冬季胶州湾海水汞的形态及大气释放研究
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摘要
汞是一种全球性的污染物,Hg0是大气中汞的主要形态,可停留0.5-2年；汞的全球循环受大气传输作用的支配,被运输到全球各地。近年来,全球大气汞浓度在不断增加,汞污染在继续加剧,全球汞释放的研究引起了越来越多的重视。
本文研究了胶州湾海水汞等重金属污染现状、汞的各种形态及其日变化,测定估算了冬季胶州湾海水汞的大气释放通量并进一步讨论了影响因素和影响机制。研究结果表明：2008年10月胶州湾颗粒态汞含量平均为146.9ng/L,溶解态汞为15.8ng/L,以颗粒态为主；As、Cd、Cu浓度较低,Pb污染较为严重。
海水活性汞/溶解态汞平均值都在0.50左右。11月19日甲基汞浓度与12月22日相比日变化幅度小,均在14:00左右出现峰值；海水甲基汞在0-2.5m变化不明显,在底层浓度较高。11月19日溶解气态汞(DGM)浓度在日出后逐渐降低,而在12月22日呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。DGM浓度与活性汞/溶解态汞呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与DOC存在不显著的负相关关系,与紫外线辐射强度显著相关(P<0.05),光致还原作用对表层海水DGM的产生起主导作用。海水DGM有明显的垂直分布特征,在底层浓度较大。
现场测定海水汞的释放通量为-0.78-1.72ng/(m2·h),平均为0.26ng/(m2·h),有明显的双峰日变化特征,日出后出现一个小峰值,在11:10点出现第二个峰值,14:00之前表现为水体向大气的释放,而14:00之后释放量很小或为负值(沉降)。用气体交换模型模拟胶州湾海水汞释放通量,模拟11月19日结果为0.14-1.52ng/(m2·h),平均值为0.63ng/(m2·h),与现场测定值有相似的日变化特征,二者呈极显著相关(r=0.632,P<0.01)；12月22日模拟结果为：0.23-2.26ng/(m2·h),平均值为0.85ng/(m2·h),日变化表现为先升高后降低的特征。紫外线辐射强度通过影响海水-大气气态汞浓度梯度来影响海水汞释放通量的,是主要影响因子；而海水温度、风速通过影响表层海水DGM的交换输运速率(K)影响海水汞的释放通量。
Mercury is a global pollutant. Hg0 is the predominant form of atmospheric Hg, which has a long residence time in the atmosphere from 0.5 to 2 years. The global cycle of mercury is controlled by the atmospheric circumfluence and it can be transported to everywhere on the earth. Recently the concentration of global atmospheric mercury is increasing and mercury pollution continues to increase. Thereby, the global releasing of mercury causes more and more attention.
This research was studied in the Jiaozhou Bay. The mercury and the other heavy metasl in seawater were investigated to learn the pollution level of metals. The species of mercury and their diunal variances were studied. The sea-air flux of mercury was measured and estimated using model, thus the influencing factors and machenism were analyzed further.
The results indicate that:In October 2008 the average content of particulate mercury was 146.9ng/L and dissolved mercury was 15.8ng/L, so the particulate mercury was the main form. The content of As, Cu and Cd was lower, and the polution of Pb was serious.
The average ratio of the reactive mercury to dissolved mercury was about 0.50. The variation range of methylmercury concentration on November 19th was small compared with December 22nd. The concentration peaks occured at about 14:00. The methylmercury concentration changes little within 2.5m depth, and the concentration is higher at the bottom. At the day time, the concentration of DGM decreased after the sunrise on November 19th; however on December 22nd it increased at first and then decreased. The DGM concentration correlated with the reactive mercury/dissolved mercury significantly (P<0.01), and DGM had negative correlation with DOC, but not significant. The significant positive correlation (P<0.05) with UV radiation indicated that photoreduction played a crucial role in the formation of DGM. The profile distributions of DGM changed obviously and the concentration was higher at the bottom.
The flux of mercury from the seawater to the atmosphere was-0.78-1.72ng/(m2·h) measured at field and the average was 0.26ng/(m2·h) on November 19th, which showed obvious bimodal diurnal variations. The small peak occoured after sunrise and the second appeared at 11:10. There was evasion of mercury from the water to the atmosphere before 14:00 and after 14:00 the emission was small or negative. The estimated emission flux of mercury on the same day using a gas exchange model was 0.14-1.52ng/(m2-h), which had similar diurnal variation characteristics and has highly significant correlation (P<0.01) with the field result. The average flux modeled was 0.63ng/(m2-h). On December 22nd, the modeled sea-air flux was 0.23-2.26ng/(m2-h), and the average was 0.85ng/(m2-h), which increased at first and then decreased.
