基于国Ⅲ标准的汽车尾气检测分析系统
|
摘要
随着我国经济的发展,汽车的设计、生产、销售和市场也进入了快速发展期,但汽车排放的尾气造成了严重的坏境污染,危害了人们的身体健康。本课题开发的汽车尾气检测分析系统是基于国Ⅲ标准,通过对尾气检测仪器和分析软件的集成,实现尾气的实时检测、数据分析和故障诊断的软硬件系统。
本文首先介绍了尾气的排放和相关法规标准,再结合国内外的研究现状和发展趋势,阐述了基于国Ⅲ标准的汽车尾气检测分析系统(Automotive ExhaustDetection and Analysis System,简称AEDAS)的开发工作。
(1)本课题采用16/32位微控制器开发技术,设计了以ARM微控制器LPC2148和传感器Model 6800为核心的AEDAS硬件系统,实现了上位机和下位机的硬件互连;
(2)在硬件设计基础上,本课题采用Microsoft Visual Basic和嵌入式C语言开发技术,设计了符合国Ⅲ标准的AEDAS软件系统,实现了上位机和下位机的系统互连,完成动态检测、标定和通信等各项功能;
(3)在完成AEDAS的系统设计基础上,本课题采用MATLAB开发技术和自组织映射神经网络分类方法对检测到的尾气数据(CO、HC、NO_x、CO_2和O_2)进行分析和融合,初步实现了汽车发动机的燃烧分析和故障诊断。
AEDAS集检测和分析功能于一体,不仅能够适用于现阶段国内的最高标准,而且通过对发动机的燃烧分析和故障诊断,为汽车的检测调修做出很好的评估和指导,从而使得技术、产品和法规相互促进、不断进步。其创新点有:
(1)在硬件和软件上实现了国Ⅲ标准的型式核准流程;
(2)在国Ⅲ标准的计算公式上改进了空燃比λ的算法,根据燃烧机理和工程经验总结出模糊规则,并采用模糊分类方法分析了发动机的燃烧状况;
(3)结合发动机的燃烧属性,采用自组织特征映射神经网络分类方法完成了发动机故障诊断的研究。
As the development of Chinese economy,the research,manufacture,distribution and marketing of the Automobiles are stepping into a fast way.However,the exhaust from the Automobile leads to serious pollution,which disserves the health of people. Automotive Exhaust Detection and Analysis System(AEDAS)is a system based on NationalⅢStandard,integrated with detecting hardware and diagnosing software.It is used to inspect,analyze and diagnose the automotive exhaust.
In this paper,AEDAS that base on NationalⅢStandard is described in details, as well as the situation,regulation,and detection technology of automotive exhaust.
(1)The hardware system is developed based on the 16/32-bit Microcontroller technology,which introduces the ARM LPC 2148 and the sensor Model 6800 as the kernel.Thus,the host hardware and slave hardware are connected successfully.
(2)Furthermore,the software system and the NationalⅢStandard are researched based on the Microsoft Visual Studio technology and the embedded C language.Then the real-time detection,calibration and communication are realized.
(3)Finally,the burning situation and fault diagnosis of automotive engines are researched by Data Analysis(CO,HC,NO_x,CO_2,and O_2)and Data Mining technology on the platform of MATLAB.
AEDAS can meet the high demands of NationalⅢStandard and integrated with the detection and analysis functions;furthermore,it provides excellent evaluation and guide for the diagnosis and repair;consequently,the technology,product and the regulation can boost by each other.The innovative points of the project are as follows:
(1)The hardware and detection process realization of the NationalⅢStandard;
(2)The improvement on the algorithm of Air-Fuel ratio(λ),the fuzzy rules according to the burning discipline and the project experience,and the burning situation analysis on the engine by the fuzzy classification;
(3)The research on the fault diagnosis by the burning analysis and the Neural Networks technology.
