跨国公司社会责任的国际法律规制
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摘要
在经济全球化背景下,国际经济活动的主体日渐丰富,除传统的个人和国家外,跨国公司日益成为国际经济活动的重要主体。由于跨国公司的本质属性是在全球范围内取得利润最大化,必然与东道国、母国的经济、法律、政治等社会利益发生冲突,加之当地法律制度不健全无法进行有效监管等因素,跨国公司往往是以侵犯雇佣员工人权、破坏当地环境、阻碍经济自由发展、逃避税收等对社会发展整体利益的牺牲来实现资本收益的最大化。从上个世纪开始,尤其是在发展中国家,跨国公司可谓劣迹斑斑,人们必须正视跨国公司的社会责任问题。
本文从跨国公司的角度出发,论证强调社会责任是解决全球化过程中跨国公司产生的社会问题的一个重要途径,并就在国际法律层面构建跨国公司的社会责任制度提出建议,着力展示国际法律制度因应跨国公司社会责任的要求进行制度调整,并指出制度构建中面临的新课题。
本文共分三章。第一章是跨国公司社会责任国际法律规制的背景。在这一章里,主要探讨了公司社会责任的提出与跨国公司的负面影响;欧美关于公司社会责任的国内立法;国际经济法立法一体化趋势与跨国公司社会责任的关系;以及跨国公司社会责任国际法律规制的动力。第二章重点分析了现行跨国公司社会责任的国际法律规制。首先探讨了联合国、经济合作与发展组织以及欧盟在间接规范跨国公司社会责任方面所作的国际立法努力;其次,阐述了联合国、多边投资担保机构以及国际金融公司在直接规范跨国公司社会责任方面所作的国际立法尝试;再次,介绍了非政府间国际组织在跨国公司社会责任方面所制定的一些社会标准;最后,作者对现行跨国公司社会责任国际规范做了一个总体评价,指出了现行跨国公司社会责任国际规范的特征,并且分析了制定跨国公司社会责任国际法律制度之所以困难的深层次原因。
第三章展望了制定规范跨国公司社会责任国际法律制度的前景。作者认为,在目前无法根本改变国际经济立法供给不足现状的情况下,可以通过新型的立法方式,适度加强目前跨国公司社会责任国际规范领域软法的“硬度”,并与全球治理模式下的多层次规范体系配合,达到较为良好的效果。
The subject of international economic activity is becoming more and more diversified in the era of economic globalization. Multinational corporations are becoming the important subject of international economic activity as well as the natural person and sovereigns as the traditional subjects. Since the fundamental purpose of the multinational corporations is to pursue the maximum profit around the world, the conflict between such purpose and social interests embodied in the economies, laws and politics of host countries as well as home countries inevitably arises. Moreover, due to the inefficient regulation caused by the imperfect legal system of the host countries, the multinational corporations obtain their maximum profit often by violating the human rights of the local employees, destroying the local environment, impeding the local economy from developing freely, evading the tax and other means at the expense of sacrifice of the social interest as an integral part. As early as last century, the behaviors of the multinational corporations was notorious particularly in the developing countries, which makes it imperative to face the MNC’s social responsibility both in home countries and host countries.
This dissertation, from the perspective of multinational corporations, demonstrates that stressing the social responsibility of multinational corporations is an important way to solve the social problems caused hereby under the process of globalization. It brings about some recommendations focused on restructuring the system of social responsibility of multinational corporations on the international law level. It also specifically argues that the international law shall be adjusted according to the requirement of social responsibility of multinational corporations, meanwhile it also points out the new challenges occurred in the process of restructuring.
This dissertation is divided into three chapters. Chapter one introduces the background of the international legal regulation to MNC’s social responsibility. In this chapter, the following issues are fully discussed, i. The rise of the concept of CSR and the negative social influence of MNC; ii. The national legislation of Europe and United States on CSR; iii. The relationship between the tendency of integrations of international economic legislation and social responsibility of multinational corporations; and iv. The driving force to the international legislation of MNC’s social responsibility.
