土壤中持久性有机污染物的形态和提取
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摘要
土壤中有机污染物的生物有效性是对污染土壤暴露进行定量风险评估的一个非常重要的方面。体外模拟是一种有效而重要方法,广泛用于持久性有机污染物对人体健康的风险评估。有毒污染物通过口的摄入是进入人体最重要的途径。有关污染土壤生物有效性的研究揭示体外消化系统中消化液和残渣中总的有机氯杀虫剂的量明显高于用有机溶剂直接进行的粗提取,这不仅为研究锁定的有机污染的释放提供了线索,同时提出了这样的假设:基于常规提取污染物总量的风险评估会低估土壤或者其他基质中憎水性有机污染物的口摄风险。本研究对有关有机氯杀虫剂(OCPs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)的这一假设做了验证。
本研究采用三种不同有机质含量(SOC)的土壤进行体外模拟。在体外胃肠道消化系统中,三种土壤中均有部分锁定OCPs和PAHs被释放出来。消化过程活化的OCPs和PAHs为常规方法提取量的80%到580%。研究发现,锁定残留的提取率与SOC呈正相关,与土壤中污染物总量呈负相关。并且在五种消化液组分中,只有胆汁盐在锁定残留态的活化中起作用,而且胆汁盐的提取作用在2 mg/mL到20 mg/mL浓度范围内是一个常数。对于土壤中有机污染物的释放动力学研究发现,释放过程遵循典型的一次动力学过程并可用指数函数来量化。计算的速率常数表明这是个快速释放的过程。90%的OCPs和PAHs分别在2.4和4.8个小时内被释放出来。
这些发现有力的证明了污染土壤中OCPs和PAHs的口摄生物有效性在利用有机溶剂粗提取时可能被明显的低估。
Oral intake is one of the most important pathways of human exposure to toxic substances. Since not all contaminants in soil can be absorbed by human digestive system, inaccessibility is critical in terms of risk assessment for oral exposure. In-vitro gastrointestinal model is a commonly used screening method for evaluating inaccessibility of various toxic substances. A previous study on oral bioaccessibility of contaminated soil revealed that the total amount of organic chlorine pesticides in digestive fluid and chyme extracted by a gastrointestinal model seems to be higher than the quantity directly extracted by harsh solvent extraction, providing a clue that bound residue of these contaminants could be released. The result not only provided mobilization potential of sequestrated organic contaminants, but also suggested a hypothesis to be tested in this study, e.g. the conventional procedure of harsh solvent extraction may underestimate risk of oral intake of contaminated soils. This hypothesis was tested in this study for both organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It was found that.
Three soils with different contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) have been collected in this study. The mobilization of the sequestrated OCPs and PAHs has been observed. For the three soils with different organic carbon (SOC) content tested the bound residue of individual compounds of OCPs and PAHs were mobilized during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The qualities of bound residues mobilized varied from 80% to580% of amount extracted by conventional extraction procedure without digestion. It was found that the ratio of the extracted bound residue was positively correlated with SOC and negatively correlated with total concentration of the contaminants in the soil. Besides,among five constitutes in the digestive juice, only bile salt served to mobilized the bound residue and the extractability of bile salt was constant over a concentration range from 2 to 20 mg/mL. The result of kinetic experiments indicated that the process of the mobilization followed a typical first-order kinetics which can be quantified by an exponential function. By fitting the kinetics model, the total amounts of extractable residue and bound residue could be quantified. The calculated rate constant suggested a fast mobilization processes. Ninety percent of bound OCP and PAH residues could be mobilized within 2.4 h and 4.8 h, respectively.
These findings provided strong evidence indicating that the oral inaccessibility of OCPs and PAHs in contaminated soil can be underestimate significantly even using harsh organic solvent extraction.
本研究采用三种不同有机质含量(SOC)的土壤进行体外模拟。在体外胃肠道消化系统中,三种土壤中均有部分锁定OCPs和PAHs被释放出来。消化过程活化的OCPs和PAHs为常规方法提取量的80%到580%。研究发现,锁定残留的提取率与SOC呈正相关,与土壤中污染物总量呈负相关。并且在五种消化液组分中,只有胆汁盐在锁定残留态的活化中起作用,而且胆汁盐的提取作用在2 mg/mL到20 mg/mL浓度范围内是一个常数。对于土壤中有机污染物的释放动力学研究发现,释放过程遵循典型的一次动力学过程并可用指数函数来量化。计算的速率常数表明这是个快速释放的过程。90%的OCPs和PAHs分别在2.4和4.8个小时内被释放出来。
这些发现有力的证明了污染土壤中OCPs和PAHs的口摄生物有效性在利用有机溶剂粗提取时可能被明显的低估。
Oral intake is one of the most important pathways of human exposure to toxic substances. Since not all contaminants in soil can be absorbed by human digestive system, inaccessibility is critical in terms of risk assessment for oral exposure. In-vitro gastrointestinal model is a commonly used screening method for evaluating inaccessibility of various toxic substances. A previous study on oral bioaccessibility of contaminated soil revealed that the total amount of organic chlorine pesticides in digestive fluid and chyme extracted by a gastrointestinal model seems to be higher than the quantity directly extracted by harsh solvent extraction, providing a clue that bound residue of these contaminants could be released. The result not only provided mobilization potential of sequestrated organic contaminants, but also suggested a hypothesis to be tested in this study, e.g. the conventional procedure of harsh solvent extraction may underestimate risk of oral intake of contaminated soils. This hypothesis was tested in this study for both organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It was found that.
Three soils with different contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) have been collected in this study. The mobilization of the sequestrated OCPs and PAHs has been observed. For the three soils with different organic carbon (SOC) content tested the bound residue of individual compounds of OCPs and PAHs were mobilized during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The qualities of bound residues mobilized varied from 80% to580% of amount extracted by conventional extraction procedure without digestion. It was found that the ratio of the extracted bound residue was positively correlated with SOC and negatively correlated with total concentration of the contaminants in the soil. Besides,among five constitutes in the digestive juice, only bile salt served to mobilized the bound residue and the extractability of bile salt was constant over a concentration range from 2 to 20 mg/mL. The result of kinetic experiments indicated that the process of the mobilization followed a typical first-order kinetics which can be quantified by an exponential function. By fitting the kinetics model, the total amounts of extractable residue and bound residue could be quantified. The calculated rate constant suggested a fast mobilization processes. Ninety percent of bound OCP and PAH residues could be mobilized within 2.4 h and 4.8 h, respectively.
These findings provided strong evidence indicating that the oral inaccessibility of OCPs and PAHs in contaminated soil can be underestimate significantly even using harsh organic solvent extraction.
引文
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