中国农业市场结构研究
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摘要
研究农业市场结构对于农业绩效提高、农业发展、农民增收、新农村建设以及经济增长具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文以农业生产环节的市场结构为主线,按照“为什么优化、怎么优化”的研究思路,将农业市场结构现状及问题作为分析起点,分析农业市场结构对市场行为、市场绩效的影响,提出市场结构优化的目标与定位、措施与政策。
中国农业是非完全竞争市场结构。具有集中度低、差别化小、进入壁垒低、退出壁垒高、非对称性、供求和价格波动明显等特征。
农业市场结构影响市场行为。分析农业市场结构对农民价格决定行为影响时发现,产业内数量众多的农民是农产品市场价格的接受者,亚完全竞争市场结构致使农民价格决定权部分让渡。虽然较低的市场集中度特征使农民不容易进行价格协调,但是差别化较小特征却使农民又能够进行价格协调,而且农业追逐规模经济特征也使农民必然要进行价格协调。分析农业市场结构对农民生产行为影响时发现,差别化低市场结构致使产量上升空间减少、农产品需求缺乏弹性加剧了产量发散性波动、国际竞争呼唤新的生产技术、过度竞争促生农民逆价格生产行为。
农业市场结构影响市场绩效。过度竞争的市场结构致使资源配置效率低下,严重影响着市场绩效;农民市场势力缺失和农业技术进步机制不健全进一步制约着市场绩效。中国农业供给能力保持稳步提高的趋势,土地密集型农产品比重不断下降,劳动密集型农产品比重不断上升,牧业和渔业快速增长以及在农业总产值中所占比重明显上升,说明农业在随着市场需求变化而进行着结构调整。农民人均纯收入及年增长率长期的低水平徘徊,农民与城镇居民收入差距逐步扩大,既体现农民增收困难和农民收入增长慢于城镇居民收入增长,也体现农业收益率低于非农产业。农业较长时间保持低利润率水平,一方面解释了农民增收难的原因,另一方面也解释了农业生产资源配置低效率的原因。农业技术进步已成为推动农业增长的主要力量。第一产业在GDP中所占份额的逐步下降,第一产业增长速度长期低水平徘徊以及第一产业对GDP的贡献率和拉动率的低微,反映了中国农业对国民经济增长贡献的下降趋势。
中国农业市场结构的优化目标是构建中国农业产业有效竞争的市场结构,促进农业产业的有效竞争,提高产业的资源配置效率。中国农业市场结构的理想定位是垄断竞争。
采取培育职业型农民企业家、优化农业市场结构、加强农民科技培训的等措施,使农民成为市场结构转换的主体。搞好城乡集贸市场、农产品批发市场、农产品期货市场的建设,充分发挥电子商务在农产品市场中的作用,完善农业市场法律法规,提高农业市场结构的整体竞争力。构建制粉工业、碾米工业、粮油食品工业、饲料工业等农产品加工群体,提高农产品差异化程度,加快农业市场结构优化。家庭经营是农业生产制度的主要形式,农产家庭经营与规模经济是不矛盾的,增加要素的流动性,可以促进农户家庭经营向规模经济方向发展。加快非农产业发展可以引导农业市场结构的优化。通过创新农产品流通模式,打造农产品批发市场中心、农产品物流配送中心、第三方农产品流通组织、农产品流通信息平台,减轻农业竞争压力。根据农业技术的产品属性,对于具有公共产品属性的农业技术创新,应选择政府主导型合作农业技术创新模式。对于具有私人产品属性的农业技术创新,应选择市场诱导型合作农业技术创新模式。对于不同区域、不同性质的农产品科技创新,要采取因地制宜的措施,促进农业技术进步在农业市场绩效中的作用。培育农业共生组织,提高农业产业的组织化程度。协调农业与相关产业的关系,消除瓶颈产业、保护幼稚产业和扶持主导产业,改善农业不对称市场结构。
本文创新之处在于:(1)分析了农业市场结构对农民价格决定行为的影响。分析了农业亚完全竞争市场结构致使农民价格决定权部分让渡状况。(2)分析了农业市场结构对农民生产行为的影响。分析了农业差别化低的市场结构致使产量上升空间减少、农产品需求缺乏弹性加剧了产量发散性波动、国际生产技术竞争局面呼唤新的生产技术、过度竞争促生农民逆价格生产行为状况。(3)采用单项评价法,从农业供给能力、收益能力、技术进步和农业对GDP的贡献等方面,评价了农业市场的业绩绩效。(4)分析了针对不同地区域不同性质产品,为了优化农业市场结构与提高市场绩效,农业科技创新因地制宜的对策。
The study of agricultural market structure will be of great theoretical and practical significance for the improvement of agricultural performance, the development of agriculture, the increasing income of farmers, the new rural construction and the growth of economy. This dissertation takes the agricultural market structure in production link as a master line, in accordance with the research idea "Why to optimize, and how to optimize", the author makes the agricultural market structural present situation and its questions as a starting point for the analysis, to research the he impact of market structure on market behavior and market performance, and to analyze the objective and localization, measures and policies to optimize the agricultural market structure.