Chapter two particularly analyzes the current international legislations to MNC’s social responsibility. Firstly, it introduces the international legislative efforts on indirect regulating MNC’s social responsibility drafted by the United Nations, OECD and Europe. Secondly, it discusses the international legislative efforts on direct regulating MNC’s social responsibility made by UN, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and the International Finance Corporation. Thirdly, it introduces some regulations to MNC’s social responsibility made by NGOs. Lastly, the author makes an evaluation to the current international legislations to MNC’s social responsibility with pointing out that the characteristics of current international legislations MNC’s social responsibility and analyzing the profound reasons to the difficulty of international legislations to MNC’s social responsibility.
Chapter three focuses on the future of international legislation to MNC’s social responsibility. The author holds the view that In the current situation that the deficiency situation of international economic legislation supply cannot be fundamentally changed, these new legislative models may be used to appropriately strengthen the“hardness”of the soft laws in the area of international regulation to MNCs’social responsibility, and combined with the multilevel regulation system under the global governance model, reach a good effect.
本文从跨国公司的角度出发,论证强调社会责任是解决全球化过程中跨国公司产生的社会问题的一个重要途径,并就在国际法律层面构建跨国公司的社会责任制度提出建议,着力展示国际法律制度因应跨国公司社会责任的要求进行制度调整,并指出制度构建中面临的新课题。
本文共分三章。第一章是跨国公司社会责任国际法律规制的背景。在这一章里,主要探讨了公司社会责任的提出与跨国公司的负面影响;欧美关于公司社会责任的国内立法;国际经济法立法一体化趋势与跨国公司社会责任的关系;以及跨国公司社会责任国际法律规制的动力。第二章重点分析了现行跨国公司社会责任的国际法律规制。首先探讨了联合国、经济合作与发展组织以及欧盟在间接规范跨国公司社会责任方面所作的国际立法努力;其次,阐述了联合国、多边投资担保机构以及国际金融公司在直接规范跨国公司社会责任方面所作的国际立法尝试;再次,介绍了非政府间国际组织在跨国公司社会责任方面所制定的一些社会标准;最后,作者对现行跨国公司社会责任国际规范做了一个总体评价,指出了现行跨国公司社会责任国际规范的特征,并且分析了制定跨国公司社会责任国际法律制度之所以困难的深层次原因。
第三章展望了制定规范跨国公司社会责任国际法律制度的前景。作者认为,在目前无法根本改变国际经济立法供给不足现状的情况下,可以通过新型的立法方式,适度加强目前跨国公司社会责任国际规范领域软法的“硬度”,并与全球治理模式下的多层次规范体系配合,达到较为良好的效果。
The subject of international economic activity is becoming more and more diversified in the era of economic globalization. Multinational corporations are becoming the important subject of international economic activity as well as the natural person and sovereigns as the traditional subjects. Since the fundamental purpose of the multinational corporations is to pursue the maximum profit around the world, the conflict between such purpose and social interests embodied in the economies, laws and politics of host countries as well as home countries inevitably arises. Moreover, due to the inefficient regulation caused by the imperfect legal system of the host countries, the multinational corporations obtain their maximum profit often by violating the human rights of the local employees, destroying the local environment, impeding the local economy from developing freely, evading the tax and other means at the expense of sacrifice of the social interest as an integral part. As early as last century, the behaviors of the multinational corporations was notorious particularly in the developing countries, which makes it imperative to face the MNC’s social responsibility both in home countries and host countries.
This dissertation, from the perspective of multinational corporations, demonstrates that stressing the social responsibility of multinational corporations is an important way to solve the social problems caused hereby under the process of globalization. It brings about some recommendations focused on restructuring the system of social responsibility of multinational corporations on the international law level. It also specifically argues that the international law shall be adjusted according to the requirement of social responsibility of multinational corporations, meanwhile it also points out the new challenges occurred in the process of restructuring.
This dissertation is divided into three chapters. Chapter one introduces the background of the international legal regulation to MNC’s social responsibility. In this chapter, the following issues are fully discussed, i. The rise of the concept of CSR and the negative social influence of MNC; ii. The national legislation of Europe and United States on CSR; iii. The relationship between the tendency of integrations of international economic legislation and social responsibility of multinational corporations; and iv. The driving force to the international legislation of MNC’s social responsibility.
