略论卡纳塔克邦农村地区达里特人的经济状况
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摘要
印度是伟大而古老的国家,有着灿烂辉煌的古代文明。在公元前3000-4000年,形成了一种独具特色的等级制度——种姓制度。种姓制度发展到近现代,在20世纪70年代关于种姓制度的研究中,盛行一个新的名词——达里特人,他们是在社会各个方面受到压迫和剥削的落后种姓,其社会生存状况受到研究者的关注。
本文选择印度南部的卡纳塔克邦农村地区达里特人的经济状况作为主要的研究对象。首先对于当代种姓制残余、达里特人名称的由来和含义、卡纳塔克邦的达里特人作了简单的介绍和说明,为下一步的研究铺平道路。
文章的第二部分分为三个小节,分别介绍达里特人的生活现状,职业、收入和债务状况,教育状况。达里特人生活极端贫困,消费资料缺乏。从事农业劳动使得日常收入不足。收入过低就导致了普遍的负债现象。教育领域虽取得了一定的成就,但仍处于落后状况。所以,达里特人整体的日常生活状况惨淡,缺衣少食,公共教育、医疗、交通设施缺乏。但是印度中央和地方政府做出了多种努力来改变达里特种姓的经济状况。
文章的第三部分是主要阐述卡纳塔克邦达里特人处于怎样的农业经济关系中。他们绝大多数是小农、边际农和农业雇工,由于债务的存在还有一部分人沦为契约劳工。达里特人经济落后的现状无法得到根本扭转最主要原因在于土地改革的不彻底,达里特人的土地问题没有得到解决。
总而言之,改善达里特人的经济状况还将是印度政府必须长期努力工作的要点之一,这项任务仍任重而道远。
India is an old great nation with wonderful classic culture. BC 3000-4000ago, there was an extraordinary classification system—castes system. By the 20C80, the caste system have been making for the modern times, there was a new word on the research of this system, that's Dalit caste. They are the backward castes who have been pressed and exploited. The researchers pay attention to the survival condition of Dalit castes.
The research object of this thesis is the economic condition of Dalit caste in rural Karnatake state which lies in south India. At first, it makes a simple construction on the caste system, the origin and signification of Dalit appellation, Dalits in the Karnatake state. That can pave the way for the following research.
The second chapter of this thesis is constructed by three parts that explain the daily life situation, the occupation, the condition of income and debt. These three aspects are related to each other. Because most of Dalits also take part in the traditional agriculture, meantime, they can't have the land occupy right. So they are lack of production-activity and regular income. The traditional occupation structure and lacking of the land occupy right result in the low income, popular in debt, lacking of daily life materials、public education、medical infrastructure and traffic infrastructure. But India center government and states government have set up many kinds of plans to improve the economic condition of Dalit castes.
The third chapter of this thesis is to explain Dalits of Kanartaka are in what kind of economic relation of agriculture. The vast majority of them are small fanners, marginal farmers and agricultural workers. Since the existence of the debt, some people become boundary labors. The status of Dalits economic backwardness can't be reversed fundamentally, because the land reform isn't completed absolutely. The land issue of Dalits has not been resolved.
In a word, to improve the daily life situation of Dalit castes is one of the main points of India government work. This work is full of meaning but very difficult too.