China's agricultural market structure is non-competition completely. It has some features which are the low concentration degree, the small differentiation, the low barriers to entry, the high barriers to exit, the asymmetry, and the fluctuation of sunpply-demand and price.
The agricultural market behavior is influenced by the market structure. We defind that the agriculture takes small-scale family farmers operating as the foundation, and in the industry, a large number of farmers are the recipients of the market price of agricultural products, the influence of agricultural market strcuture to famer' price decision behavior and non-perfect competition market structure reduces famer' price decision right. Although the farmer don't take price coordination because the low concentration degree, but the farmer can take price coordination because the small differentiation, and the farmer must take price coordination for the scale economy. The small differentiation reduces the price-incressing space, the non-elasticity of demand enlargens the fluctuation of product, the internation competition demands new technology and the excessive competition causes the inverse price production behaves.
China's agricultural market performance is affected by the market structure. The excessive competition canuses low efficiency of resource allocation, which impacts the market efficiency seriously, the missing of market forces for farmer and the sick of agricultural technology mechanism constraint further the market performance.
China's agricultural production and supply capacity maintain a steady increase in the trend. The proportion of land-intensive agricultural products continues to decline; On the contrary, the proportion of labor-intensive agricultural products keeps rising. Animal husbandry and fisheries as well as the rapid growth in the proportion of the gross value of agricultural output show that agricultural changes in the market demand for a structural adjustment. The per capita net income of rural residents and the low hovering of annual growth rate in a long-term, and the gradually expending income gap between rural residents and urban residents, not only embody the difficulties of farmers' increasing income, and the income growth for rural residents in the slow growth of income growth for urban residents, but also that of agricultural income lower than the rate of non-agricultural industries, reflecting the lower agricultural yield. Agriculture maintains the low level of profitability in a long period of time. On the one hand, it explains the reasons for the low income and additionally receiving difficulty of peasants; on the other hand, it also explains the low efficiency of the allocation of resources for agricultural production. The agricultural technological progress has become the main force to promote the agricultural growth. The gradual decline of primary industry in the GDP share, the low level hovering of the primary industry growth rate in a long time, and the low level of the contribution rate and the stimulation rate for the primary industry to the GDP reflect the decline trend of the contribution for China's agriculture to the national economic growth.
The optimized goal of China's agricultural market structure is to build the market structure with an effective competition in China's agricultural industry, to promote an effective competition in the agricultural industry and to improve the efficiency of the allocation of resources within the industry. The ideal location of China's agricultural market structure is the monopolistic competition.
We can take the measures of cultivating the vocational-farmer entrepreneurs and make the farmers become the main part in the transformation of market structure. We can construct groups in processing of agricultural products, and increase the degree of difference in agricultural products, and speed up the optimization of the agricultural market structure. We can speed up the development of non-agricultural industries, and liuquid the agricultural men. We can reduce the pressure of agricultural competition, and take measures of creating the model of circulation of agricultural products. According to the product attributes of agricultural technology, for the agricultural technology innovation which has the public product attribute, government-led cooperative agricultural technology innovation model should be chosen. Similarly for the agricultural technology innovation which has private product attributes, the market-induced cooperative agricultural technology innovation model should be chosen. However, for different regions, different kinds of agricultural technology innovation, the measure chosen should be under the local condition to promote the effect of agricultural technological progress in the agriculture market performance. To nurture symbiotic organizations is an effective way to increase the degree of organization of the agriculture industry, which will be helpful to improve the agricultural asymmetric market structure.
The innovation of this dissertation is in: (1) It analyses the influence of agricultural market strcuture to famer' price decision behavior. It analyses the condition that non-perfect competition market structure reduces famer's price decision right. (2) It analyses the influence of agricultural market strcuture to famer' production behavior. It analyses the condition that the small differentiation causes low product, inelasticity of demand causes product's more and more fluctuation, intrenational competition demands new technology and excessive competition causes farmer' anti-price production behavior. (3) This dissertation, using a monomial means of evaluating, makes an evaluating of the market performance of agricultural industry from the supply capacitie, the advancement of agricultural technology and the contribution to the national economy. (4) It also analyses that for different regions and different kinds of markets of agricultural products, the innovative strategies of agricultural science and technology should depend on the local conditions.