Chapter two particularly analyzes the current international legislations to MNC’s social responsibility. Firstly, it introduces the international legislative efforts on indirect regulating MNC’s social responsibility drafted by the United Nations, OECD and Europe. Secondly, it discusses the international legislative efforts on direct regulating MNC’s social responsibility made by UN, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and the International Finance Corporation. Thirdly, it introduces some regulations to MNC’s social responsibility made by NGOs. Lastly, the author makes an evaluation to the current international legislations to MNC’s social responsibility with pointing out that the characteristics of current international legislations MNC’s social responsibility and analyzing the profound reasons to the difficulty of international legislations to MNC’s social responsibility.
Chapter three focuses on the future of international legislation to MNC’s social responsibility. The author holds the view that In the current situation that the deficiency situation of international economic legislation supply cannot be fundamentally changed, these new legislative models may be used to appropriately strengthen the“hardness”of the soft laws in the area of international regulation to MNCs’social responsibility, and combined with the multilevel regulation system under the global governance model, reach a good effect.
引文
The rise of MNC’s Social Responsibility is related to the maturing of CSR and the expanding of MNC’s negative social influence, moreover, with the tendency of international economic legislation integration, there emerges the requirement and possibility for international legislation to MNC’s Social Responsibility in the international community.
Ⅰ. The Rise of CSR and the Negative Social Influence of MNC
The CSR was first raised in connection with the negative influence appeared in the operation of domestic companies. At the end of the 20th century, MNCs, as the main propellants and beneficiaries of economic globalization, developed fast in scale and power, meanwhile, due to the worse affection to the society by their specialty and the deficiency of traditional domestic laws in dealing with their activities, MNC’s Social Responsibility as a response to their negative social influence, aroused wide concern amongst the international community and the academic field.
1. The Idea of CSR
1.1. Concept of CSR
According to the traditional theory of corporate law, the ownership of a corporation belongs to the shareholders, therefore, the purpose of acorporation is to benefit as much as possible, and all the interests shall go to the shareholders eventually. The corporate system is the core of modern market mechanism, while it also brings negative phenomena. For instance, some corporations, focus on the pursuit of shareholders and operators’interests, disregard the interests of workers, consumers, creditors, competitors as well as the general public. Therefore, the concept of(CSR) was appeared in the recent years, emphasizing on the obligation of corporation to protect the interests ofnon-shareholder stakeholders (those individuals or organizations who are not shareholders but may affect the decisions, policies and operation of the corporation or be affected by the decisions, policies and operation of the corporation, hereinafter referred as to“stakeholders”).①
CSR means the obligation that corporations hold to maintain and enhance the social interests, besides its pursuit of maximal interests for shareholders. In a large sense, CSR is a legal and moral obligation of a corporation, or a unity of formal and informal system arrangements. Of course the confines between legal obligation and moral obligation, formal arrangement and informal system arrangement will change as the society changes. Generally speaking, CSR includes but not limited to the responsibilities to employees, consumers, creditors, the protection and reasonable utilization of environment and recourses, community, social charity and public welfare undertakings.②
CSR is a modification and complement to the traditional principle of shareholders’interests maximization, and was developed from the reflection and dissatisfaction of the traditional corporate theory. CSR is in the position that the purpose of a corporation is dualistic: besides the profit-push, the corporation should also ensure and enhance the social benefit. Besides the objective materials like capitals and machines, the corporation, as an economic entity exists and works in the society, is more like a social phenomenon, moreover, corporations absorb and integrate social resources and use them to create fortune for the shareholders. For this reason, a corporation should not only create values for investors, but also for stakeholders and the society. The application of the idea of CSR in law is to maximatily overcome the law’s inherent shortcoming of sufficient in punishing the evil but deficient in promoting the good, to properly redress the traditional corporate idea of the overemphasis of corporate operation and shareholders’interests, and to seek a set of appropriate adaptive theories and systems as to reinforce the social responsibility of corporations.③
1.2. Debate on CSR
The CSR theory first appeared in the United States. In 1930s, Professor Adolf A.
①Wells, Harwell.“The Cycles of CSR: A Historical Retrospective for the Twenty-first Century”[J]. Kansas Law Review, 2002, November (51): 82-96.
①Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 6.
