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我国国有垄断行业收入分配机制研究
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摘要
目前我国的国民收入分配问题,已成为改革进程中亟待解决的问题之一。收入分配不仅关乎公众的个人生活,同时与社会稳定和国家的命运前途,有着密切的关联,因而受到经济学家的高度重视和社会公众的普遍关注。
     在目前存在的我国国民收入分配的诸多问题中,国有垄断行业因其垄断性质所获得远远高于社会平均水平的高收入,成为人们对于国民收入分配问题关注的焦点。部分国有垄断行业凭借国家赋予的垄断地位,通过无偿或低价使用国家资源、独家垄断经营等方式,获得了巨额的垄断利润。具有全民所有制性质的国有垄断行业的企业并没有将这部分巨额垄断利润惠及全民,用以改善全体人民的社会福利,而是“内部人所得而私”,将本应属于全民的财富内化为企业内部的私利,引发了社会对国有垄断行业收入分配制度的强烈不满。
     这一现象的存在所涉及到的核心问题--是我国国有垄断行业的收入分配的机制问题。从目前的研究现状看,对部分国有垄断行业收入畸高问题的研究,主要以实证分析为主,研究停留在表层,没有融入系统的理论框架。“所有者缺位”、“缺乏政府监管”等因素虽然可以部分地解释垄断行业高收入的现象,但这样的分析没有真正触及这一问题的内部根源和内部形成机制,由于缺乏规范的分析框架和深入的理论基础,因而研究中存在着缺乏理论性、系统性的不足。
     本文以我国国有垄断行业收入分配机制作为主要研究对象。我们首先考虑到将垄断行业收入分配问题的形成过程称之为一种“机制”,这就表明这一问题的研究是一个由众多相互因素共同作用的系统工程。而同时,这种“机制”并不是静态不变的,而是呈现出不断动态变化和发展的趋势。这种“机制”涉及到相互联系的方方面面,呈现出复杂的相互制约、相互作用的关系。因此本文的研究着力于对于这种“机制”的全面剖析和把握,因而与以往重“实证”的研究方法相比,具有方法论上的创新意义。
     作为一个“机制”研究,我们有意识、有目的地将研究的触角深入到“国有垄断行业(企业)”这种经济运行方式深层关系中的方方面面。为实现这个目的,我们首先建立了一个区分国有经济-非国有经济,以及垄断-非垄断的理论框架模型;在上述框架的基础上,通过比较研究的方式,系统地阐述了垄断行业内部的收入分配机制。在我们的模型中,包含了影响垄断行业内部收入分配的各种因素及其对垄断收入所起作用的比重,这些因素在所有制分割和市场结构分割的大背景下,会通过不同的方式对最后的分配结果产生影响。在对垄断行业收入分配产生影响的因素中,我们重点研究了行业垄断因索和所有制因素对行业收入的决定作用,特别是二者的交互作用,这在以往的研究中是被忽视的。为了证明我们的结论,论文建立了一个包含劳动力特征、企业特征、市场特征等控制变量的工资方程,利用个体微观数据考察各种因素对于企业职工收入的综合影响作用和它们对收入的交互作用。
     为了更加深刻和透彻地展现这一问题,在理论分析的基础上,我们采用了多种数理模型和讨量实证方法。为了区分国有经济和非国有经济的不同的分配机制,论文分别对其建立了“利润共享模型”和“劳资谈判模型”,利用前者,可以揭示国有垄断企业劳动者、经理人以及政府共同分享企业利润的过程,三者均可以按照一定的比例实现对于企业利润的分享;利用后者,可以全面地模拟在非国有企业中劳资之问相互博弈过程,博弈过程将会形成市场均衡工资。另外,论文通过分位数回归和Blinder-Oaxaca分解测算了垄断行业和其他行业收入差距中不合理因素的比例,按照我们的计算,两者之间的收入差距至少有55%是是不合理的。最后,论文利用目前较为前沿的时变弹性生产函数模型和Profile半参数估计方法建立了一个测算企业分红比例的模型,并通过模型对部分垄断企业应缴的红利进行测算,测算出不同企业在不同盈利状况下的应缴红利的比例和数额。通过数理模型和实证分析的方法,实现在系统的理论框架内,全面研究和清晰揭示影响垄断行业内部分配的系统“机制”,不仅具有对问题展示的直观性,而且具有科学性。
     同样作为一个“机制”研究,我们宏观地注意到,国有垄断行业高收入不仅仅是一个经济学领域的问题,还是一个历史问题,同时也是一个政治问题。因此,对于这一问题的研究,需要从多个学科角度、多个维度上可以把握,并将它们有机地联系在一起。本文尽力在多种因素的历时性和共时性的复杂联系中,细致地、有分寸地探析和把握多种因索的作用及具体比重,以期从该经济现象的发展和运行机理上,对其做出准确的、符合实际的展现和论析。首先,本文回顾了国有垄断行业的历史演变和分配制度变迁历程,从历史演变的角度分析了国有垄断与当今国有经济之间的关系,以及由原来的计划经济体制控制的资源配置权力逐渐转化为垄断权力的过程;详细阐述了目前国有垄断企业“数量越来越少,垄断程度越来越高,垄断势力越来越大”的形成路径。同时,我们还探讨了在分配制度上,现有国有垄断行业的企业对计划经济时期国营企业的平均主义的“共享式”分配方式的继承。其次,探讨了国有垄断行业收入问题的政治背景和政治因素,从新政治经济学的视角重新审视了国有垄断行业高收入问题的背景、现状和解决的困难性,认识到作为既得利益集团的垄断企业集团依赖其与政府的“共容性”关系和强大的政治活动能力,阻挠改革的进行,这也使得国有垄断行业收入分配改革迟迟难以推进。总之,本文力图在政治与经济相互作用的联系中,在国有垄断行业的企业发展历史与现实的连接点上,尽可能详细深入地揭示造成国有垄断行业高收入分配现象的带有“机理”性质原因,以期为这个方面的改革提供理论上特别是实际操作层面上的借鉴依据。