本文选择印度南部的卡纳塔克邦农村地区达里特人的经济状况作为主要的研究对象。首先对于当代种姓制残余、达里特人名称的由来和含义、卡纳塔克邦的达里特人作了简单的介绍和说明,为下一步的研究铺平道路。
文章的第二部分分为三个小节,分别介绍达里特人的生活现状,职业、收入和债务状况,教育状况。达里特人生活极端贫困,消费资料缺乏。从事农业劳动使得日常收入不足。收入过低就导致了普遍的负债现象。教育领域虽取得了一定的成就,但仍处于落后状况。所以,达里特人整体的日常生活状况惨淡,缺衣少食,公共教育、医疗、交通设施缺乏。但是印度中央和地方政府做出了多种努力来改变达里特种姓的经济状况。
文章的第三部分是主要阐述卡纳塔克邦达里特人处于怎样的农业经济关系中。他们绝大多数是小农、边际农和农业雇工,由于债务的存在还有一部分人沦为契约劳工。达里特人经济落后的现状无法得到根本扭转最主要原因在于土地改革的不彻底,达里特人的土地问题没有得到解决。
总而言之,改善达里特人的经济状况还将是印度政府必须长期努力工作的要点之一,这项任务仍任重而道远。
India is an old great nation with wonderful classic culture. BC 3000-4000ago, there was an extraordinary classification system—castes system. By the 20C80, the caste system have been making for the modern times, there was a new word on the research of this system, that's Dalit caste. They are the backward castes who have been pressed and exploited. The researchers pay attention to the survival condition of Dalit castes.
The research object of this thesis is the economic condition of Dalit caste in rural Karnatake state which lies in south India. At first, it makes a simple construction on the caste system, the origin and signification of Dalit appellation, Dalits in the Karnatake state. That can pave the way for the following research.
The second chapter of this thesis is constructed by three parts that explain the daily life situation, the occupation, the condition of income and debt. These three aspects are related to each other. Because most of Dalits also take part in the traditional agriculture, meantime, they can't have the land occupy right. So they are lack of production-activity and regular income. The traditional occupation structure and lacking of the land occupy right result in the low income, popular in debt, lacking of daily life materials、public education、medical infrastructure and traffic infrastructure. But India center government and states government have set up many kinds of plans to improve the economic condition of Dalit castes.
The third chapter of this thesis is to explain Dalits of Kanartaka are in what kind of economic relation of agriculture. The vast majority of them are small fanners, marginal farmers and agricultural workers. Since the existence of the debt, some people become boundary labors. The status of Dalits economic backwardness can't be reversed fundamentally, because the land reform isn't completed absolutely. The land issue of Dalits has not been resolved.
In a word, to improve the daily life situation of Dalit castes is one of the main points of India government work. This work is full of meaning but very difficult too.
引文
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppal publishing house,1980,p.24.
[1]《种姓制度》,理查德.兰诺伊,闵光沛译,印度史资料,1984(10),第19页.
[2]违反种姓禁忌通婚,低种姓男子与高种姓女子所生育的后代.
[1]《印度时报》,1997年7月26日.转引自《独立五十周年的印度人与印度社会》,陶笑虹,湖北人民出版社,2003年,第224页.
[1]转引自《印度现代化进程中的种姓制影响》,钱乘旦,南京大学学报(哲学人文社科版),1999(4),第95页。
[1]Uma Chakravarti.Rewriting History The life and times of Pandita Ramabai,New Delhi,1998,p.9.
[1]Gall Omvedt."The Downtrodden among the Downtrodden:An Interview with a Dalit Agricultural Laborer" in Signs,Vol.4,No.4,The Labor of Women;Work and Family,1979,p.763,p.774.
[2]Edited by Simon R.Charsley,GK.Karanth.Challenging Untouchability Dalit Initiative and Experience from Karnataka,New Delhi,Sage Publication,1998,p.94.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.74.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005.p.12.
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppai publishing house,1980.p.117.
[2]South India:Human Development Report,p.209.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.210.
[2]1997年.,比哈尔邦某地高等种姓地主将达里特男子、妇女、儿童仍进火堆中,并烧毁他们的房屋,造成重大死伤,在印度引起了震惊。
[3]印度卡纳塔克邦农村的高等种姓的名称,在乡村中是最大的土地所有者群体。
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppal publishing house,1980,p.138.
[2]中世纪以来,村社中,一个或几个低种姓家庭服务并依附于某一高种姓地主家庭的世袭关系。
[3]Edited by Virendra Prakash Singh,Caste,Community and Conflict in Social Change,New Delhi,1992,pp.157-160.
