不同放牧压草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化的研究
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摘要
内蒙古草原是欧亚大草原的重要组成部分，具有广阔的生态地理代表性，蕴藏着丰富的生物资源，不仅是区域经济发展的基础，且位于西北荒漠区的东缘，也是草原区和其东南农区的重要生态屏障。本文在详细分析国内外草原退化及其恢复演替研究的背景下，以土壤养分与植物群落的相关关系为基础，研究退化草原生态系统恢复过程中土壤养分和植物群落特征及其相关关系。主要研究结果如下：
不同放牧率草地休牧过程中土壤养分的空间异质性呈增大趋势，但土壤养分总空间异质性形成中的结构性因素所占比例不同程度的下降。植物群落的生物量和群落盖度在休牧过程中均呈不同程度的增加趋势。另外，群落不同植物种的相对生物量和群落的α多样性也存在不同程度的变异。植物群落特征与土壤养分的空间分布存在较好的相关关系。
不同演替系列植物种的凋落物干物质分解与养分释放存在显著性差异。其中以建群种羊草的凋落物干物质分解与养分释放速率最高，重度退化指示种星毛委陵菜最低。植物凋落物干物质分解与养分释放速率与木质素含量、C：N比、木质素：N和木质素：P呈显著的负相关关系，其中凋落物C：N是影响凋落物干物质分解与养分释放速率最关键的内在因素。
地衣对放牧践踏非常敏感，在休牧后第4年，原各放牧率下地衣生物量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。在四个放牧率下除0羊／hm~2区地衣生物量与植物群落地上生物量相关显著外(P＜0.05)，其他处理地衣生物量与植物群落物种多样性、群落盖度、群落地上生物量相关均不显著(P＞0.05)。地衣生物量与禾草植物功能群、百合科植物功能群和豆科植物功能群生物量在四个放牧梯度上均存在着一致的负相关趋势，但只有与禾草植物功能群相关显著(P＜0.05)。地衣生物量分布与土壤有机碳、全氮和无机氮均呈正相关关系，但只有与土壤有机碳和土壤无机氮相关显著(P＜0.05)。土壤容重与地衣生物量分布均呈负相关关系，但只有重牧区(6.67羊／hm~2)相关显著(P＜0.05)。
在内蒙古典型草原，由于受植物种多种特性的综合作用，羊草、冷蒿、星毛委陵菜、木地肤和小叶锦鸡几种群斑块土壤pH、有机碳、微生物量氮、土壤全氮和无机氮以及氮矿化速率存在不同程度的分异。各植物种群斑块土壤氮矿化速率与土壤pH和C：N分别呈正相关和负相关关系，且相关显著(P＜0.05)。
尿斑形成初期土壤pH值显著升高，但随着硝化作用的进行和植物对NH_4~+的吸收尿斑土壤pH值开始下降，70天后并降低到低于对照的水平。羊尿的添加显著提高了土壤可溶性有机氮、可溶性有机碳含量和土壤微生物量氮。施尿后，土壤NH_4~+-N含量显著增加，但7d后土壤NO_3~--N含量才开始明显升高。由于受羊尿灼烧的缘故，施尿区牧草生物量和氮含量表现一定的初期降低现象，但从整个生长期来看，羊尿的施加显著提高了牧草的生物量和氮素含量。
Inner Mongolia Steppe, an important part of Eurasia Steppe, is not only the foundation of regional development, but also the important environmental barrier. According to the correlativity between soil nutrients and plant community, the paper studies the properties of soil nutrients and plant community during stopping grazing. The results indicate:
Heterogeneity of soil nutrients increased under different stocking rates during stoppping grazing, but the proportion of structure factors declined. Biomass and coverage of plant community increased during stoppping grazing, and relative biomass of different plant species and a diversity of plant community also shows different variation. There is an certain correlations between plant community properties and soil nutrients spatial pattern.
There existed significant differences from DM decomposition and nutrients release between different successive series species. The rate of DM decomposition and nutrients release from A.chinense is the highest, and P.acaulis is the lowest. Decomposition of and nutrients release from plant litter have significantly (p<0.05) negative correlations with lignin content, C:N ratio, Lignin:N ratio and LigninrP ratio of plant litter, and the C:N ratio is the most important intrinsic factor controlling plant litter decomposition and nutrients release.
Lichen is too much sensitive to grazing and trampling, after no grazing for 4 years, there existed no significant difference between lichen biomass under different stocking rate treatment (p>0.05). Under four stocking rate treatment, lichen biomass has negative correlations with plant community coverage and biomass, but significant only in zero stocking rate area (p<0.05). Lichen biomass has significant negative correlations with gramineae plant function group (p<0.05), but no significant negative correlations with legumineae and liliaceae plant function groups (p>0.05). Lichen biomass has significant positive correlations with soil organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen (p<0.05), but no significant positive correlations with soil total nitrogen (p>0.05).
In Inner Mongolia Steppe, because of the comprehensive effects of plant properties, soil pH, organic carbon, total N, inorganic N and N mineralization of different plant population patches have different variations.
The urea in the urine was rapidly hydrolysed in the soil, and soil pH increased significantly, but as the nitrification proceeded and plant absorbed NH4+-N, soil pH began to decline with time and was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of the control day 70 and 84 after urine supply. Adding urine increased soil microbial biomass N (MBN) and extractable soil organic N (ESON) and soil dissolved organic carbon (ESOC) concentrations. Urine addition increased soil NH4+-N concentrations
immediately, but did not increase soil NO3--N concentrations significantly (P<0.05) until day 7. Significant reduction (p<0.05) was observed in the plant biomass and plant N content on days 7, 21 and 35 compared the urine treatment with the control because of herbage being scorched. After day 56, the plant biomass and plant N content from the urine treatment were higher than those from the control, and the differences were significant (p<0.05) on days 70 and 84.
