, 2009, p.10.
②Ibid.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand oaks: Sage Publications, 2009, p. 12.
②邱永辉:《论英国殖民时期印度种姓制度的变化》,《南亚研究季刊》1999年第3期,第76页。
③Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2009, p. 169.
①Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL.1. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2005, p. 251.
②Ibid., p .252.
③Neelam Yadav: Encyclopedia of Backward Castes VOL.1. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2005, p.252.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for common Destiny. Thousand oaks: Sage Publications , 2009, p.15.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications , 2009, p. 17.
②Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009. p.18.
③Ibid.,
④Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 19.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009. p. 20.
②邱永辉:《现代印度的种姓制度》,成都:四川人民出版社,1996年,第187页。
③Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2009, p. 24.
①何承金、赵学董主编《贫困与发展道路选择》,成都:四川大学出版社,1992年,第121页。
②王晓丹:《印度贫困农民的状况及政府的努力》,《当代亚太》,2001年第4期,第15页。
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 198.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics Of Modern India, Los Angles: University of California press,2009. p. 207.
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 207.
③Ibid., p. 209.
④Ibid., p. 213.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.187.
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p.217.
②Ibid
③Ibid., p. 229..
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 131.
②Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p. 113.
③尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第79页。
④Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.142.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.142.
②Ibid., p. 126.
③Ibid., p. 127.
④Ibid., p. 128.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.132.
②Ibid., p. 133.
①尚会鹏:《种姓与印度教社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第75页。
②Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India—Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.135.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 137.
①Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India–Search for Common Destiny, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p. 97.
②Sukhaded Thorat: Dalits in India-Search for Common Destiny. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, 2009, p.98.
①R. M. Sarkar: Dalit in India: past and present. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2006, p. 132.
②Ibid., p. 127.
③Ibid., p. 98.
④Ibid., p. 156.
①R. M. Sarkar: Dalit in India: past and present. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2006, p. 58.
②Ibid., p. 83.
③Ibid., p. 117.
①培轮主编:《印度通史》,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1990年,第786页。
②Dipankar Gupta:“Caste and Politics”, Annual Revie of Anthropology, Vol. 34(2005),p. 148.
①转引自钱乘旦:《印度现代化进程中的种姓制影响》,《南京大学学报(哲学·人文·社会科学)》,1999年第4期,第98页。
②同上书,第100页。
①Anupama Rao: The Caste Question-Dalits and Politics of Modern India. Los Angles: University of California press, 2009, p,265.
②转引自钱乘旦:《印度现代化进程中的种姓制影响》,《南京大学学报(哲学·人文·社会科学)》,1999年第4期,第97页。
③R, M, Sarkar: Dalit in India: Past and Present. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2006, p.187.
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