中国农业是非完全竞争市场结构。具有集中度低、差别化小、进入壁垒低、退出壁垒高、非对称性、供求和价格波动明显等特征。
农业市场结构影响市场行为。分析农业市场结构对农民价格决定行为影响时发现,产业内数量众多的农民是农产品市场价格的接受者,亚完全竞争市场结构致使农民价格决定权部分让渡。虽然较低的市场集中度特征使农民不容易进行价格协调,但是差别化较小特征却使农民又能够进行价格协调,而且农业追逐规模经济特征也使农民必然要进行价格协调。分析农业市场结构对农民生产行为影响时发现,差别化低市场结构致使产量上升空间减少、农产品需求缺乏弹性加剧了产量发散性波动、国际竞争呼唤新的生产技术、过度竞争促生农民逆价格生产行为。
农业市场结构影响市场绩效。过度竞争的市场结构致使资源配置效率低下,严重影响着市场绩效;农民市场势力缺失和农业技术进步机制不健全进一步制约着市场绩效。中国农业供给能力保持稳步提高的趋势,土地密集型农产品比重不断下降,劳动密集型农产品比重不断上升,牧业和渔业快速增长以及在农业总产值中所占比重明显上升,说明农业在随着市场需求变化而进行着结构调整。农民人均纯收入及年增长率长期的低水平徘徊,农民与城镇居民收入差距逐步扩大,既体现农民增收困难和农民收入增长慢于城镇居民收入增长,也体现农业收益率低于非农产业。农业较长时间保持低利润率水平,一方面解释了农民增收难的原因,另一方面也解释了农业生产资源配置低效率的原因。农业技术进步已成为推动农业增长的主要力量。第一产业在GDP中所占份额的逐步下降,第一产业增长速度长期低水平徘徊以及第一产业对GDP的贡献率和拉动率的低微,反映了中国农业对国民经济增长贡献的下降趋势。
中国农业市场结构的优化目标是构建中国农业产业有效竞争的市场结构,促进农业产业的有效竞争,提高产业的资源配置效率。中国农业市场结构的理想定位是垄断竞争。
采取培育职业型农民企业家、优化农业市场结构、加强农民科技培训的等措施,使农民成为市场结构转换的主体。搞好城乡集贸市场、农产品批发市场、农产品期货市场的建设,充分发挥电子商务在农产品市场中的作用,完善农业市场法律法规,提高农业市场结构的整体竞争力。构建制粉工业、碾米工业、粮油食品工业、饲料工业等农产品加工群体,提高农产品差异化程度,加快农业市场结构优化。家庭经营是农业生产制度的主要形式,农产家庭经营与规模经济是不矛盾的,增加要素的流动性,可以促进农户家庭经营向规模经济方向发展。加快非农产业发展可以引导农业市场结构的优化。通过创新农产品流通模式,打造农产品批发市场中心、农产品物流配送中心、第三方农产品流通组织、农产品流通信息平台,减轻农业竞争压力。根据农业技术的产品属性,对于具有公共产品属性的农业技术创新,应选择政府主导型合作农业技术创新模式。对于具有私人产品属性的农业技术创新,应选择市场诱导型合作农业技术创新模式。对于不同区域、不同性质的农产品科技创新,要采取因地制宜的措施,促进农业技术进步在农业市场绩效中的作用。培育农业共生组织,提高农业产业的组织化程度。协调农业与相关产业的关系,消除瓶颈产业、保护幼稚产业和扶持主导产业,改善农业不对称市场结构。
本文创新之处在于:(1)分析了农业市场结构对农民价格决定行为的影响。分析了农业亚完全竞争市场结构致使农民价格决定权部分让渡状况。(2)分析了农业市场结构对农民生产行为的影响。分析了农业差别化低的市场结构致使产量上升空间减少、农产品需求缺乏弹性加剧了产量发散性波动、国际生产技术竞争局面呼唤新的生产技术、过度竞争促生农民逆价格生产行为状况。(3)采用单项评价法,从农业供给能力、收益能力、技术进步和农业对GDP的贡献等方面,评价了农业市场的业绩绩效。(4)分析了针对不同地区域不同性质产品,为了优化农业市场结构与提高市场绩效,农业科技创新因地制宜的对策。
The study of agricultural market structure will be of great theoretical and practical significance for the improvement of agricultural performance, the development of agriculture, the increasing income of farmers, the new rural construction and the growth of economy. This dissertation takes the agricultural market structure in production link as a master line, in accordance with the research idea "Why to optimize, and how to optimize", the author makes the agricultural market structural present situation and its questions as a starting point for the analysis, to research the he impact of market structure on market behavior and market performance, and to analyze the objective and localization, measures and policies to optimize the agricultural market structure.