     对于国有垄断行业高收入问题的解决,本文提出了完善垄断国企分红制度的政策建议。分红制度可以减少垄断企业集团内部大量的留存资金,对垄断企业的盲目投资和内部分利起到约束作用。虽然国家于2007年开始对国有企业收缴红利,但通过我们的研究发现,目前的效果并不理想,一方面的原因是绝大部分红利又通过财政支出的形式返回到了企业,而用于民生建设、公共需求和社会保障的比例极低;另一方面,国家对于国有垄断行业的企业收缴分红的比例偏低,也是一个极为重要的因素。
     论文的主要结论是:作为一种“机制”研究,国有垄断行业高收入问题是一个由众多相互因素共同作用的系统工程。从历史演进角度上看,脱胎于国营企业的国有垄断企业“继承”了传统国有企业的“分享式”的利润共享模式,在巨额垄断利润的保障下,垄断行业内部“平均水平”的高收入成为可能。从分配形式上看,国有垄断行业的分配具有更强的向内部人倾斜的倾向,由于国有垄断行业的企业是以国有经济为主体的经济形式,劳动者是以主人的身份而不是仅仅作为劳动要素提供者的身份参与公有制经济中的生产与分配的,国有垄断企业的资本所有者、经营者和劳动者之间具有内生的一致性和非对抗性。企业职工与企业所有者共同分享了企业的利润,获得了部分垄断租金。从新政治经济学的角度分析,国有垄断行业收入分配改革之所以难以推进,是包括少数垄断国企高管在内的既得利益集团强势阻挠的结果,垄断企业集团由于存在与政府规制集团利益的“共容性”关系,以及强大的经济实力和政治话语权,在与其他利益集团的博弈中占据优势。最后我们指出,国有企业的分红制度的完善是目前解决国有垄断行业高收入问题的有效途径。但由于目前垄断国企分红过程中存在的诸多问题,分红的成效没有显现出来,这是国企分红政策急需完善的地方。
     论文的框架安排如下:
     第1章,首先根据我国国有垄断行业高收入的现象提出了本文的研究命题,然后对本文的研究思路、研究方法、主要内容、技术路线以及主要创新点和不足进行了简要说明。同时,对本文中出现的重要的相关概念进行了界定。
     第2章,相关理论介绍和文献评述。首先对本文所使用的相关理论进行阐述;然后系统描述了目前国内外对该领域的研究状况,对重要的研究文献进行梳理。目前对该领域的文献的系统整理和深入挖掘的工作还比较欠缺,因而本章依据研究的定位,从两个维度对相关文献进行了归纳和评述,既包含了我国国有垄断行业现状描述、成因分析、改革建议等方面的文献的汇总,又包含对文献中理论模型和实证分析方法的使用的归纳和总结。
     第3章,对国有经济和国有垄断行业的历史沿革和分配制度的历史演变进行回顾和探析。通过研究我们发现,国有垄断行业所凸显的种种问题,在很大程度上是传统的计划经济体制在转型时期所表现出的某些残留形式,同时,在市场经济改革过程中,国有垄断行业又出现了新的变化并展现出新的特点。因此,我国国有垄断行业存在的很多问题,都能从历史的变革和演化中找到根源。本文注重对与国有垄断行业收入分配机制相关的基本制度及其变迁规律的研究,分析阐述了新中国成立以来一直到现阶段,影响国有垄断行业收入分配机制的各种制度,并对各个时间段所呈现的不同状况进行比较分析和原因探究。
     第4章,理论分析部分。目前能够解释收入分配和收入差距问题的经济学原理很多,但并不是每个理论都能够对现有问题进行完美的解释。因此,我们首先尝试利用不同理论对所研究的问题进行分析解释,然后建立了一个区分国有经济—非国有经济及垄断—非垄断的理论框架模型,并以框架模型为基础比较研究了国有垄断行业和非国有行业的内部分配机制的差异,运用利润分享理论、要素分配理论和劳资谈判理论等,分析了不同所有制之间、不同市场结构之间的工资决定机制的不同。并在此基础上,建立了“利润共享模型”和“劳资谈判模型”,对我国垄断行业的收入机制进行数理推导。最后,运用实证分析对我们的理论模型进行了模拟和验证。第5章,对国有垄断行业收入分配问题进行更深入地探讨。国有垄断行业的高收入并非完全的不合理,而是有其合理的因素和不合理的因素,我们分别对它们进行了探讨和研究,并利用实证方法对合理因素和不合理因素进行了分解。同时,探讨了国有垄断企业内部的隐性福利、高管薪酬激励过度、高额在职公务消费等问题。
     第6章,主要考察国有垄断行业高收入背后的政治因素。我们利用新政治经济学的利益集团理论,从利益集团博弈的视角阐述垄断行业改革的艰巨性。我们区分了垄断行业改革中可能涉及到的四个利益集团:政府规制集团、消费者利益集团、垄断企业集团以及潜在竞争厂商集团,并描述了它们之间相互博弈的过程。证明垄断企业集团作为既得利益集团,会通过其强大的政治影响力和话语权阻碍改革的进行。
     第7章,提出了当前改变国有垄断行业高收入的现状的可行路径——完善垄断国企分红制度。主要阐述了垄断国企分红的理论基础、国内和海外分红的现状、分红的必要性和紧迫性,以及实行分红制度的效果研究等。同时,本章通过一个数学模型估算了部分行业的合理的分红比例,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。
     第8章,主要结论、和未来的研究展望。
At present, the problem of our national income distribution has become one of the pressing problems to be solved in the reform to continue. Income distribution is not only related to the personal lives of the public, but also closely associated with social stability and national future destiny. So both the economists and the social public have attached great importance and wide spread concern to the problem.
