西安市城市化进程对生态系统服务功能的影响研究
|
摘要
本文选择具有典型性和代表性的西安市为研究对象,应用生态学和现代地理学理论和方法,以遥感影像数据、社会经济统计数据和其他相关资料为基础,结合RS、GIS技术,对西安市1988、2000和2007年的城市化水平和生态系统服务价值进行评估及等级划分,通过对时空差异的对比分析,揭示城市化进程对生态系统服务功能的影响规律。上述研究是城市化影响生态系统研究的一个重要方面,对揭示城市化与生态系统之间的作用关系具有重要的科学意义,为未来城市化发展规划提供决策依据,为进一步协调快速城市化区域城市发展与生态系统之间的关系、保护生态安全提供科学理论指导。
通过分析研究,得出以下结论：
1、从整体上看,西安市综合城市化水平主城区远远高于其他区县,其次是阎良区,其余各区县的综合城市化水平较低；1988—2007年,西安市各区县的综合城市化水平都在不断提高,提高最多的是主城区,由39%增长到66.6%,发展最缓慢的是蓝田县,由4.9%增长到7.6%；城市化发展在空间上表现出明显的不均衡性,城市首位度高。
2、1988、2000和2007年西安市生态系统服务价值总量分别为10.988亿元、8.87亿元和9.585亿元,总体上呈现波动趋势；西安市生态系统单项服务价值由大到小依次为土壤形成与保护>生物多样性维持>气体调节>气候调节>废物处理>水源涵养>原材料生产>休闲娱乐>食物生产。
3、在空间上,西安市南部的秦岭中山地区、太白高山地区以及主要河流分布区,生态系统服务价值最高；而秦岭中低山灌丛带低洼地区以及部分的黄土台塬地区,生态系统服务价值较高；北部大面积的河谷平原地区以及东面的低山丘陵地区的生态系统服务价值较低；主城区以及周围城镇和工矿分布区,人类生产活动对生态系统服务功能的负面影响较强,生态系统服务价值最低。
4、西安城市化水平较高的主城区和周围城镇的生态系统的生产功能较低,其他地区的生态系统的生产功能相对较高。西安市城市化水平与生态系统生态功能成反比,主城区城市化水平最高,但生态功能最低；南部大部分地区城市化进程相对缓慢,但生态系统生态功能最高；北部平原和丘陵地区的城市化水平中等,生态系统生态功能受城市化发展的冲击相对较少,生态系统生态功能也较高。西安市城市化水平对生态系统文化功能的影响特征是城市化水平较低的南部秦岭中低山地区,其生态系统娱乐文化功能较高,但随着城市化水平的提高,娱乐文化功能在不断下降；城市化水平较高的北部平原、丘陵地区,其生态系统娱乐文化功能较低,只在水域分布地区,如渭河、灞河、黑河等地区的自然生态系统的娱乐文化功能相对较高。
本文的创新点如下：
(1)国内外关于城市化与生态系统的关系研究成果较多,但从城市化进程对生态系统服务功能的影响研究很少,本文从定量化的角度、综合全面的分析城市化进程对生态系统服务功能的影响过程。(2)通过城市化发展对每一项生态系统服务功能的影响研究,总结城市化进程中人口增长、经济发展和空间变化对生态系统各项服务功能的有利或不利影响及影响大小。(3)运用RS和GIS工具,把西安市划分为1KM×1KM的格网,从栅格尺度对城市化进程对生态系统服务功能进行精细研究。
The typical takes Xi'an city district as an example, applying the theory and method of ecology and modern geography, using remote sensing data and social -economic statistical data and other related information, at the same time, combining RS and GIS technology, and evaluates the urbanization level and the ecosystem services value in Xi'an city. Through the contrastive analysis of the time and space, in order to reveal the response mechanism of urbanization and ecosystem service function. The research of urbanization and ecological system is very important,which can offer decision-making basis for future planning and provide scientific theory guidance to ecological security protection.
Through analysis, the paper concluded:
First:The integrated urbanization level far above other counties in Xi'an city, followed by the rest of the Yan'lang. From 1988 to 2007, the comprehensive urbanization level is enhanced in Xi'an city, for example the main city increases by 27% and the Lan'tian increases by 2.7%.At the same time, the development of urban is imbalance.