②Tan Shen, Liu Kaiming, edt. Multinational Corporations’Social Responsibility and the Society of China [M],Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 6-7.
①Donaldson, Thomas, The Ethics of International Business [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. 31.
②Backer, Larry Cata, MNCs, Transnational Law: The United Nation’s Norms on The Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations as a Harbinger of Corporate Social Responsibility in International Law [J]. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 2006, Winter (37): 310.
①Tan Shen, Liu Kaiming, edt. Multinational Corporations’Social Responsibility and the Society of China [M],Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 5-6.
②Chinese Environment Protection Activists Swording to Pollution Companies, The Wall Street Journal Chinese online version [EB/OL]. http://chinese.wsj.com/gb/20070322/chw140142.asp, 2007-03-22
①Wang Gongbin, APA Closes Its Net in Tax-envasion [N]. 21 Century Economic Report, 2004-09-22 (6).
①Mclaughlin, Andrew M. Corporate Lobbying in the European Community [J]. Journal of Common Market Studies, 1993, 31: 191.
①“Social Responsibility Investment”means investor through eliminating stocks of corporations with bad social responsibility or choosing stocks of corporations with good social responsibility as investment objectives, making sure that the latter have enough capital resources, raise their market values and competitive power. It is an investment pattern integrating investment purpose with social, environmental and ethical problems.
②Wang Zhile, The Soft Competitive Power: MNC’s Corporation responsibility Idea [M], China Economic Press, Beijing, 2005: 2.
③The Good Company [N]. Economist, 2005-01-22 (11).
④Christopher Brown-Humes, Judging the Stock Market from Climate Changes [EB/OL]. UK, Financial Times, Chinese Version, http://www.ftchinese.com/sc/story_unreg.jsp?id=001009877, 2007-03-06.
①The detailed cases and legislations see: Lu Daifu, Economic and Legal Analysis on Cooperate Social Responsibility (Chinese Edition). Law Pres, Beijing, 2002: 224-238; Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 57-62.
②Lu Daifu, CSR and the Innovation of Corporation Governance Construction [A]; Gu Gonggeng, Company Law Review (2002) [C]. Shanghai People’s Press, Shanghai, 2002:45.
①George A. Steiner and John F.Steiner, Business, Government, and Society , Translated by Zhang zhiqiang and Wang Chunxiang, Hua Xia Press, Beijing, 2002: 146.
①Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 49.
②Polocy & legislation-UK [EB/OL]. http://www.csr.gov.uk/ukpolicy.shtml, 2007-03-28.
③Corporate Responsibility Bill [EB/OL]. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmbills/129/2003129.pdf, 2007-03-20.
①Xu Chongli, Economic Integration and the Construction of International Economic Legal System [J]. Journal of International Economic Law, 2004.8: 53.
②Ibid, pp. 72-73.
③Ibid, p. 75.
①Unites Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Word Investment Report 2006: FDI from Developing and Transition Economies [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2006. 103.
①Ibid., p. 232.
②Wang Zhile, The Soft Competitive Power: MNC’s Corporation responsibility Idea (Chinese Edition), China Economic Press, Beijing, 2005: 22-23.
①Orts, Eric W. The legitimacy of MNCs [A] . Mitchell, Lawrence E. Progressive Corporate Law [C]. Boulder: West view Press, 1995. 258.
②Huang Yasheng, Foreign Direct Investment in Reforming Period . Translated by Qiang Yong and Wang Zeliang, New Star Press, 2005: 368.
③Chesterman, Simon. Regulating the Behavior of MNCs Through Law [J]. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 2004, Winter/Spring 9360:311.
①Bantekas, Ilias. CSR in International Law [J]. Boston University International Law Journal, 2004, fall: 312.
①Yao Meizhen edt. Selected Teaching Reference Materials of International Economic Law (Volume 1) (Chinese Edition). Wu Han University Press, Wu Han, 1991:8.
②Ibid, p. 14.
①Ibid, p. 675-688.
②Chen An edt. International Economic Law (Second Version) (Chinese Edition). Peking University Press, Beijing, 2001: 218-228.
①OECD, partner governments commit to enhance value of Multinational Guidelines [EB/OL]. http://www.OECD.org/document/45/0.2340.en_2649_33765_35389869_1_1_1_1,00.html, 2006-10-16.
①Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 249-253.
②Policy & Legislation-International [EB/OL]. http://www.csr.gov.uk/international.shtml, 2007-3-28.
③Commission CSR policy [EB/OL]. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/csr/policy.htm, 2007-3-28.
①The Global Compact. The Global Compact Network [EB/OL]. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/ParticipantsAndStakeholders/index.html, 2007-02-16.
①The Global Compact. What is the Global Compact? [EB/OL].
②PRI. Signatories to the Principles for Responsible Investment [EB/OL]. http://unpri.org/signatories, 2007-02-16.
①Weissbrodt, David. CSR in the International Context: Business and Human Right [J]. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 2005 fall: 73.
①Xu Chongli, The Comparative Advantages and New Century Development Strategy of Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agencies [J]. Journal of The East China University of Politics and Law, 20012(3): 53.
②United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2006: FDI from Developing and Transition Economies [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2006. 232-234.
③Zhang Changlong, The Standard of Financial Agencies’CSR: The Equator Principles[J]. International Finance Research, 2006 (6): 16.
①Future ISO 26000 standard on social responsibility reaches positive turning point [EB/OL]. http://www.iso.org/iso/en/commcentre/pressreases/2007/Ref1049.html, 2007-3-20.
②Social Responsibility [EB/OL]. http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/830949/3934883/3935096/home.html, 2007-3-20.
①United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2003. 166.
①Bantekas, Ilias. CSR in International Law [J]. Boston University International law Journal, 2004,fall: 310.
①Xu Chongli, Economic Globalization and Transnational Economic Legislative Models [J]. Journal of The East China University of Politics and Law, 2006 (2): 82-83.
①Xu Chongli, Economic Globalization and Transnational Economic Legislative Models [J]. Journal of The East China University of Politics and Law, 2006 (2): 85.
①James N.Rosenau, Toward an Ontology for Global Governance [A], Yu Keping, Globalization: Global Governance [C], Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 61.
②Xu Chongli, Transgovernamental Organization Network and Soft International Economic Law [J]. Global Law Review, 2006 (4): 414.
③Australia, Kal. The Architecture of International Corporation: Tran governmental Networks and the Future of International Law [J]. Virginia Journal of International Law 2002, 43: 62-68.
1. Lu Daifu, Economic and Legal Analysis on Corporate Social Responsibility (Chinese Edition). Law Pres, Beijing, 2002.
2. Tan Shen, Liu Kaiming, eds. Multinational Corporations’Social Responsibility and the Society of China (Chinese Edition) , Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing.
3. Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility (Chinese Edition), Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 6.
4. Chen An edt. International Economic Law (Second Version) (Chinese Edition). Peking University Press, Beijing, 2001.
5. Wang Zhile, The Soft Competitive Power: MNC’s Corporation responsibility Idea (Chinese Edition), China Economic Press, Beijing, 2005.
6. Donaldson, Thomas, The Ethics of International Business . New York: Oxford University Press, 1989..
7. Backer, Larry Cata, MNCs, Transnational Law: The United Nation’s Norms on The Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations as a Harbinger of Corporate Social Responsibility in International Law [J]. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 2006, Winter (37).
8. Australia, Kal. The Architecture of International Corporation: Tran governmental Networks and the Future of International Law [J]. Virginia Journal of International Law 2002, 43.
9. James N.Rosenau, Toward an Ontology for Global Governance [A], Yu Keping, Globalization: Global Governance [C], Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 61.
10. Xu Chongli, Transgovernamental Organization Network and Soft International Economic Law [J]. Global Law Review, 2006 (4).
11. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2003.
12. Bantekas, Ilias. CSR in International Law [J]. Boston University International law Journal, 2004,fall.
13. Zhang Changlong, The Standard of Financial Agencies’CSR: The Equator Principles[J]. International Finance Research, 2006 (6).
14. Weissbrodt, David. CSR in the International Context: Business and Human Right [J]. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 2005 fall.
15. Wang Gongbin, APA Closes Its Net in Tax-envasion [N]. 21 Century Economic Report, 2004-09-22 (6).
16. Mclaughlin, Andrew M. Corporate Lobbying in the European Community [J]. Journal of Common Market Studies, 1993, 31.
17. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance PrincipleⅢ, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999: 5.