     Among the present problems of national income distribution in China, the state-owned monopoly industries are the focus of the problem of national income distribution, because they receive high income which is much higher than social average, owing to their monopoly nature. Part of the state-owned monopoly industries by virtue of the monopoly conferred by the state, through free or low-cost access to state resources, or through exclusive monopoly, obtained the huge monopoly profits. And the enterprise of the state-owned monopoly with the nature of public ownership don't use this part of huge monopoly profits to benefit all the public or improve national welfare, instead, the interests are shared by the enterprise themselves, which should belong to the public wealth. So this phenomenon has triggered a strong resentment of the income distribution system of state-owned monopolies.
     The income distribution mechanism of our country state-owned monopoly industries is the core issues of the existence of the phenomenon involved. Looking from the current research status, research on the part of income odd state-owned monopoly industry high problems used mainly the empirical method of research. And the study stayed on the surface, didn't integrate into the theoretical framework of the system. Although the factors such as'The absence of owners','The lack of government supervision'may partly explain the phenomenon of high income of monopoly industries, such analysis is not really hit the issue of internal cause and the internal formation mechanism. Lacking of standardized analytical framework and in-depth theoretical basis, thus there is a lack of theoretical and systemic in the study.
     This paper studies income distribution mechanism of China's state-owned monopoly industry. We called the formation process of income distribution of state-owned monopoly industry "mechanism" which shows that the study of this problem is a system of joint action by many mutual factors engineering. At the same time, this mechanism is not static, but showing a continuous dynamic change and developing trends. This "mechanism" relates to the interrelated aspects of all kinds, showing a complicated relationship between them which is restricting and interacting, therefore, this study focus on a comparative analysis and grasp to the'mechanism'. Compared with previous research methods which stress mainly'empirical', this paper has the innovation in the methodology significance.