[4]卡纳塔克邦主要的土地所有者即地主阶级种姓。
[1]N.J.Usha Rao.Deprived Castes in India A Profile of Karnataka,New Delhi,Chugh Publications,1981,p.250.
[2]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.215.
[1]Gall Omvedt."The Downtrodden among the Downtrodden:An Interview with a Dalit Agricultural Laborer" in Signs,Vol.4,No.4,The Labor of Women:Work and Family,1979,pp.763-774.
[2]《印度经济》,[印]鲁达尔·达特、K·P·M桑达拉姆,成都,四川大学出版社,1994年第621页。
[3]《印度经济》,[印]鲁达尔·达特、K·P·M桑达拉姆,成都,四川大学出版社,1994年第654页。
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.219,p.241.
[1]《商业周刊》,1980年12月27日。
[2]《印度经济》,[印]鲁达尔·达特、K·P·M桑达拉姆,成都,四川大学出版社,1994年第444页。
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppal publishing house,1980,p.46.
[2]South India:Human Development Report,p.109.
[3]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,pp.486-487.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.458.
[2]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.459.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.490.
[2]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.500.
[1]《观察与思考》,2006年,第22期,46页。
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppal publishing house,1980.p.108.
[2]中国《环球时报》,2008年4月26日。
[1]K.G.Vasantha Madhava.Genesis of Agrarian Relations in the Coastal Karnataka:Some Historical Evidences,p.44.
[1]South India:Human Development Report,p.176.
[2]Edited by G S.Aurora.Poverty and Economic Reforms the Social Concerns,New Delhi,Academic Foundation,2004,p.203.
[1]转引自《印度财政赤字的制度经济学分析》,王启友、涂菲,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年(3),第16页。
1.安德纳.王科一译.不可接触制的贱民[M],北京,近代文学译业,1954.
2.陈佛松.印度社会中的种姓制度[M],北京,商务印书馆,1983年.
3.[美]弗朗辛·R·弗兰克尔.印度独立后政治经济发展史[M],北京,中国社会科学出版社,1989年.
4.[美]许烺光著.薛刚译.宗教、种姓、俱乐部[M],北京,华夏出版社,1990年.
5.陈峰君.印度社会述论[M],北京,中国社会科学出版社,1991年.
6.[印]鲁达尔·达特.K·P·M桑达拉姆.印度经济[M],成都,四川大学出版社,1994年.
7.尚会鹏.种姓与印度教社会[M],北京,北京大学出版社,2001.
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5.Theodor Bergmann,Agrarian Reform in India with Special Reference to Kerala,Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal[M],New Delhi,Agricole Publishing Academy,1984.
6.Edited by Simon R.Charsley,G.K.Karanth,Challenging Untouchability Dalit Initiative and Experience from Karnataka[M],New Delhi,Sage Publication,1998.
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1.Gail Omvedt,"The Downtrodden among the Downtrodden:An Interview with a Dalit Agricultural Laborer" in Signs,Vol.4,No.4,"The Labor of Women:Work and Family",1979,pp.763-774.
2.G.Thimmaiah.Abdul Aziz," The Political Economy of Land Reform in Kamataka,A South India State" in Asian Survey,Vol.23,No.7,Jul,1983,pp.810-829.
[1]《种姓制度》,理查德.兰诺伊,闵光沛译,印度史资料,1984(10),第19页.
[2]违反种姓禁忌通婚,低种姓男子与高种姓女子所生育的后代.
[1]《印度时报》,1997年7月26日.转引自《独立五十周年的印度人与印度社会》,陶笑虹,湖北人民出版社,2003年,第224页.
[1]转引自《印度现代化进程中的种姓制影响》,钱乘旦,南京大学学报(哲学人文社科版),1999(4),第95页。
[1]Uma Chakravarti.Rewriting History The life and times of Pandita Ramabai,New Delhi,1998,p.9.