本文首先介绍了尾气的排放和相关法规标准,再结合国内外的研究现状和发展趋势,阐述了基于国Ⅲ标准的汽车尾气检测分析系统(Automotive ExhaustDetection and Analysis System,简称AEDAS)的开发工作。
(1)本课题采用16/32位微控制器开发技术,设计了以ARM微控制器LPC2148和传感器Model 6800为核心的AEDAS硬件系统,实现了上位机和下位机的硬件互连;
(2)在硬件设计基础上,本课题采用Microsoft Visual Basic和嵌入式C语言开发技术,设计了符合国Ⅲ标准的AEDAS软件系统,实现了上位机和下位机的系统互连,完成动态检测、标定和通信等各项功能;
(3)在完成AEDAS的系统设计基础上,本课题采用MATLAB开发技术和自组织映射神经网络分类方法对检测到的尾气数据(CO、HC、NO_x、CO_2和O_2)进行分析和融合,初步实现了汽车发动机的燃烧分析和故障诊断。
AEDAS集检测和分析功能于一体,不仅能够适用于现阶段国内的最高标准,而且通过对发动机的燃烧分析和故障诊断,为汽车的检测调修做出很好的评估和指导,从而使得技术、产品和法规相互促进、不断进步。其创新点有:
(1)在硬件和软件上实现了国Ⅲ标准的型式核准流程;
(2)在国Ⅲ标准的计算公式上改进了空燃比λ的算法,根据燃烧机理和工程经验总结出模糊规则,并采用模糊分类方法分析了发动机的燃烧状况;
(3)结合发动机的燃烧属性,采用自组织特征映射神经网络分类方法完成了发动机故障诊断的研究。
As the development of Chinese economy,the research,manufacture,distribution and marketing of the Automobiles are stepping into a fast way.However,the exhaust from the Automobile leads to serious pollution,which disserves the health of people. Automotive Exhaust Detection and Analysis System(AEDAS)is a system based on NationalⅢStandard,integrated with detecting hardware and diagnosing software.It is used to inspect,analyze and diagnose the automotive exhaust.
In this paper,AEDAS that base on NationalⅢStandard is described in details, as well as the situation,regulation,and detection technology of automotive exhaust.
(1)The hardware system is developed based on the 16/32-bit Microcontroller technology,which introduces the ARM LPC 2148 and the sensor Model 6800 as the kernel.Thus,the host hardware and slave hardware are connected successfully.
(2)Furthermore,the software system and the NationalⅢStandard are researched based on the Microsoft Visual Studio technology and the embedded C language.Then the real-time detection,calibration and communication are realized.
(3)Finally,the burning situation and fault diagnosis of automotive engines are researched by Data Analysis(CO,HC,NO_x,CO_2,and O_2)and Data Mining technology on the platform of MATLAB.
AEDAS can meet the high demands of NationalⅢStandard and integrated with the detection and analysis functions;furthermore,it provides excellent evaluation and guide for the diagnosis and repair;consequently,the technology,product and the regulation can boost by each other.The innovative points of the project are as follows:
(1)The hardware and detection process realization of the NationalⅢStandard;
(2)The improvement on the algorithm of Air-Fuel ratio(λ),the fuzzy rules according to the burning discipline and the project experience,and the burning situation analysis on the engine by the fuzzy classification;
(3)The research on the fault diagnosis by the burning analysis and the Neural Networks technology.
引文
[1]张雨,《汽油机瞬态排放分析》,国防科技大学出版社,2005.4
[2]焦国昌,《汽车排放物计算机辅助检测系统》,东北林业大学硕士学位论文,2003.6,P8
[3]唐青云 李金嗣,《汽车尾气分析仪原理及发展现状》,《汽车维修与保养》,2002.8,P11-12
[4]王振国,《汽车尾气分析仪的分类及应用概况》,《汽车维修与保养》,2005.2,P45-47
[5]戴刚,《我国汽车尾气排放分析仪市场研究》,《中国科技产业月刊》,第11期,1999,P52
[6]Mark Warren,朱之亚,《尾气分析仪的妙用》,《汽车维修与保养》,2001.11,P39
[7]杨丰力,《汽车故障诊断在维修中的应用研究》,《工业技术经济》,1997.16(2),P88-89
[8]刘仲国,《现代汽车检测与诊断》,机械工业出版社,2001(09),P11-35
[9]肖云魁,《汽车故障诊断学》,北京理工大学出版社,2001
[10]王凯明,《现代汽车故障综合论断技术》,北京理工大学出版社,2002
[11]张云龙,袁大宏,唐晓敦,《电控汽车故障诊断技术的现状与发展.汽车技术》,2001,P30
[12]于建淑等,《汽车智能化检测设备及应用》,人民交通出版社,2004
[13]钱人一,《汽车发动机的车载故障诊断》,《汽车技术》,2000(2),P29
[14]秦贵和,葛安林,《汽车电控系统故障自诊断技术》,《汽车工程》,2000(4)
[15]Solimna Aluned,et al.Integrated Powertrain Diagnostic System Linking On-and-Off-Board Diagnostic Strategies.SAE P960627
[16]Qin Guihe.A Local Online Sensor Fault Detection Method in the Automotive Environment.Proc.of 1997' IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems,Beijing.Oct.1997.
