温室膜下滴灌条件下番茄控水灌溉指标试验研究
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摘要
在有限的灌溉水量条件下,如何通过水量在空间、时间上的合理分配,以达到增加产量、提高灌溉水利用效率的目的,一直是非充分灌溉理论研究的重要内容。本文通过早春番茄田间试验,在温室膜下滴灌条件下,分别以50%、60%、75%田间持水量作为苗期、花期、结果期的土壤水分控制下限,按照不同的土壤水分控制上限设置不同的灌水量处理,研究和分析了不同土壤水分处理对番茄植株生长指标、生理指标、干物质分配、果实品质、灌水量、耗水量、产量以及水分利用效率的影响,以期确定番茄适宜的灌水技术指标(适宜的土壤水分含量和灌水量),为温室作物非充分灌溉实施提供理论依据。所得结论如下:
1)从不同生育期土壤水分处理上看,水分胁迫对番茄的生长及生理指标均有不同程度的影响,复水后株高的补偿效应较明显,而茎粗的补偿效应只在花期较为明显;水分胁迫处理的日光合速率峰值提前出现,蒸腾速率随水分亏缺程度的增加而减少,过高或过低的土壤水分不利于番茄生理和生殖生长,甚至影响产量并降低水分利用效率。
2)水分胁迫对番茄地上、地下干物质的分配及果实品质影响的研究表明,番茄不同生育期适宜的水分胁迫可以提高果实干物质含量和果实品质,尤其是苗期和花期控水的根冠比、果实干物质含量、果实硬度等均有不同程度提高;结果期控水可能对番茄果实总糖含量和糖酸比的提高更有利。
3)番茄灌水量、耗水量与土壤水分控制上、下限具有显著的正相关性,通过对不同水分处理番茄全生育期灌水量和产量的回归分析得出,番茄产量和水分利用效率随灌水量增加均呈抛物线型变化,即当全生育期灌水量为1347m3/hm2～1405m3/hm2时,番茄产量和水分利用效率均较高,此指标可以在实际生产中指导番茄灌水。
4)综合考虑不同土壤水分处理对番茄生理生长、果实品质及产量等方面的影响,各生育期适宜的土壤含水率范围(占田持)分别为:苗期50%～65%,花期60%～75%,结果期75%～85%较为合理,但此指标是在一个生育期进行控水,其他生育期进行充分供水的基础上得出的,所以在生产实践中仍需进一步研究验证。
How to allocate water in space and time to increase yield and improve irrigation water use efficiency in the limited irrigation water conditions is the important theoretical content of insufficient irrigation. The low limits of irrigation in seedling stage, flowering stage, fruiting setting stage is 50%, 60%, 75% of field maintaining water quantity respectively, irrigation water amount through different soil irrigation maximum index is control in early-spring tomato experiment under-mulching-drip irrigation in greenhouse, the effects of different water treatment on tomato growth development and physiological characteristic, dry matter distribution, fruit quality, irrigation requirement, water consumption, yield and water use efficiency were studied and analyzed to determine suitable irrigation technical index(the suitable soil moisture and irrigation requirement)and provide the theoretical basis for insufficient irrigation implementation of greenhouse crop. The conclusions are as follows:
1) From the different water treatment in the tomato growth stages, the effects of water stress on growth development and physiological characteristic were different, compensation effect of plant height was significant after re-watering, and compensation effect of stem diameter only was significant in flowering stage, the time when the maximum points diurnal change for leaf photosynthetic rate appeared was earlier under water stress than that without water stress, along with water stress degree increasing, the transpiration rate decreased, it were unfavorable for the vegetative growth and reproductive growth, affected yield and reduced water use efficiency under too high or too low water moisture.
2) The study of distribution of upper part and underground part of tomato indicated that fruit dry matter and quality were improved through suitable water stress in different growth stages, particularly the root-shoot ratio, fruit dry matter and Fruit firmness etc were improved in different degree in the seedling and flowering stage, water stress in fruiting setting stage may were more favorable to improve of fruit total sugar content and sugar-acid ratio.
3) The irrigation requirement and water consumption amount were significantly positive correlated with the upper and low irrigation limit, through the regression analysis of total irrigation requirement, yield and water use efficiency in different water treatment, the results indicated that there was a parabola regression relationship between tomato yield, water use efficiency and total water requirement. The relatively higher tomato yield and water use efficiency was obtained when irrigation water requirement was 1347m3/hm2～1405m3/hm2, which could be guidance of tomato irrigation in practical production.