18. Wells, Harwell.“The Cycles of CSR: A Historical Retrospective for the Twenty-first Century”[J]. Kansas Law Review, 2002, November (51).
19.websites:
1)http://ec.europa.eu
2)http://www.csr.gov.uk
3)http://www.iso.org
4)http://www.oecd.org
5)http://www.publications.parliameny.uk
6)http://www.unglobalcompact.org
7)http://www.unpri.org
Ⅰ. The Rise of CSR and the Negative Social Influence of MNC
The CSR was first raised in connection with the negative influence appeared in the operation of domestic companies. At the end of the 20th century, MNCs, as the main propellants and beneficiaries of economic globalization, developed fast in scale and power, meanwhile, due to the worse affection to the society by their specialty and the deficiency of traditional domestic laws in dealing with their activities, MNC’s Social Responsibility as a response to their negative social influence, aroused wide concern amongst the international community and the academic field.
1. The Idea of CSR
1.1. Concept of CSR
According to the traditional theory of corporate law, the ownership of a corporation belongs to the shareholders, therefore, the purpose of acorporation is to benefit as much as possible, and all the interests shall go to the shareholders eventually. The corporate system is the core of modern market mechanism, while it also brings negative phenomena. For instance, some corporations, focus on the pursuit of shareholders and operators’interests, disregard the interests of workers, consumers, creditors, competitors as well as the general public. Therefore, the concept of(CSR) was appeared in the recent years, emphasizing on the obligation of corporation to protect the interests ofnon-shareholder stakeholders (those individuals or organizations who are not shareholders but may affect the decisions, policies and operation of the corporation or be affected by the decisions, policies and operation of the corporation, hereinafter referred as to“stakeholders”).①
CSR means the obligation that corporations hold to maintain and enhance the social interests, besides its pursuit of maximal interests for shareholders. In a large sense, CSR is a legal and moral obligation of a corporation, or a unity of formal and informal system arrangements. Of course the confines between legal obligation and moral obligation, formal arrangement and informal system arrangement will change as the society changes. Generally speaking, CSR includes but not limited to the responsibilities to employees, consumers, creditors, the protection and reasonable utilization of environment and recourses, community, social charity and public welfare undertakings.②
CSR is a modification and complement to the traditional principle of shareholders’interests maximization, and was developed from the reflection and dissatisfaction of the traditional corporate theory. CSR is in the position that the purpose of a corporation is dualistic: besides the profit-push, the corporation should also ensure and enhance the social benefit. Besides the objective materials like capitals and machines, the corporation, as an economic entity exists and works in the society, is more like a social phenomenon, moreover, corporations absorb and integrate social resources and use them to create fortune for the shareholders. For this reason, a corporation should not only create values for investors, but also for stakeholders and the society. The application of the idea of CSR in law is to maximatily overcome the law’s inherent shortcoming of sufficient in punishing the evil but deficient in promoting the good, to properly redress the traditional corporate idea of the overemphasis of corporate operation and shareholders’interests, and to seek a set of appropriate adaptive theories and systems as to reinforce the social responsibility of corporations.③
1.2. Debate on CSR
The CSR theory first appeared in the United States. In 1930s, Professor Adolf A.
①Wells, Harwell.“The Cycles of CSR: A Historical Retrospective for the Twenty-first Century”[J]. Kansas Law Review, 2002, November (51): 82-96.
①Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 6.
②Tan Shen, Liu Kaiming, edt. Multinational Corporations’Social Responsibility and the Society of China [M],Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 6-7.
①Donaldson, Thomas, The Ethics of International Business [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. 31.
②Backer, Larry Cata, MNCs, Transnational Law: The United Nation’s Norms on The Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations as a Harbinger of Corporate Social Responsibility in International Law [J]. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 2006, Winter (37): 310.
①Tan Shen, Liu Kaiming, edt. Multinational Corporations’Social Responsibility and the Society of China [M],Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 5-6.
②Chinese Environment Protection Activists Swording to Pollution Companies, The Wall Street Journal Chinese online version [EB/OL]. http://chinese.wsj.com/gb/20070322/chw140142.asp, 2007-03-22
①Wang Gongbin, APA Closes Its Net in Tax-envasion [N]. 21 Century Economic Report, 2004-09-22 (6).