     At first, we established a theoretical framework model to make a distinction of state-owned economy and non-state-owned economy, monopoly and non-monopoly. On the basis of the above theoretical framework, we systematically expounded the income distribution mechanism of monopoly industry by way of comparative study. Our model includes various factors which affecting the internal income distribution in monopoly industries and their effect on the proportion of monopoly revenue. Under the background of segmentation on ownership and market structure, these factors will influence the results of final allocation through different ways. In the factors impact on the income distribution in monopoly industry, we focus on decisive role of factors about industry monopoly and ownership on industry wages, especially the interaction of the two factors, which is ignored in the previous studies. In order to prove our conclusion, we have established a wage equation that contains the control variables of the labor force characteristics, firm characteristics, markets characteristics, to study various factors impact on the income of enterprise employees and their interactions on income by using individual microscopic data.
     In order to show this problem more profoundly and thoroughly, on the basis of theoretical analysis, we use a variety of mathematical models and econometric empirical methods. In order to distinguish the different allocation mechanism of state-owned economy and non-state economy, we respectively establish the'profit sharing model'and'collective bargaining model'. The former can reveal the process that workers, managers of the state-owned monopoly enterprise and the government share the common monopoly profits. All of them can share the monopoly profits according to a certain proportion, while using the latter, we can fully simulate the game between employers and employees in the non-state-owned enterprise, until the market reaches the balanced wage. In addition, through the quantile regression and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, we measured the proportion of irrational factors in monopoly industries and other industries on income gap. According to our calculations, the income gap between the two has at least55%which is not reasonable. Finally, we use the more advanced time-varying elasticity production function model and Profile semi-parametric regression method to establish a model that can measure the proportion of corporate dividends, and estimate the dividend that part enterprise should pay through this model, got the proportion and amount of dividend that different enterprises in different earnings should pay. Through the method of mathematical model and empirical analysis, within the theoretical framework of the system to achieve a comprehensive study and clearly reveal the internal distribution system affect the monopoly industries 'mechanism', not only with intuitive to display, but also has the scientific relative.
     At the same time, we also find that the problem of high income in the state-owned monopoly enterprise is not just an economic problem in the field, or a historical problem, but also a political issue. Therefore, to study this issue, we should grasp it from multiple angles, multiple dimensions, and link them organically. This paper tries to carefully and measuredly analyze and grasp the impact of various factors and their specific proportion, from the complex link of the factors which is diachronic and synchronic, In order to make an accurate and realistic address to the economic phenomenon, from the development and operation mechanism of it. Firstly, this paper reviews the historical evolution of the state-owned monopoly industries and distribution system in the course, to analyze the relationship between the state-owned monopoly and today's state-owned economy from the historical angle, as well as the process of resource allocation power controlled by the original planned economy system gradually into the monopoly power. At the same time, we also discussed that in the distribution system, the existing state-owned monopoly industry enterprises succeeded the equalitarian 'shared' mode of distribution of state-owned enterprises in planned economy period. Secondly, we also discuss the political background and political factors of the income in monopoly industries, from the perspective of new political economics, we re-examine the background, present situation and the difficulty to solve the problem of high income in monopoly industries. And we realized that the monopoly groups as vested interests, they rely on the government "compatibility" relations and strong political activity to block the process of reform, which also makes the reform of income distribution has been difficult to. In a word this paper tries to reveal some "mechanism" nature of the reasons of the state-owned monopoly industries with high income distribution as detailed as possible, in order to provide reference to the reform from the aspect of theory particular in practice.
     For solving the problems of abnormal high income of state-owned monopoly distortion, this paper offers a proposal of improving the monopoly state-owned enterprises dividends policy. The bonus system can reduce the amount of retained funds in monopoly enterprise group, plays a function of constrain to blind investment and internal interest of monopoly enterprise group. Although from2007,the state began to collect dividends of state-owned enterprises, but through our research, we found that the effect is not ideal. On the one hand, the vast majority of dividend returns to the enterprise through fiscal expenditure, while the proportion of the dividend used for the construction of people's livelihood, public demand and the social security is low. On the other hand, the dividend ratio of the state-owned monopoly enterprise collection is low. This is another important factor.