[17]张俊智,王丽芳,《电控汽车的诊断技术》,《汽车技术》,1997,P50-52
[18]崔靖,《汽车综合性能检测》,上海科学技术文献出版社,1999
[19]蔡凤田,《汽车节能与环保使用技术》,人民交通出版社,1999
[20]顾其顺,《汽车排气净化催化剂综合性能研究》,环境科学学报,1990,P10
[21]张宏建,蒙建波,《自动检测技术与装置》,化学工业出版社,2004.7,P248-249
[22]李业德,李业刚,贾鹏,《微电脑红外汽车尾气分析仪》,《山东工程学院学报》,第16卷第3期,2002.9,P11-13
[23]任纪宝,孟庆山,《四气体汽车尾气分析仪的研制与开发》,《计量技术》第8期.2001,P17
[24]Iridium(??)Specification,CITY Technology技术文档
[25]J.Cihelka,V.Horká,and S.Civis.Diode laser photo acoustic detection of automobile exhaust emissions.ICTON.2005.P349-354
[26]M.MtCulloch,E.Normand,G.Duxbury and N.Langford.Real time detection of automobile exhaust gases by use of a chirped pulse spectrometer.2003Optical Society of America.2003.
[27]Chan S H.Measurement of Concentration of Transient Gases Using a Conventional NDIR Analyzer.Measure Science Technology.1996.P7
[28]Beaumont A T.Signal Reconstruction Techniques for Improved Measurement of Transient Emissions.SAE.1990.P2
[29]赵航,王务林,《我国在用汽车排放现状及其控制措施探讨》,《世界汽车》,1998.3
[30]刘继明,《机动车尾气排放检测方法对比分析》,《环境监测管理与技术》,2007年10月第5期第19卷,P23-25
[31]GB 17691《车用压燃式发动机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法》
[32]GBl8285-2005《点燃式发动机汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(双怠速法及简易工况法)》
[33]GBl8352.3-2005 《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段)》,(国Ⅲ标准)
[34]JJG865-94《中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程》
[35]吴修义,《简易工况法(ASM)检测汽车尾气排放》,《汽车与配件》,2003年第26期,P35-36
[36]韩寿丽,《基于ARM的嵌入式智能仪表研究》,中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2007.07
[37]夏登洲,《基于ARM的嵌入式监控系统[D]》,华北电力大学,2006
[38]Philips公司,《LPC 2148 Datasheet产品说明书》
[39]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司,《PHILIPS单片16/32位微控制器-LPC2141/42/44/46/48数据手册》
[40]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司,《LPC214x 用户指南》
[41]Andros Incorporated,6800 Product Manual
[42]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司,《PX1117-800mA 低压差(LDO)稳压器》
[43]Catalyst Semiconductor,Inc.,CAT811-4-Pin Microprocessor Power Supply Supervisors
[44]Philips Incorporated.74HC04;74HCT04-Hex inverter
[45]Philips Incorporated.74HC/HCT138
[46]Texas Instruments Incorporated.MAX3232:3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER
[47]Maxim Incorporated.MAX489:±15kV ESD-Protected,Slew-Rate-Limited,Low-Power,RS-485/RS-422 Transceivers
[48]Andros Incorporated.Model 6800 Automotive Gas Subsystem Datasheet.2003
[49]清达光电技术有限公司,《5.6英寸彩屏解決方案》
[50]清达光电技术有限公司,《TFT 256色单片机控制板QD-13》