Second:The change trend of ecosystem services value is fluctuates in Xi'an city from 1988 to 2007, and the value is 10.988 billion yuan in 1988 and 9.585 billion yuan in 2007, at the same time, the function of soil formation and protection is highest and the function of food production is lowest in Xi'an city.
Third:In the space, the ecosystem services value is highest in the southern of Qin'ling and Tai'bai mountains and major rivers area. The ecosystem services value is higher in Qin'ling low shrubs and other loess tableland area. The ecosystem services value is low in the northern plains. Because human activities caused negative influence to the ecosystem, the ecosystem services value is lowest in the main city and surrounding towns.
Forth:The city which has the highest level of urbanization is the lowest production function, and the city which has the slower level of urbanization is the highest production function. Urbanization level and the ecosystem service value is inverse proportion. The ecological functions is lowest in the highest level of urbanization, and the ecosystem function is highest in the southern of Xi'an, which has the lower urbanization level, and the northern plains and hilly area which is medium level in urbanization level is medium level in ecosystem function. The development of urbanization causes ecosystem entertainment culture function change:the entertainment culture function is higher in low level of urbanization, but with the improvement of urbanization, the entertainment culture function decreases; the entertainment cultural function of ecological system is lower in higher of urbanization.
This innovation points as follows:
(1)The research of the relationship between urbanization and ecological system is more, but the research on the relationship between urbanization and ecosystem service function is less. This paper study the process between urbanization and ecosystem service function.
(2) Through the study of the Impact process between urbanization and ecosystem service func-tion, this paper summarized influence factors in population growth and economic development and spatial expansion.
通过分析研究,得出以下结论：
1、从整体上看,西安市综合城市化水平主城区远远高于其他区县,其次是阎良区,其余各区县的综合城市化水平较低；1988—2007年,西安市各区县的综合城市化水平都在不断提高,提高最多的是主城区,由39%增长到66.6%,发展最缓慢的是蓝田县,由4.9%增长到7.6%；城市化发展在空间上表现出明显的不均衡性,城市首位度高。
2、1988、2000和2007年西安市生态系统服务价值总量分别为10.988亿元、8.87亿元和9.585亿元,总体上呈现波动趋势；西安市生态系统单项服务价值由大到小依次为土壤形成与保护>生物多样性维持>气体调节>气候调节>废物处理>水源涵养>原材料生产>休闲娱乐>食物生产。
3、在空间上,西安市南部的秦岭中山地区、太白高山地区以及主要河流分布区,生态系统服务价值最高；而秦岭中低山灌丛带低洼地区以及部分的黄土台塬地区,生态系统服务价值较高；北部大面积的河谷平原地区以及东面的低山丘陵地区的生态系统服务价值较低；主城区以及周围城镇和工矿分布区,人类生产活动对生态系统服务功能的负面影响较强,生态系统服务价值最低。
4、西安城市化水平较高的主城区和周围城镇的生态系统的生产功能较低,其他地区的生态系统的生产功能相对较高。西安市城市化水平与生态系统生态功能成反比,主城区城市化水平最高,但生态功能最低；南部大部分地区城市化进程相对缓慢,但生态系统生态功能最高；北部平原和丘陵地区的城市化水平中等,生态系统生态功能受城市化发展的冲击相对较少,生态系统生态功能也较高。西安市城市化水平对生态系统文化功能的影响特征是城市化水平较低的南部秦岭中低山地区,其生态系统娱乐文化功能较高,但随着城市化水平的提高,娱乐文化功能在不断下降；城市化水平较高的北部平原、丘陵地区,其生态系统娱乐文化功能较低,只在水域分布地区,如渭河、灞河、黑河等地区的自然生态系统的娱乐文化功能相对较高。
本文的创新点如下：
(1)国内外关于城市化与生态系统的关系研究成果较多,但从城市化进程对生态系统服务功能的影响研究很少,本文从定量化的角度、综合全面的分析城市化进程对生态系统服务功能的影响过程。(2)通过城市化发展对每一项生态系统服务功能的影响研究,总结城市化进程中人口增长、经济发展和空间变化对生态系统各项服务功能的有利或不利影响及影响大小。(3)运用RS和GIS工具,把西安市划分为1KM×1KM的格网,从栅格尺度对城市化进程对生态系统服务功能进行精细研究。
The typical takes Xi'an city district as an example, applying the theory and method of ecology and modern geography, using remote sensing data and social -economic statistical data and other related information, at the same time, combining RS and GIS technology, and evaluates the urbanization level and the ecosystem services value in Xi'an city. Through the contrastive analysis of the time and space, in order to reveal the response mechanism of urbanization and ecosystem service function. The research of urbanization and ecological system is very important,which can offer decision-making basis for future planning and provide scientific theory guidance to ecological security protection.