     The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. As a kind of "mechanism", the high income of monopoly industries is a systems engineering with many other factors. From the historical point of view, derived from the state-owned enterprises, the state-owned monopoly enterprise'inherited'the profit sharing mode of the traditional state-owned enterprises, under the protection of the huge monopoly profits, the 'average'high income in the monopoly industries becomes possible. From the distributive point of view, the allocation of state-owned monopoly industries are more inclined to internal stuffs. The enterprises of state-owned monopoly are economic forms that the state-owned economy are their main body, workers as the owner and not merely as the labor suppliers participate in the production and distribution of public ownership economy, with consistency and non-confrontational endogenous between state-owned monopoly enterprise capital owners, managers and workers workers and business owners share the profits of the enterprise, the get part of the monopoly capitals. From the new political economics point of view, the reason why the allocation reform of the monopoly industries is difficult to promote, is that the vested pressure groups, including the executives of state-owned monopoly enterprises, are strongly block the course of the reform. Because the interests between monopoly groups and government regulation groups exist "compatibility", as well as the monopoly groups has the powerful economic and political discourse, they occupy the dominant position in the game with other interest groups. At the end of the paper, improve the bonus system of the state-owned enterprises is an effective way to resolve the problem of abnormally high income of state-owned monopoly. But in the process of dividends of the state-owned enterprises, there still exist some problems which This is another important factor
     The framework of the paper is organized as follows:
     The first chapter, firstly, according to the high income phenomenon in China's state-owned monopoly industry, we put forward the research proposition of this paper. And then the research ideas, research methods, the main content of this article, the technical route and the main innovation points and shortcomings are brielly described. Meanwhile, we define the important concepts in the paper.
     The second chapter, this paper introduces the related theories and literature review. Relevant theory firstly use; and then we describes the current domestic and international research in the field, and sort out the important research literatures. Now, Systematic study for the literature and in-depth excavation work of this field is still relatively lacking, so in this chapter, we based on the location, summarized and reviewed the relevant literature from two dimensions. which includes not only the summary of present situation, cause analysis, describe the reform proposals and other aspects of the literature of state-owned monopoly industries of our country, but also includes the use of the literature summary of theoretical models and empirical analysis and summary.
     The third chapter, we review and analyze the history of reform of the state-owned economy, state-owned monopoly industry and distribution system. Through research, we found that problems highlights in state-owned monopoly industry are some residual forms, to a large extent, which is the traditional planned economy system shows during the period of transformation. At the same time, in the process of market economy reform, the state-owned monopoly industries emerge new changes and show new features. Therefore, many problems exist in China's state-owned monopoly industries can find the root from the change and evolution of history. This paper focuses on the research on the basic system and its change rule associated with the income distribution mechanism of state-owned monopoly industries. Analyzes and states various systems that affect the income distribution mechanism of state-owned monopoly industry, since the founding of new China to the present stage. And make a comparison analysis and an exploration of the reasons to different conditions as time goes on.
     The fourth chapter is theoretical analysis. Many principles of economics are to explain the problem distribution and income differences in income, but not every theory can make perfect explanation to the existing problems. Therefore, we try to analyze and explain the questions using different theories. And then built a theoretical model to distinguish state-owned economy, non-state-owned economy, monopoly and non-monopoly. And based on the theoretical model, we make a comparative study on the difference to internal allocation mechanism between the state-owned monopoly enterprise and non state-owned enterprise. Also, we analyzes the difference on wage determination mechanism between different ownership, different market structure, using the profits sharing theory, distribution theory and bargaining theory. And on this basis, established the "monopoly profit sharing model" and "collective bargaining model, and make a mathematical derivation to the income distribution mechanism in stale-owned monopoly industry. Finally, we use the empirical analysis to simulate and validate our theoretical model.
     The fifth chapter is a more in-depth study on the problem of income distribution in state-owned monopoly industries. The high income in monopoly industries is not entirely unreasonable, but has its rational factors and irrational factors. We investigate each of them, and the rational factors and irrational factors are decomposed by empirical methods. At the same time, we explore internal recessive welfare, executive compensation incentive excessively high in-service public consumption, etc in the state-owned monopoly enterprise.
     The sixth chapter, this paper mainly investigates the political factors behind the high income of monopoly industries. We use pressure group theory of the new political economics to state the difficulty of the reform of monopoly industry from the pressure group perspective. We distinguish between the four interest groups, which may be related to the reform of monopoly industries:government regulation group, consumer interests group, monopoly group and potential competitors group. We proved that the monopoly group is a vested interests group, which will by means of their strong political influence and discourse power to hinder the reform.
     The seventh chapter, proposed the feasible path to change the current abnormally high income in state-owned monopoly—perfect monopoly state-owned monopoly industry bonus system. This chapter mainly elaborates the dividend theory in monopoly state-owned enterprises, the present dividend theory in domestic and overseas, the necessity and urgency of the dividend, as well as study to the effect of the bonus system. At the same time, in this chapter, we estimate the dividend ratio in some industries by a mathematical model, in order to Use the little to get the big.
     The eighth chapter is the main conclusion, and the prospect of future research.
引文
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