China's agricultural market structure is non-competition completely. It has some features which are the low concentration degree, the small differentiation, the low barriers to entry, the high barriers to exit, the asymmetry, and the fluctuation of sunpply-demand and price.
The agricultural market behavior is influenced by the market structure. We defind that the agriculture takes small-scale family farmers operating as the foundation, and in the industry, a large number of farmers are the recipients of the market price of agricultural products, the influence of agricultural market strcuture to famer' price decision behavior and non-perfect competition market structure reduces famer' price decision right. Although the farmer don't take price coordination because the low concentration degree, but the farmer can take price coordination because the small differentiation, and the farmer must take price coordination for the scale economy. The small differentiation reduces the price-incressing space, the non-elasticity of demand enlargens the fluctuation of product, the internation competition demands new technology and the excessive competition causes the inverse price production behaves.
China's agricultural market performance is affected by the market structure. The excessive competition canuses low efficiency of resource allocation, which impacts the market efficiency seriously, the missing of market forces for farmer and the sick of agricultural technology mechanism constraint further the market performance.
China's agricultural production and supply capacity maintain a steady increase in the trend. The proportion of land-intensive agricultural products continues to decline; On the contrary, the proportion of labor-intensive agricultural products keeps rising. Animal husbandry and fisheries as well as the rapid growth in the proportion of the gross value of agricultural output show that agricultural changes in the market demand for a structural adjustment. The per capita net income of rural residents and the low hovering of annual growth rate in a long-term, and the gradually expending income gap between rural residents and urban residents, not only embody the difficulties of farmers' increasing income, and the income growth for rural residents in the slow growth of income growth for urban residents, but also that of agricultural income lower than the rate of non-agricultural industries, reflecting the lower agricultural yield. Agriculture maintains the low level of profitability in a long period of time. On the one hand, it explains the reasons for the low income and additionally receiving difficulty of peasants; on the other hand, it also explains the low efficiency of the allocation of resources for agricultural production. The agricultural technological progress has become the main force to promote the agricultural growth. The gradual decline of primary industry in the GDP share, the low level hovering of the primary industry growth rate in a long time, and the low level of the contribution rate and the stimulation rate for the primary industry to the GDP reflect the decline trend of the contribution for China's agriculture to the national economic growth.
The optimized goal of China's agricultural market structure is to build the market structure with an effective competition in China's agricultural industry, to promote an effective competition in the agricultural industry and to improve the efficiency of the allocation of resources within the industry. The ideal location of China's agricultural market structure is the monopolistic competition.
We can take the measures of cultivating the vocational-farmer entrepreneurs and make the farmers become the main part in the transformation of market structure. We can construct groups in processing of agricultural products, and increase the degree of difference in agricultural products, and speed up the optimization of the agricultural market structure. We can speed up the development of non-agricultural industries, and liuquid the agricultural men. We can reduce the pressure of agricultural competition, and take measures of creating the model of circulation of agricultural products. According to the product attributes of agricultural technology, for the agricultural technology innovation which has the public product attribute, government-led cooperative agricultural technology innovation model should be chosen. Similarly for the agricultural technology innovation which has private product attributes, the market-induced cooperative agricultural technology innovation model should be chosen. However, for different regions, different kinds of agricultural technology innovation, the measure chosen should be under the local condition to promote the effect of agricultural technological progress in the agriculture market performance. To nurture symbiotic organizations is an effective way to increase the degree of organization of the agriculture industry, which will be helpful to improve the agricultural asymmetric market structure.
The innovation of this dissertation is in: (1) It analyses the influence of agricultural market strcuture to famer' price decision behavior. It analyses the condition that non-perfect competition market structure reduces famer's price decision right. (2) It analyses the influence of agricultural market strcuture to famer' production behavior. It analyses the condition that the small differentiation causes low product, inelasticity of demand causes product's more and more fluctuation, intrenational competition demands new technology and excessive competition causes farmer' anti-price production behavior. (3) This dissertation, using a monomial means of evaluating, makes an evaluating of the market performance of agricultural industry from the supply capacitie, the advancement of agricultural technology and the contribution to the national economy. (4) It also analyses that for different regions and different kinds of markets of agricultural products, the innovative strategies of agricultural science and technology should depend on the local conditions.
引文
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