Through analysis, the paper concluded:
First:The integrated urbanization level far above other counties in Xi'an city, followed by the rest of the Yan'lang. From 1988 to 2007, the comprehensive urbanization level is enhanced in Xi'an city, for example the main city increases by 27% and the Lan'tian increases by 2.7%.At the same time, the development of urban is imbalance.
Second:The change trend of ecosystem services value is fluctuates in Xi'an city from 1988 to 2007, and the value is 10.988 billion yuan in 1988 and 9.585 billion yuan in 2007, at the same time, the function of soil formation and protection is highest and the function of food production is lowest in Xi'an city.
Third:In the space, the ecosystem services value is highest in the southern of Qin'ling and Tai'bai mountains and major rivers area. The ecosystem services value is higher in Qin'ling low shrubs and other loess tableland area. The ecosystem services value is low in the northern plains. Because human activities caused negative influence to the ecosystem, the ecosystem services value is lowest in the main city and surrounding towns.
Forth:The city which has the highest level of urbanization is the lowest production function, and the city which has the slower level of urbanization is the highest production function. Urbanization level and the ecosystem service value is inverse proportion. The ecological functions is lowest in the highest level of urbanization, and the ecosystem function is highest in the southern of Xi'an, which has the lower urbanization level, and the northern plains and hilly area which is medium level in urbanization level is medium level in ecosystem function. The development of urbanization causes ecosystem entertainment culture function change:the entertainment culture function is higher in low level of urbanization, but with the improvement of urbanization, the entertainment culture function decreases; the entertainment cultural function of ecological system is lower in higher of urbanization.
This innovation points as follows:
(1)The research of the relationship between urbanization and ecological system is more, but the research on the relationship between urbanization and ecosystem service function is less. This paper study the process between urbanization and ecosystem service function.
(2) Through the study of the Impact process between urbanization and ecosystem service func-tion, this paper summarized influence factors in population growth and economic development and spatial expansion.
引文
[1]满强.长春市城市化与生态环境协调发展研究[D].长春：东北师范大学,2007.
[2]郑华,欧阳志云,赵同谦等.人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(1)：118-122.
[3]Holdren J.P,Ehrlich P.R. Human population and the global environment [J]. Ameri-can Scientist,1974,62:282-292.
[4]Westman W. E. How much are nature's service worth[J]. Science,1977,197:960-964.
[5]Daily,G C,eds.Nature's Service:Social Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [M]. Washington D.C:Island Press,1997.
[6]Costanza R, D'Arge R, De Groot R,ect. The value of the world's ecosystem services and nature capital[M]. Nature,1997,387,253-260.
[7]Shu-li Huang, Hsiao-Yin Lai, Chia-Lun lun. Energy hierarchy and urban landscape system[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2001,(53):145-161.
[8]Marina Alberti. The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function[J]. Internati-onal Regional Science Review,2005,28(2):168-192.
[9]Michael A.Chadwick, Dean R.Dobberfuhl. Urbanization Affects Strean Ecosystem Function By Altering Hydrology, Chenistry, and Biotic Richness[J].Ecological Applications,2006,16(5):1796-1807.
[10]Yen-chu Weng. Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbani-zation[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,(81):341-353.
[11]A. Buyantuyev, J.Wu. Urbanization alters spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem primary production:A case study of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2009,(73):512-520
[12]Weijun Shen, Jianguo Wu, Nancy B. Ggrimm. Effects of Urbanization-Induced Environmental Changes on Ecosystem Functioning in the Phoenix Metropolitan Region, USA [J]. Ecosystems,2008, (11):138-155.
[13]乔标,方创琳,黄金川.干旱区城市化与生态环境交互耦合的规律性及其验证[J].生态学报,2006,26(7)：2183-2190.
[14]黄金川,方创琳.城市化与生态环境交互耦合机制与规律性分析[J].地理研究,2003,22(2)：211-220.
[15]乔标,方创琳.城市化与生态环境协调发展的动态耦合模型及其在干旱区的应用[J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3003-3009.