The UV radiation affected the emission flux by influencing the concentration gradient of sea-air and, it was a major factor. The temperature of surface water and wind speed affected the emission flux by influencing the transfer velocity (K) of DGM.
本文研究了胶州湾海水汞等重金属污染现状、汞的各种形态及其日变化,测定估算了冬季胶州湾海水汞的大气释放通量并进一步讨论了影响因素和影响机制。研究结果表明：2008年10月胶州湾颗粒态汞含量平均为146.9ng/L,溶解态汞为15.8ng/L,以颗粒态为主；As、Cd、Cu浓度较低,Pb污染较为严重。
海水活性汞/溶解态汞平均值都在0.50左右。11月19日甲基汞浓度与12月22日相比日变化幅度小,均在14:00左右出现峰值；海水甲基汞在0-2.5m变化不明显,在底层浓度较高。11月19日溶解气态汞(DGM)浓度在日出后逐渐降低,而在12月22日呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。DGM浓度与活性汞/溶解态汞呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与DOC存在不显著的负相关关系,与紫外线辐射强度显著相关(P<0.05),光致还原作用对表层海水DGM的产生起主导作用。海水DGM有明显的垂直分布特征,在底层浓度较大。
现场测定海水汞的释放通量为-0.78-1.72ng/(m2·h),平均为0.26ng/(m2·h),有明显的双峰日变化特征,日出后出现一个小峰值,在11:10点出现第二个峰值,14:00之前表现为水体向大气的释放,而14:00之后释放量很小或为负值(沉降)。用气体交换模型模拟胶州湾海水汞释放通量,模拟11月19日结果为0.14-1.52ng/(m2·h),平均值为0.63ng/(m2·h),与现场测定值有相似的日变化特征,二者呈极显著相关(r=0.632,P<0.01)；12月22日模拟结果为：0.23-2.26ng/(m2·h),平均值为0.85ng/(m2·h),日变化表现为先升高后降低的特征。紫外线辐射强度通过影响海水-大气气态汞浓度梯度来影响海水汞释放通量的,是主要影响因子；而海水温度、风速通过影响表层海水DGM的交换输运速率(K)影响海水汞的释放通量。
Mercury is a global pollutant. Hg0 is the predominant form of atmospheric Hg, which has a long residence time in the atmosphere from 0.5 to 2 years. The global cycle of mercury is controlled by the atmospheric circumfluence and it can be transported to everywhere on the earth. Recently the concentration of global atmospheric mercury is increasing and mercury pollution continues to increase. Thereby, the global releasing of mercury causes more and more attention.
This research was studied in the Jiaozhou Bay. The mercury and the other heavy metasl in seawater were investigated to learn the pollution level of metals. The species of mercury and their diunal variances were studied. The sea-air flux of mercury was measured and estimated using model, thus the influencing factors and machenism were analyzed further.
The results indicate that:In October 2008 the average content of particulate mercury was 146.9ng/L and dissolved mercury was 15.8ng/L, so the particulate mercury was the main form. The content of As, Cu and Cd was lower, and the polution of Pb was serious.
The average ratio of the reactive mercury to dissolved mercury was about 0.50. The variation range of methylmercury concentration on November 19th was small compared with December 22nd. The concentration peaks occured at about 14:00. The methylmercury concentration changes little within 2.5m depth, and the concentration is higher at the bottom. At the day time, the concentration of DGM decreased after the sunrise on November 19th; however on December 22nd it increased at first and then decreased. The DGM concentration correlated with the reactive mercury/dissolved mercury significantly (P<0.01), and DGM had negative correlation with DOC, but not significant. The significant positive correlation (P<0.05) with UV radiation indicated that photoreduction played a crucial role in the formation of DGM. The profile distributions of DGM changed obviously and the concentration was higher at the bottom.
The flux of mercury from the seawater to the atmosphere was-0.78-1.72ng/(m2·h) measured at field and the average was 0.26ng/(m2·h) on November 19th, which showed obvious bimodal diurnal variations. The small peak occoured after sunrise and the second appeared at 11:10. There was evasion of mercury from the water to the atmosphere before 14:00 and after 14:00 the emission was small or negative. The estimated emission flux of mercury on the same day using a gas exchange model was 0.14-1.52ng/(m2-h), which had similar diurnal variation characteristics and has highly significant correlation (P<0.01) with the field result. The average flux modeled was 0.63ng/(m2-h). On December 22nd, the modeled sea-air flux was 0.23-2.26ng/(m2-h), and the average was 0.85ng/(m2-h), which increased at first and then decreased.
The UV radiation affected the emission flux by influencing the concentration gradient of sea-air and, it was a major factor. The temperature of surface water and wind speed affected the emission flux by influencing the transfer velocity (K) of DGM.
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