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信用证法律适用问题研究
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摘要
信用证是指银行界与商业界为解决国际商事交易各方当事人的利益冲突而发展起来的国际结算工具,由于信用证较好地解决了国际商事交易中双方当事人的商业信用危机问题,同时也是跨国贸易商能通过银行融资和借助于银行的信用,圆满完成国际商事交易的支付过程,为此而被誉为是商人智慧的结晶,并被形象的比喻为“国际商业的生命血液”
     目前,国外大多数国家基本上没有信用证方面的专门立法。由国际商会制订的《跟单信用证统一惯例》得到广泛的适用。因此,有观点认为信用证领域不存在法律冲突。但《跟单信用证统一惯例》本身没有规定信用证的法律适用,而是将该问题留给各国的国内解决。由于各国对信用证的理解和信用证的历史传承不同,导致了各国的信用证法律适用立法各异而相互冲突。我国目前关于信用证方面的立法是空白,解决信用证的法律适用问题也多依赖于《民法通则》第一百四十五条和关于信用证的司法解释。在发生信用证纠纷时,当事人经常会选择诉讼方式来解决争议,此时法院要解决的首要问题就是法律适用,而信用证法律适用问题在国际私法领域也一直未受到重视。因此,有必要对信用证纠纷的法律适用问题进行研究。
     要解决信用证的法律适用问题,必须对信用证的法律性质进行识别。这种说法源于“法律关系本座说”。信用证的法律适用的根本问题在于法律选择方法的确定。因此,在现代国际私法倾向于寻求实质正义的价值取向的主导下,以“当事人合意为主、以最密切联系原则为辅”的法律选择方法无疑是解决信用证法律适用问题的首选原则。因此,本论文从探讨信用证的法律性质入手,对信用证法律适用问题进行了深入阐述。首先结合国际私法的价值取向的转换,讨论信用证的法律选择方法由僵化向灵活的转换。其次讨论信用证法律适用的基本原则以及各原则之间的关系。最后,结合我国信用证的法律适用的立法现状,借鉴信用证的国际惯例、美国UCC等的立法,提出适合我国的信用证的法律适用立法建议。
Letter of credit (L/C) is developed as an international settlement tool in banking and commercial circles to solve the conflicts of interests among international commercial parties. L/C better deals with the commercial credit crisis between both parties in international business transactions. In addition, by means of L/C transnational merchants can finance and successfully complete the whole payment process of the international commercial transactions with the help of bank credit. Therefore, L/C is honored as a crystal of merchants' wisdoms, and vividly compared to "the life blood of international commerce".
     At present, there are no specific laws for L/C in most foreign countries, while the U.C.P Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits formulated by International Chamber of Commerce is being applied worldwide. Consequently, some hold that there exists no conflict of laws in L/C circle. However, the U.C.P Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits don't regulate the L/C application of law, but leave it to countries to settle at home. Different countries have different understandings on L/C and different historical heritage of L/C; therefore, laws for L/C in different countries distinguish to a large measure, even conflict each other. In China it is also blank in aspect of legislation for L/C and the problems concerning the L/C application of law are always to be solved dependent on the judicial interpretation on Article 145 of General Principles of Civil Law and articles about L/C. When L/C disputes happen, parties often try to settle by lawsuits. When lawsuits happen, the top priority for courts is the L/C application of law. However, the L/C application of law has been stressed enough in the circle of international private law, thus it is necessary to study on the L/C application of law.
     To settle the L/C application of law we need to identify the legal nature of L/C, which is the point of view from the theory of seat of law relationship. The basis for the L/C application of law lays on the choice of laws. Therefore, in the situation where contemporary international private laws tend to pursue the material justice, the way of choosing laws that relies mainly on the satisfaction of parties while the principle of the most significant relationship is only subsidiary is no doubt the first choice to settle the L/C application of law. The thesis begins from discussing the legal nature of L/C, and then explains the L/C application of law to a deep scale. Firstly, comparing the alternation of the value orientation of international private laws, the thesis analyzes the way of choosing laws for L/C is becoming more flexible. Secondly, the relationship is also analyzed between the basic principles for the L/C application of law and other principles. Lastly, considering the status quo of Chinese legislation and referring international conventions and laws regulated by U.S. UCC, the thesis proposes the legislation suggestions about the L/C application of law which are applicable for China.
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