[16]乔标,方创琳,李铭.干旱区城市化与生态环境交互胁迫过程研究进展及展望[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(6)：31-39.
[17]方创琳,李铭.水资源约束下西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展模式[J].地理研究,2004,23(6)：825-832..
[18]黄金川,方创琳,冯仁国.三峡库区城市化与生态环境耦合关系定量辨识[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(2)：153-158.
[19]方创琳,黄金川,步伟娜.西北干旱区水资源约束下城市化过程及生态效应研究的理论探讨[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1)：1-7.
[20]刘耀彬,李仁东,张守忠.城市化与生态环境协调标准及其评价模型研究[J].中国软科学,2005,(05)：34-37.
[21]刘耀彬,陈雯周,杰文.城市化进程中的生态环境响应度模型及其应用[J].干旱区地理,2008,(01)：11-15.
[22]宋学锋,刘耀彬.城市化与生态环境的耦合度模型及其应用[J].资源与环境,2005,23：5-6.
[23]刘耀彬,李仁东,宋学锋.中国城市化与生态环境耦合度分析[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(1)：105-110.
[24]李泽红,董锁成,李宇.绿洲城市化与生态环境互动作用关系研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(6)：48-56.
[25]任文韬,彭少麟,周婷等.东江流域集水区城市化差异及其对景观格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12)：2680-2686.
[26]郭泺,杜世宏,薛达元等.快速城市化进程中广州市景观格局时空分异特征的研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(3)：34-37.
[27]吝涛,薛雄志,崔胜辉,石龙宇.快速城市化进程中海岛景观格局变化研究[J].海洋环境科学,2009,28(1)：87-91.
[28]任志远.区域生态环境服务功能经济价值评价的理论与方法[J].经济地理,2003,23(1)：1-4.
[29]陈杰,陈晶中,檀满枝.城市化对周边土壤资源与环境的影响[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2002,12(2)：70-74.
[30]王如松.复合生态系统理论与可耻学发展模式示范研究[J].中国科学奖励,2008,4：19-21
[31]欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(11)： 6183-6187.
[32]李瑞改.三峡库区城市化对生态系统服务功能的影响研究[D].长春：东北师范大学,2005.
[33]Chunfu Tong, Rusty A.Feagin, Jianjian Lu. Ecosystem service values and restora-tion in the urban Sanyang wetland of Wenzhou, China[J]. Ecological engineering, 2007, (29):249-258.
[34]Li Tianhong, Li Wenkai, Qian Zhenghan. Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen[J].Ecological Economics,2008,5(18): 23-28.
[35]郑辛酉,贾铁飞,倪少春.基于区域城市化LUCC的人类生态过程定量研究—以上海市区典型城市化样带为例[J].生态学报,2007,27(1)：260-269.
[36]赵卫,刘景双,孔凡娥等.城市化对区域生态足迹供需的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1)：120-126.
[37]许学强,周一星,宁越敏.城市地理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1977,48-52.
[38]周一星.城市地理学[M].上海：商务印书馆,1995,96-134.
[39]鲁井兰.江苏省城市化水平综合评价研究[D].南京：江苏大学,2007.
[40]贺琼,朱杰堂.城市化发展的阶段性及其规律研究[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报，2003,(1)：23-27.
[41]陈柳软.基于产业发展的城市化动力机制分析[J].重庆社会科学,2005,(5)：78-83.
[42]钟秀明,武雪萍.城市化之动力[M].北京：中国经济出版社，2006,4-5.
[43]叶裕民等.中国城市化之路[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005,89-103.
[44]李金平.西安市城市化进程中的生态效应研究[D].西安：西北大学,2007.
[45]马世俊,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4：1-9.
[46]王如松.中小城镇可持续发展的生态整合方法[M].中国科学技术出版社,2001,67-89.
[47]曲格平.中国人口与环境[M].北京：中国环境出版社,1977,123-142.
[48]Markus Pasche. Technical progress, structural change, and the environmental Kuznets curve[J]. Ecological Economics,2002,42:381-389.
[49]Ekins P. The Kuznets curve for the environment and economic growth:examining the evidence[J]. Environment and Planning,1997,5:805-830.
[50]Northam R M. Urban Geography[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1975.
[51]许学强,朱剑如.现代城市地理学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1988.
[52]陕西师范大学地理系编.西安市地理志[M].西安：陕西人民出版社,1988.
[53]韦学霖.广西城镇化水平研究[D].桂林：广西师范大学,2001.