[51]Osborne McGraw-Hill.Visual Basic for Windows inside & out.1992
[52]蒋方帅,《Visual Basic 6.0 全攻略宝典》,中国水利水电出版社,2000.5,P171-196
[53]Microsoft Incorporated.Microsoft Visual Studio MSDN
[54]许永和编著,《Visual Basic接口设计与工程设计》,人民邮电出版社,2007.06
[55]GB 18352.2-2001《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(Ⅱ)》
[56]肖云魁,《汽车故障诊断学》,北京理工大学出版社,2001
[57]高春艳,李俊民,《Visual Basic 工程应用与项目实践》,机械工业出版社,2005.1,P86-92
[58]Andros Incorporated,6800 Communication Manual
[59]朱明,《数据挖掘》,中国科学技术大学出版社,2002.6
[60]Jiawei Han,Micheline Kamber著,范明等译,《数据挖掘概念与技术》,2004
[61]魏德华,习华勇,王文军,《尾气分析仪数据采集与处理系统开发》,《机电产品开发与创新》,第17卷第3期,2004.5,P22-24
[62]曹红兵,陈汉生,《尾气分析在汽车故障诊断中的实验研究》,《实验室研究与探索》,2007.4,P33-36
[63]李兴虎,刘国邦《空燃比的计算及测量误差分析》,《燃烧科学与技术》,第10卷第1期,2004.2,P32-36
[64]Heywood J B,《内燃机原理[M]》,唐开元等译,武汉海军工程学院出版社,1992
[65]李士勇,《模糊控制·神经控制和智能控制论》,哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1998
[66]薛华《尾气分析在汽车故障检测诊断中的应用》,《中国科技信息》,2006年第8期,P321,323
[67]桑楠,白玉,《尾气分析与汽油发动机系统故障诊断》,《汽车电器》,2008年第2期,P43-46
[68]蔚巍主编,《MATLAB控制工程工具箱技术手册》,国防工业出版社,2004.1
[69]刘仲国,《现代汽车检测与诊断》,机械工业出版社,2001(09),P11-35
[70]于功敬、史慧、孟汉城,《神经元网络故障诊断技术的发展和应用》,北京航天测控公司
[71]孙即祥等,《现代模式识别》,国防科技大学出版社,2002.1,P278
[72]S.-L.Jamsa-Jounela,M.Vermasvuori,et al."A Process Monitoring System Based on the Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps." Control Engineering Practice,2003,11
[73]孙增圻编著,《智能控制理论与技术》,清华大学出版社,1997
[74]廖广兰,陈勇辉,史铁林,《自组织映射网络的可视化研究》,华中科技大学机械学院信息所
[75]V.Venkatasubramanian,R.Rengaswamy,Kewen Yin,S.N.Kavuri.A Review of Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis Part Ⅰ:Quantitative Model-based Methods.Computers and Chemical Engineering,2003,27
[76]顾一鸣,《基于自组织映射的故障诊断方法》,浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006
[77]A.A.Cuadrado,I.Diaz,et al.Visual Data Mining and Monitoring in Steel Processes.Industry Applications Conference,2002
[78]SOM Toolbox.2003
[79]首届全国机动车污染评价研讨会论文集,北京,1997.12
[80]Nello Cristianini.John Shawe-Taylor(著),李国正,王猛,曾华军(译),《支持向量机导论》,2004.3,电子工业出版社
[2]焦国昌,《汽车排放物计算机辅助检测系统》,东北林业大学硕士学位论文,2003.6,P8
[3]唐青云 李金嗣,《汽车尾气分析仪原理及发展现状》,《汽车维修与保养》,2002.8,P11-12
[4]王振国,《汽车尾气分析仪的分类及应用概况》,《汽车维修与保养》,2005.2,P45-47
[5]戴刚,《我国汽车尾气排放分析仪市场研究》,《中国科技产业月刊》,第11期,1999,P52
[6]Mark Warren,朱之亚,《尾气分析仪的妙用》,《汽车维修与保养》,2001.11,P39
[7]杨丰力,《汽车故障诊断在维修中的应用研究》,《工业技术经济》,1997.16(2),P88-89
[8]刘仲国,《现代汽车检测与诊断》,机械工业出版社,2001(09),P11-35
[9]肖云魁,《汽车故障诊断学》,北京理工大学出版社,2001
[10]王凯明,《现代汽车故障综合论断技术》,北京理工大学出版社,2002
[11]张云龙,袁大宏,唐晓敦,《电控汽车故障诊断技术的现状与发展.汽车技术》,2001,P30