[1]Gall Omvedt."The Downtrodden among the Downtrodden:An Interview with a Dalit Agricultural Laborer" in Signs,Vol.4,No.4,The Labor of Women;Work and Family,1979,p.763,p.774.
[2]Edited by Simon R.Charsley,GK.Karanth.Challenging Untouchability Dalit Initiative and Experience from Karnataka,New Delhi,Sage Publication,1998,p.94.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.74.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005.p.12.
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppai publishing house,1980.p.117.
[2]South India:Human Development Report,p.209.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.210.
[2]1997年.,比哈尔邦某地高等种姓地主将达里特男子、妇女、儿童仍进火堆中,并烧毁他们的房屋,造成重大死伤,在印度引起了震惊。
[3]印度卡纳塔克邦农村的高等种姓的名称,在乡村中是最大的土地所有者群体。
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppal publishing house,1980,p.138.
[2]中世纪以来,村社中,一个或几个低种姓家庭服务并依附于某一高种姓地主家庭的世袭关系。
[3]Edited by Virendra Prakash Singh,Caste,Community and Conflict in Social Change,New Delhi,1992,pp.157-160.
[4]卡纳塔克邦主要的土地所有者即地主阶级种姓。
[1]N.J.Usha Rao.Deprived Castes in India A Profile of Karnataka,New Delhi,Chugh Publications,1981,p.250.
[2]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.215.
[1]Gall Omvedt."The Downtrodden among the Downtrodden:An Interview with a Dalit Agricultural Laborer" in Signs,Vol.4,No.4,The Labor of Women:Work and Family,1979,pp.763-774.
[2]《印度经济》,[印]鲁达尔·达特、K·P·M桑达拉姆,成都,四川大学出版社,1994年第621页。
[3]《印度经济》,[印]鲁达尔·达特、K·P·M桑达拉姆,成都,四川大学出版社,1994年第654页。
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.219,p.241.
[1]《商业周刊》,1980年12月27日。
[2]《印度经济》,[印]鲁达尔·达特、K·P·M桑达拉姆,成都,四川大学出版社,1994年第444页。
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppal publishing house,1980,p.46.
[2]South India:Human Development Report,p.109.
[3]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,pp.486-487.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.458.
[2]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.459.
[1]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.490.
[2]Karnatake Human Development Report 2005,p.500.
[1]《观察与思考》,2006年,第22期,46页。
[1]Mumtaz Ali Khan.Scheduled Castes and their status in India,New Delhi,Uppal publishing house,1980.p.108.
[2]中国《环球时报》,2008年4月26日。
[1]K.G.Vasantha Madhava.Genesis of Agrarian Relations in the Coastal Karnataka:Some Historical Evidences,p.44.
[1]South India:Human Development Report,p.176.
[2]Edited by G S.Aurora.Poverty and Economic Reforms the Social Concerns,New Delhi,Academic Foundation,2004,p.203.
[1]转引自《印度财政赤字的制度经济学分析》,王启友、涂菲,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年(3),第16页。
1.安德纳.王科一译.不可接触制的贱民[M],北京,近代文学译业,1954.
2.陈佛松.印度社会中的种姓制度[M],北京,商务印书馆,1983年.
3.[美]弗朗辛·R·弗兰克尔.印度独立后政治经济发展史[M],北京,中国社会科学出版社,1989年.
4.[美]许烺光著.薛刚译.宗教、种姓、俱乐部[M],北京,华夏出版社,1990年.
5.陈峰君.印度社会述论[M],北京,中国社会科学出版社,1991年.
6.[印]鲁达尔·达特.K·P·M桑达拉姆.印度经济[M],成都,四川大学出版社,1994年.
7.尚会鹏.种姓与印度教社会[M],北京,北京大学出版社,2001.
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