[54]赵苑达.城市化与区域经济协调发展[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2003：85-105.
[55]李航飞,汤小华.福建省县域城镇化综合发展水平研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,23(3)：87-91.
[56]陈鸿彬.农村城镇化研究、建设及管理[M].北京：中国环境科学出版,2005：119-208.
[57]沈建芬,刘葆金.农村城镇化水平区域差异的实证分析—以江苏省为例[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003,3(3).18-24.
[58]李爱军,谈志浩,陆春峰等.城市化水平综合指数测度方法探讨[J].经济地理,2004,24(1)：43-47.
[59]欧名豪,李武艳,刘向南等.区域城市化水平的综合测度研究—以江苏省为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(5)：408-412.
[60]王永锋,高建华,张智先.中原城市群城市化水平与创新能力协调发展研究[J].城市问题,2007,(4)：11-16.
[61]郑文升,王晓芳,李诚固.1997年以来中国副省级城市化综合发展水平空间差异[J].经济地理,2007,27(2)：256-26.
[62]白露,白永秀,薛耀文等.中国省循环经济预评估及区域差异研究[J].地理科学,2007,27(2)：149-155.
[63]Daily GC, Alexanders, Ehrlich PR,ect..Ecosystem services:Benefits Supplide to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems.Issues in Ecology,1977(2):1-16.
[64]Constanza R,etal.The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and nature capital [J].Nature,1997(387):253-260.
[65]Cairns JJr.Balancing ecological destruction and restoration:The Only hope for sustainable use of plant[J]. Aqualic Ecosystem Health and Management,1999(2): 91-95.
[66]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystem and Human Well-being:A Fram-work for Assessment[R]. Washington DC:Isand Press,2003.
[67]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5)：635-640.
[68]谢高地,鲁春霞,肖玉,郑度.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务价值评估[J].山地学报,2003,21(1)：50—55.
[69]李芝灵.乌鲁木齐生态系统服务功能价值评估与变化研究[D].乌鲁木齐：新疆师 范大学,2007.
[70]谢高地,鲁春霞等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2)：189-195.
[71]王晓鸿等.鄱阳湖湿地生态系统评估[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：56-78.
[72]Sutton P C, Constanza R. Global estimates of market and non-market values deriv-ed from nighttime satellite imagery, land over, and ecosystem service Valuation[J]. Ecological Economies,2002,41:509-527.
[73]De Groot R S, Wilson M A, Boumans R M J. A typology for the classification, descripition and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services[J].ecological Economics,2002,41:393-408.
[74]De Groot R. Functions of nature:Evaluation of nature in environmental planning, management and decision making[M].Wolters-Noordhoff Groningen, Net herlands, 1993.
[75]刘玉龙,马俊杰,金学林等.生态系统服务功法综述[J].中国人口-资源与环境,2005,15(1)：88-92.
[76]傅伯杰,刘世梁,马克明.生态系统综合评价的内容与方法[J].生态学报,2001,21(11)：1885-1892.
[77]谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞等.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(1)：47～53.
[78]程霞.塔里木河中下游生态系统服务功能价值变化研究-以尉犁县为例[D].乌鲁木齐：新疆大学,2007.
[79]段瑞娟,郝晋珉,王静.土地利用结构与生态系统服务功能价值变化研究[J].生态经济,2005,(3)：60-64.
[2]郑华,欧阳志云,赵同谦等.人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(1)：118-122.
[3]Holdren J.P,Ehrlich P.R. Human population and the global environment [J]. Ameri-can Scientist,1974,62:282-292.
[4]Westman W. E. How much are nature's service worth[J]. Science,1977,197:960-964.
[5]Daily,G C,eds.Nature's Service:Social Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [M]. Washington D.C:Island Press,1997.
[6]Costanza R, D'Arge R, De Groot R,ect. The value of the world's ecosystem services and nature capital[M]. Nature,1997,387,253-260.
[7]Shu-li Huang, Hsiao-Yin Lai, Chia-Lun lun. Energy hierarchy and urban landscape system[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2001,(53):145-161.
[8]Marina Alberti. The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function[J]. Internati-onal Regional Science Review,2005,28(2):168-192.
[9]Michael A.Chadwick, Dean R.Dobberfuhl. Urbanization Affects Strean Ecosystem Function By Altering Hydrology, Chenistry, and Biotic Richness[J].Ecological Applications,2006,16(5):1796-1807.