[12]于建淑等,《汽车智能化检测设备及应用》,人民交通出版社,2004
[13]钱人一,《汽车发动机的车载故障诊断》,《汽车技术》,2000(2),P29
[14]秦贵和,葛安林,《汽车电控系统故障自诊断技术》,《汽车工程》,2000(4)
[15]Solimna Aluned,et al.Integrated Powertrain Diagnostic System Linking On-and-Off-Board Diagnostic Strategies.SAE P960627
[16]Qin Guihe.A Local Online Sensor Fault Detection Method in the Automotive Environment.Proc.of 1997' IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems,Beijing.Oct.1997.
[17]张俊智,王丽芳,《电控汽车的诊断技术》,《汽车技术》,1997,P50-52
[18]崔靖,《汽车综合性能检测》,上海科学技术文献出版社,1999
[19]蔡凤田,《汽车节能与环保使用技术》,人民交通出版社,1999
[20]顾其顺,《汽车排气净化催化剂综合性能研究》,环境科学学报,1990,P10
[21]张宏建,蒙建波,《自动检测技术与装置》,化学工业出版社,2004.7,P248-249
[22]李业德,李业刚,贾鹏,《微电脑红外汽车尾气分析仪》,《山东工程学院学报》,第16卷第3期,2002.9,P11-13
[23]任纪宝,孟庆山,《四气体汽车尾气分析仪的研制与开发》,《计量技术》第8期.2001,P17
[24]Iridium(??)Specification,CITY Technology技术文档
[25]J.Cihelka,V.Horká,and S.Civis.Diode laser photo acoustic detection of automobile exhaust emissions.ICTON.2005.P349-354
[26]M.MtCulloch,E.Normand,G.Duxbury and N.Langford.Real time detection of automobile exhaust gases by use of a chirped pulse spectrometer.2003Optical Society of America.2003.
[27]Chan S H.Measurement of Concentration of Transient Gases Using a Conventional NDIR Analyzer.Measure Science Technology.1996.P7
[28]Beaumont A T.Signal Reconstruction Techniques for Improved Measurement of Transient Emissions.SAE.1990.P2
[29]赵航,王务林,《我国在用汽车排放现状及其控制措施探讨》,《世界汽车》,1998.3
[30]刘继明,《机动车尾气排放检测方法对比分析》,《环境监测管理与技术》,2007年10月第5期第19卷,P23-25
[31]GB 17691《车用压燃式发动机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法》
[32]GBl8285-2005《点燃式发动机汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(双怠速法及简易工况法)》
[33]GBl8352.3-2005 《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段)》,(国Ⅲ标准)
[34]JJG865-94《中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程》
[35]吴修义,《简易工况法(ASM)检测汽车尾气排放》,《汽车与配件》,2003年第26期,P35-36
[36]韩寿丽,《基于ARM的嵌入式智能仪表研究》,中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2007.07
[37]夏登洲,《基于ARM的嵌入式监控系统[D]》,华北电力大学,2006
[38]Philips公司,《LPC 2148 Datasheet产品说明书》
[39]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司,《PHILIPS单片16/32位微控制器-LPC2141/42/44/46/48数据手册》
[40]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司,《LPC214x 用户指南》
[41]Andros Incorporated,6800 Product Manual
[42]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司,《PX1117-800mA 低压差(LDO)稳压器》
[43]Catalyst Semiconductor,Inc.,CAT811-4-Pin Microprocessor Power Supply Supervisors