不同放牧率草地休牧过程中土壤养分的空间异质性呈增大趋势，但土壤养分总空间异质性形成中的结构性因素所占比例不同程度的下降。植物群落的生物量和群落盖度在休牧过程中均呈不同程度的增加趋势。另外，群落不同植物种的相对生物量和群落的α多样性也存在不同程度的变异。植物群落特征与土壤养分的空间分布存在较好的相关关系。
不同演替系列植物种的凋落物干物质分解与养分释放存在显著性差异。其中以建群种羊草的凋落物干物质分解与养分释放速率最高，重度退化指示种星毛委陵菜最低。植物凋落物干物质分解与养分释放速率与木质素含量、C：N比、木质素：N和木质素：P呈显著的负相关关系，其中凋落物C：N是影响凋落物干物质分解与养分释放速率最关键的内在因素。
地衣对放牧践踏非常敏感，在休牧后第4年，原各放牧率下地衣生物量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。在四个放牧率下除0羊／hm~2区地衣生物量与植物群落地上生物量相关显著外(P＜0.05)，其他处理地衣生物量与植物群落物种多样性、群落盖度、群落地上生物量相关均不显著(P＞0.05)。地衣生物量与禾草植物功能群、百合科植物功能群和豆科植物功能群生物量在四个放牧梯度上均存在着一致的负相关趋势，但只有与禾草植物功能群相关显著(P＜0.05)。地衣生物量分布与土壤有机碳、全氮和无机氮均呈正相关关系，但只有与土壤有机碳和土壤无机氮相关显著(P＜0.05)。土壤容重与地衣生物量分布均呈负相关关系，但只有重牧区(6.67羊／hm~2)相关显著(P＜0.05)。
在内蒙古典型草原，由于受植物种多种特性的综合作用，羊草、冷蒿、星毛委陵菜、木地肤和小叶锦鸡几种群斑块土壤pH、有机碳、微生物量氮、土壤全氮和无机氮以及氮矿化速率存在不同程度的分异。各植物种群斑块土壤氮矿化速率与土壤pH和C：N分别呈正相关和负相关关系，且相关显著(P＜0.05)。
尿斑形成初期土壤pH值显著升高，但随着硝化作用的进行和植物对NH_4~+的吸收尿斑土壤pH值开始下降，70天后并降低到低于对照的水平。羊尿的添加显著提高了土壤可溶性有机氮、可溶性有机碳含量和土壤微生物量氮。施尿后，土壤NH_4~+-N含量显著增加，但7d后土壤NO_3~--N含量才开始明显升高。由于受羊尿灼烧的缘故，施尿区牧草生物量和氮含量表现一定的初期降低现象，但从整个生长期来看，羊尿的施加显著提高了牧草的生物量和氮素含量。
Inner Mongolia Steppe, an important part of Eurasia Steppe, is not only the foundation of regional development, but also the important environmental barrier. According to the correlativity between soil nutrients and plant community, the paper studies the properties of soil nutrients and plant community during stopping grazing. The results indicate:
Heterogeneity of soil nutrients increased under different stocking rates during stoppping grazing, but the proportion of structure factors declined. Biomass and coverage of plant community increased during stoppping grazing, and relative biomass of different plant species and a diversity of plant community also shows different variation. There is an certain correlations between plant community properties and soil nutrients spatial pattern.
There existed significant differences from DM decomposition and nutrients release between different successive series species. The rate of DM decomposition and nutrients release from A.chinense is the highest, and P.acaulis is the lowest. Decomposition of and nutrients release from plant litter have significantly (p<0.05) negative correlations with lignin content, C:N ratio, Lignin:N ratio and LigninrP ratio of plant litter, and the C:N ratio is the most important intrinsic factor controlling plant litter decomposition and nutrients release.
Lichen is too much sensitive to grazing and trampling, after no grazing for 4 years, there existed no significant difference between lichen biomass under different stocking rate treatment (p>0.05). Under four stocking rate treatment, lichen biomass has negative correlations with plant community coverage and biomass, but significant only in zero stocking rate area (p<0.05). Lichen biomass has significant negative correlations with gramineae plant function group (p<0.05), but no significant negative correlations with legumineae and liliaceae plant function groups (p>0.05). Lichen biomass has significant positive correlations with soil organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen (p<0.05), but no significant positive correlations with soil total nitrogen (p>0.05).
In Inner Mongolia Steppe, because of the comprehensive effects of plant properties, soil pH, organic carbon, total N, inorganic N and N mineralization of different plant population patches have different variations.
The urea in the urine was rapidly hydrolysed in the soil, and soil pH increased significantly, but as the nitrification proceeded and plant absorbed NH4+-N, soil pH began to decline with time and was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of the control day 70 and 84 after urine supply. Adding urine increased soil microbial biomass N (MBN) and extractable soil organic N (ESON) and soil dissolved organic carbon (ESOC) concentrations. Urine addition increased soil NH4+-N concentrations
immediately, but did not increase soil NO3--N concentrations significantly (P<0.05) until day 7. Significant reduction (p<0.05) was observed in the plant biomass and plant N content on days 7, 21 and 35 compared the urine treatment with the control because of herbage being scorched. After day 56, the plant biomass and plant N content from the urine treatment were higher than those from the control, and the differences were significant (p<0.05) on days 70 and 84.
引文
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