[10]Yen-chu Weng. Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbani-zation[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,(81):341-353.
[11]A. Buyantuyev, J.Wu. Urbanization alters spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem primary production:A case study of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2009,(73):512-520
[12]Weijun Shen, Jianguo Wu, Nancy B. Ggrimm. Effects of Urbanization-Induced Environmental Changes on Ecosystem Functioning in the Phoenix Metropolitan Region, USA [J]. Ecosystems,2008, (11):138-155.
[13]乔标,方创琳,黄金川.干旱区城市化与生态环境交互耦合的规律性及其验证[J].生态学报,2006,26(7)：2183-2190.
[14]黄金川,方创琳.城市化与生态环境交互耦合机制与规律性分析[J].地理研究,2003,22(2)：211-220.
[15]乔标,方创琳.城市化与生态环境协调发展的动态耦合模型及其在干旱区的应用[J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3003-3009.
[16]乔标,方创琳,李铭.干旱区城市化与生态环境交互胁迫过程研究进展及展望[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(6)：31-39.
[17]方创琳,李铭.水资源约束下西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展模式[J].地理研究,2004,23(6)：825-832..
[18]黄金川,方创琳,冯仁国.三峡库区城市化与生态环境耦合关系定量辨识[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(2)：153-158.
[19]方创琳,黄金川,步伟娜.西北干旱区水资源约束下城市化过程及生态效应研究的理论探讨[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1)：1-7.
[20]刘耀彬,李仁东,张守忠.城市化与生态环境协调标准及其评价模型研究[J].中国软科学,2005,(05)：34-37.
[21]刘耀彬,陈雯周,杰文.城市化进程中的生态环境响应度模型及其应用[J].干旱区地理,2008,(01)：11-15.
[22]宋学锋,刘耀彬.城市化与生态环境的耦合度模型及其应用[J].资源与环境,2005,23：5-6.
[23]刘耀彬,李仁东,宋学锋.中国城市化与生态环境耦合度分析[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(1)：105-110.
[24]李泽红,董锁成,李宇.绿洲城市化与生态环境互动作用关系研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(6)：48-56.
[25]任文韬,彭少麟,周婷等.东江流域集水区城市化差异及其对景观格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12)：2680-2686.
[26]郭泺,杜世宏,薛达元等.快速城市化进程中广州市景观格局时空分异特征的研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(3)：34-37.
[27]吝涛,薛雄志,崔胜辉,石龙宇.快速城市化进程中海岛景观格局变化研究[J].海洋环境科学,2009,28(1)：87-91.
[28]任志远.区域生态环境服务功能经济价值评价的理论与方法[J].经济地理,2003,23(1)：1-4.
[29]陈杰,陈晶中,檀满枝.城市化对周边土壤资源与环境的影响[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2002,12(2)：70-74.
[30]王如松.复合生态系统理论与可耻学发展模式示范研究[J].中国科学奖励,2008,4：19-21
[31]欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(11)： 6183-6187.
[32]李瑞改.三峡库区城市化对生态系统服务功能的影响研究[D].长春：东北师范大学,2005.
[33]Chunfu Tong, Rusty A.Feagin, Jianjian Lu. Ecosystem service values and restora-tion in the urban Sanyang wetland of Wenzhou, China[J]. Ecological engineering, 2007, (29):249-258.
[34]Li Tianhong, Li Wenkai, Qian Zhenghan. Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen[J].Ecological Economics,2008,5(18): 23-28.
[35]郑辛酉,贾铁飞,倪少春.基于区域城市化LUCC的人类生态过程定量研究—以上海市区典型城市化样带为例[J].生态学报,2007,27(1)：260-269.
[36]赵卫,刘景双,孔凡娥等.城市化对区域生态足迹供需的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1)：120-126.
[37]许学强,周一星,宁越敏.城市地理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1977,48-52.
[38]周一星.城市地理学[M].上海：商务印书馆,1995,96-134.
[39]鲁井兰.江苏省城市化水平综合评价研究[D].南京：江苏大学,2007.
[40]贺琼,朱杰堂.城市化发展的阶段性及其规律研究[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报，2003,(1)：23-27.
[41]陈柳软.基于产业发展的城市化动力机制分析[J].重庆社会科学,2005,(5)：78-83.
[42]钟秀明,武雪萍.城市化之动力[M].北京：中国经济出版社，2006,4-5.