①Mclaughlin, Andrew M. Corporate Lobbying in the European Community [J]. Journal of Common Market Studies, 1993, 31: 191.
①“Social Responsibility Investment”means investor through eliminating stocks of corporations with bad social responsibility or choosing stocks of corporations with good social responsibility as investment objectives, making sure that the latter have enough capital resources, raise their market values and competitive power. It is an investment pattern integrating investment purpose with social, environmental and ethical problems.
②Wang Zhile, The Soft Competitive Power: MNC’s Corporation responsibility Idea [M], China Economic Press, Beijing, 2005: 2.
③The Good Company [N]. Economist, 2005-01-22 (11).
④Christopher Brown-Humes, Judging the Stock Market from Climate Changes [EB/OL]. UK, Financial Times, Chinese Version, http://www.ftchinese.com/sc/story_unreg.jsp?id=001009877, 2007-03-06.
①The detailed cases and legislations see: Lu Daifu, Economic and Legal Analysis on Cooperate Social Responsibility (Chinese Edition). Law Pres, Beijing, 2002: 224-238; Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 57-62.
②Lu Daifu, CSR and the Innovation of Corporation Governance Construction [A]; Gu Gonggeng, Company Law Review (2002) [C]. Shanghai People’s Press, Shanghai, 2002:45.
①George A. Steiner and John F.Steiner, Business, Government, and Society , Translated by Zhang zhiqiang and Wang Chunxiang, Hua Xia Press, Beijing, 2002: 146.
①Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 49.
②Polocy & legislation-UK [EB/OL]. http://www.csr.gov.uk/ukpolicy.shtml, 2007-03-28.
③Corporate Responsibility Bill [EB/OL]. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmbills/129/2003129.pdf, 2007-03-20.
①Xu Chongli, Economic Integration and the Construction of International Economic Legal System [J]. Journal of International Economic Law, 2004.8: 53.
②Ibid, pp. 72-73.
③Ibid, p. 75.
①Unites Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Word Investment Report 2006: FDI from Developing and Transition Economies [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2006. 103.
①Ibid., p. 232.
②Wang Zhile, The Soft Competitive Power: MNC’s Corporation responsibility Idea (Chinese Edition), China Economic Press, Beijing, 2005: 22-23.
①Orts, Eric W. The legitimacy of MNCs [A] . Mitchell, Lawrence E. Progressive Corporate Law [C]. Boulder: West view Press, 1995. 258.
②Huang Yasheng, Foreign Direct Investment in Reforming Period . Translated by Qiang Yong and Wang Zeliang, New Star Press, 2005: 368.
③Chesterman, Simon. Regulating the Behavior of MNCs Through Law [J]. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 2004, Winter/Spring 9360:311.
①Bantekas, Ilias. CSR in International Law [J]. Boston University International Law Journal, 2004, fall: 312.
①Yao Meizhen edt. Selected Teaching Reference Materials of International Economic Law (Volume 1) (Chinese Edition). Wu Han University Press, Wu Han, 1991:8.
②Ibid, p. 14.
①Ibid, p. 675-688.
②Chen An edt. International Economic Law (Second Version) (Chinese Edition). Peking University Press, Beijing, 2001: 218-228.
①OECD, partner governments commit to enhance value of Multinational Guidelines [EB/OL]. http://www.OECD.org/document/45/0.2340.en_2649_33765_35389869_1_1_1_1,00.html, 2006-10-16.
①Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility [M], Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 249-253.
②Policy & Legislation-International [EB/OL]. http://www.csr.gov.uk/international.shtml, 2007-3-28.
③Commission CSR policy [EB/OL]. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/csr/policy.htm, 2007-3-28.
①The Global Compact. The Global Compact Network [EB/OL]. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/ParticipantsAndStakeholders/index.html, 2007-02-16.
①The Global Compact. What is the Global Compact? [EB/OL].
②PRI. Signatories to the Principles for Responsible Investment [EB/OL]. http://unpri.org/signatories, 2007-02-16.