4) it is advantageous to gain high yield and water production efficiency when the upper and low irrigation limit(the percent comparing to the field water capacity)in seeding stage, flowering and fruit stage and fruit setting stage is 50%～65%, 60%～75% and 75%～85%, but this index was obtained under water stress of one growth stage and adequate water supply of other growth stage, so there still need to be further verification in practical production.
1)从不同生育期土壤水分处理上看,水分胁迫对番茄的生长及生理指标均有不同程度的影响,复水后株高的补偿效应较明显,而茎粗的补偿效应只在花期较为明显;水分胁迫处理的日光合速率峰值提前出现,蒸腾速率随水分亏缺程度的增加而减少,过高或过低的土壤水分不利于番茄生理和生殖生长,甚至影响产量并降低水分利用效率。
2)水分胁迫对番茄地上、地下干物质的分配及果实品质影响的研究表明,番茄不同生育期适宜的水分胁迫可以提高果实干物质含量和果实品质,尤其是苗期和花期控水的根冠比、果实干物质含量、果实硬度等均有不同程度提高;结果期控水可能对番茄果实总糖含量和糖酸比的提高更有利。
3)番茄灌水量、耗水量与土壤水分控制上、下限具有显著的正相关性,通过对不同水分处理番茄全生育期灌水量和产量的回归分析得出,番茄产量和水分利用效率随灌水量增加均呈抛物线型变化,即当全生育期灌水量为1347m3/hm2～1405m3/hm2时,番茄产量和水分利用效率均较高,此指标可以在实际生产中指导番茄灌水。
4)综合考虑不同土壤水分处理对番茄生理生长、果实品质及产量等方面的影响,各生育期适宜的土壤含水率范围(占田持)分别为:苗期50%～65%,花期60%～75%,结果期75%～85%较为合理,但此指标是在一个生育期进行控水,其他生育期进行充分供水的基础上得出的,所以在生产实践中仍需进一步研究验证。
How to allocate water in space and time to increase yield and improve irrigation water use efficiency in the limited irrigation water conditions is the important theoretical content of insufficient irrigation. The low limits of irrigation in seedling stage, flowering stage, fruiting setting stage is 50%, 60%, 75% of field maintaining water quantity respectively, irrigation water amount through different soil irrigation maximum index is control in early-spring tomato experiment under-mulching-drip irrigation in greenhouse, the effects of different water treatment on tomato growth development and physiological characteristic, dry matter distribution, fruit quality, irrigation requirement, water consumption, yield and water use efficiency were studied and analyzed to determine suitable irrigation technical index(the suitable soil moisture and irrigation requirement)and provide the theoretical basis for insufficient irrigation implementation of greenhouse crop. The conclusions are as follows:
1) From the different water treatment in the tomato growth stages, the effects of water stress on growth development and physiological characteristic were different, compensation effect of plant height was significant after re-watering, and compensation effect of stem diameter only was significant in flowering stage, the time when the maximum points diurnal change for leaf photosynthetic rate appeared was earlier under water stress than that without water stress, along with water stress degree increasing, the transpiration rate decreased, it were unfavorable for the vegetative growth and reproductive growth, affected yield and reduced water use efficiency under too high or too low water moisture.
2) The study of distribution of upper part and underground part of tomato indicated that fruit dry matter and quality were improved through suitable water stress in different growth stages, particularly the root-shoot ratio, fruit dry matter and Fruit firmness etc were improved in different degree in the seedling and flowering stage, water stress in fruiting setting stage may were more favorable to improve of fruit total sugar content and sugar-acid ratio.
3) The irrigation requirement and water consumption amount were significantly positive correlated with the upper and low irrigation limit, through the regression analysis of total irrigation requirement, yield and water use efficiency in different water treatment, the results indicated that there was a parabola regression relationship between tomato yield, water use efficiency and total water requirement. The relatively higher tomato yield and water use efficiency was obtained when irrigation water requirement was 1347m3/hm2～1405m3/hm2, which could be guidance of tomato irrigation in practical production.
4) it is advantageous to gain high yield and water production efficiency when the upper and low irrigation limit(the percent comparing to the field water capacity)in seeding stage, flowering and fruit stage and fruit setting stage is 50%～65%, 60%～75% and 75%～85%, but this index was obtained under water stress of one growth stage and adequate water supply of other growth stage, so there still need to be further verification in practical production.
引文
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