[44]Philips Incorporated.74HC04;74HCT04-Hex inverter
[45]Philips Incorporated.74HC/HCT138
[46]Texas Instruments Incorporated.MAX3232:3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER
[47]Maxim Incorporated.MAX489:±15kV ESD-Protected,Slew-Rate-Limited,Low-Power,RS-485/RS-422 Transceivers
[48]Andros Incorporated.Model 6800 Automotive Gas Subsystem Datasheet.2003
[49]清达光电技术有限公司,《5.6英寸彩屏解決方案》
[50]清达光电技术有限公司,《TFT 256色单片机控制板QD-13》
[51]Osborne McGraw-Hill.Visual Basic for Windows inside & out.1992
[52]蒋方帅,《Visual Basic 6.0 全攻略宝典》,中国水利水电出版社,2000.5,P171-196
[53]Microsoft Incorporated.Microsoft Visual Studio MSDN
[54]许永和编著,《Visual Basic接口设计与工程设计》,人民邮电出版社,2007.06
[55]GB 18352.2-2001《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(Ⅱ)》
[56]肖云魁,《汽车故障诊断学》,北京理工大学出版社,2001
[57]高春艳,李俊民,《Visual Basic 工程应用与项目实践》,机械工业出版社,2005.1,P86-92
[58]Andros Incorporated,6800 Communication Manual
[59]朱明,《数据挖掘》,中国科学技术大学出版社,2002.6
[60]Jiawei Han,Micheline Kamber著,范明等译,《数据挖掘概念与技术》,2004
[61]魏德华,习华勇,王文军,《尾气分析仪数据采集与处理系统开发》,《机电产品开发与创新》,第17卷第3期,2004.5,P22-24
[62]曹红兵,陈汉生,《尾气分析在汽车故障诊断中的实验研究》,《实验室研究与探索》,2007.4,P33-36
[63]李兴虎,刘国邦《空燃比的计算及测量误差分析》,《燃烧科学与技术》,第10卷第1期,2004.2,P32-36
[64]Heywood J B,《内燃机原理[M]》,唐开元等译,武汉海军工程学院出版社,1992
[65]李士勇,《模糊控制·神经控制和智能控制论》,哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1998
[66]薛华《尾气分析在汽车故障检测诊断中的应用》,《中国科技信息》,2006年第8期,P321,323
[67]桑楠,白玉,《尾气分析与汽油发动机系统故障诊断》,《汽车电器》,2008年第2期,P43-46
[68]蔚巍主编,《MATLAB控制工程工具箱技术手册》,国防工业出版社,2004.1
[69]刘仲国,《现代汽车检测与诊断》,机械工业出版社,2001(09),P11-35
[70]于功敬、史慧、孟汉城,《神经元网络故障诊断技术的发展和应用》,北京航天测控公司
[71]孙即祥等,《现代模式识别》,国防科技大学出版社,2002.1,P278
[72]S.-L.Jamsa-Jounela,M.Vermasvuori,et al."A Process Monitoring System Based on the Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps." Control Engineering Practice,2003,11
[73]孙增圻编著,《智能控制理论与技术》,清华大学出版社,1997
[74]廖广兰,陈勇辉,史铁林,《自组织映射网络的可视化研究》,华中科技大学机械学院信息所
[75]V.Venkatasubramanian,R.Rengaswamy,Kewen Yin,S.N.Kavuri.A Review of Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis Part Ⅰ:Quantitative Model-based Methods.Computers and Chemical Engineering,2003,27
[76]顾一鸣,《基于自组织映射的故障诊断方法》,浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006
[77]A.A.Cuadrado,I.Diaz,et al.Visual Data Mining and Monitoring in Steel Processes.Industry Applications Conference,2002
[78]SOM Toolbox.2003
[79]首届全国机动车污染评价研讨会论文集,北京,1997.12
[80]Nello Cristianini.John Shawe-Taylor(著),李国正,王猛,曾华军(译),《支持向量机导论》,2004.3,电子工业出版社