①Weissbrodt, David. CSR in the International Context: Business and Human Right [J]. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 2005 fall: 73.
①Xu Chongli, The Comparative Advantages and New Century Development Strategy of Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agencies [J]. Journal of The East China University of Politics and Law, 20012(3): 53.
②United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2006: FDI from Developing and Transition Economies [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2006. 232-234.
③Zhang Changlong, The Standard of Financial Agencies’CSR: The Equator Principles[J]. International Finance Research, 2006 (6): 16.
①Future ISO 26000 standard on social responsibility reaches positive turning point [EB/OL]. http://www.iso.org/iso/en/commcentre/pressreases/2007/Ref1049.html, 2007-3-20.
②Social Responsibility [EB/OL]. http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/830949/3934883/3935096/home.html, 2007-3-20.
①United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2003. 166.
①Bantekas, Ilias. CSR in International Law [J]. Boston University International law Journal, 2004,fall: 310.
①Xu Chongli, Economic Globalization and Transnational Economic Legislative Models [J]. Journal of The East China University of Politics and Law, 2006 (2): 82-83.
①Xu Chongli, Economic Globalization and Transnational Economic Legislative Models [J]. Journal of The East China University of Politics and Law, 2006 (2): 85.
①James N.Rosenau, Toward an Ontology for Global Governance [A], Yu Keping, Globalization: Global Governance [C], Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 61.
②Xu Chongli, Transgovernamental Organization Network and Soft International Economic Law [J]. Global Law Review, 2006 (4): 414.
③Australia, Kal. The Architecture of International Corporation: Tran governmental Networks and the Future of International Law [J]. Virginia Journal of International Law 2002, 43: 62-68.
1. Lu Daifu, Economic and Legal Analysis on Corporate Social Responsibility (Chinese Edition). Law Pres, Beijing, 2002.
2. Tan Shen, Liu Kaiming, eds. Multinational Corporations’Social Responsibility and the Society of China (Chinese Edition) , Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing.
3. Liu Junhai, Corporation’s Social Responsibility (Chinese Edition), Law Press, Beijing, 1999: 6.
4. Chen An edt. International Economic Law (Second Version) (Chinese Edition). Peking University Press, Beijing, 2001.
5. Wang Zhile, The Soft Competitive Power: MNC’s Corporation responsibility Idea (Chinese Edition), China Economic Press, Beijing, 2005.
6. Donaldson, Thomas, The Ethics of International Business . New York: Oxford University Press, 1989..
7. Backer, Larry Cata, MNCs, Transnational Law: The United Nation’s Norms on The Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations as a Harbinger of Corporate Social Responsibility in International Law [J]. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 2006, Winter (37).
8. Australia, Kal. The Architecture of International Corporation: Tran governmental Networks and the Future of International Law [J]. Virginia Journal of International Law 2002, 43.
9. James N.Rosenau, Toward an Ontology for Global Governance [A], Yu Keping, Globalization: Global Governance [C], Social Science Documentation Press, Beijing, 2003: 61.
10. Xu Chongli, Transgovernamental Organization Network and Soft International Economic Law [J]. Global Law Review, 2006 (4).
11. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development [R]. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2003.
12. Bantekas, Ilias. CSR in International Law [J]. Boston University International law Journal, 2004,fall.
13. Zhang Changlong, The Standard of Financial Agencies’CSR: The Equator Principles[J]. International Finance Research, 2006 (6).
14. Weissbrodt, David. CSR in the International Context: Business and Human Right [J]. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 2005 fall.
15. Wang Gongbin, APA Closes Its Net in Tax-envasion [N]. 21 Century Economic Report, 2004-09-22 (6).
16. Mclaughlin, Andrew M. Corporate Lobbying in the European Community [J]. Journal of Common Market Studies, 1993, 31.
17. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance PrincipleⅢ, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999: 5.
18. Wells, Harwell.“The Cycles of CSR: A Historical Retrospective for the Twenty-first Century”[J]. Kansas Law Review, 2002, November (51).
19.websites:
1)http://ec.europa.eu
2)http://www.csr.gov.uk
3)http://www.iso.org
4)http://www.oecd.org
5)http://www.publications.parliameny.uk
6)http://www.unglobalcompact.org
7)http://www.unpri.org