[43]叶裕民等.中国城市化之路[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005,89-103.
[44]李金平.西安市城市化进程中的生态效应研究[D].西安：西北大学,2007.
[45]马世俊,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4：1-9.
[46]王如松.中小城镇可持续发展的生态整合方法[M].中国科学技术出版社,2001,67-89.
[47]曲格平.中国人口与环境[M].北京：中国环境出版社,1977,123-142.
[48]Markus Pasche. Technical progress, structural change, and the environmental Kuznets curve[J]. Ecological Economics,2002,42:381-389.
[49]Ekins P. The Kuznets curve for the environment and economic growth:examining the evidence[J]. Environment and Planning,1997,5:805-830.
[50]Northam R M. Urban Geography[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1975.
[51]许学强,朱剑如.现代城市地理学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1988.
[52]陕西师范大学地理系编.西安市地理志[M].西安：陕西人民出版社,1988.
[53]韦学霖.广西城镇化水平研究[D].桂林：广西师范大学,2001.
[54]赵苑达.城市化与区域经济协调发展[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2003：85-105.
[55]李航飞,汤小华.福建省县域城镇化综合发展水平研究[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,23(3)：87-91.
[56]陈鸿彬.农村城镇化研究、建设及管理[M].北京：中国环境科学出版,2005：119-208.
[57]沈建芬,刘葆金.农村城镇化水平区域差异的实证分析—以江苏省为例[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003,3(3).18-24.
[58]李爱军,谈志浩,陆春峰等.城市化水平综合指数测度方法探讨[J].经济地理,2004,24(1)：43-47.
[59]欧名豪,李武艳,刘向南等.区域城市化水平的综合测度研究—以江苏省为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(5)：408-412.
[60]王永锋,高建华,张智先.中原城市群城市化水平与创新能力协调发展研究[J].城市问题,2007,(4)：11-16.
[61]郑文升,王晓芳,李诚固.1997年以来中国副省级城市化综合发展水平空间差异[J].经济地理,2007,27(2)：256-26.
[62]白露,白永秀,薛耀文等.中国省循环经济预评估及区域差异研究[J].地理科学,2007,27(2)：149-155.
[63]Daily GC, Alexanders, Ehrlich PR,ect..Ecosystem services:Benefits Supplide to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems.Issues in Ecology,1977(2):1-16.
[64]Constanza R,etal.The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and nature capital [J].Nature,1997(387):253-260.
[65]Cairns JJr.Balancing ecological destruction and restoration:The Only hope for sustainable use of plant[J]. Aqualic Ecosystem Health and Management,1999(2): 91-95.
[66]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystem and Human Well-being:A Fram-work for Assessment[R]. Washington DC:Isand Press,2003.
[67]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5)：635-640.
[68]谢高地,鲁春霞,肖玉,郑度.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务价值评估[J].山地学报,2003,21(1)：50—55.
[69]李芝灵.乌鲁木齐生态系统服务功能价值评估与变化研究[D].乌鲁木齐：新疆师 范大学,2007.
[70]谢高地,鲁春霞等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2)：189-195.
[71]王晓鸿等.鄱阳湖湿地生态系统评估[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：56-78.
[72]Sutton P C, Constanza R. Global estimates of market and non-market values deriv-ed from nighttime satellite imagery, land over, and ecosystem service Valuation[J]. Ecological Economies,2002,41:509-527.
[73]De Groot R S, Wilson M A, Boumans R M J. A typology for the classification, descripition and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services[J].ecological Economics,2002,41:393-408.
[74]De Groot R. Functions of nature:Evaluation of nature in environmental planning, management and decision making[M].Wolters-Noordhoff Groningen, Net herlands, 1993.
[75]刘玉龙,马俊杰,金学林等.生态系统服务功法综述[J].中国人口-资源与环境,2005,15(1)：88-92.
[76]傅伯杰,刘世梁,马克明.生态系统综合评价的内容与方法[J].生态学报,2001,21(11)：1885-1892.
[77]谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞等.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(1)：47～53.
[78]程霞.塔里木河中下游生态系统服务功能价值变化研究-以尉犁县为例[D].乌鲁木齐：新疆大学,2007.
[79]段瑞娟,郝晋珉,王静.土地利用结构与生态系统服务功能价值变化研究[J].生态经济,2005,(3)：60-64.