甘肃静宁地区全新世中期气候变化
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摘要
全新世是大约10kaBP以来的时期,随着末次盛冰期的结束,气温开始升高,降水也逐渐增加,但其间的气候仍然存在不稳定性,出现了多次气候波动。全新世对于人类具有十分重要的意义。人类的文明社会,当前社会的一切繁荣、富强、发展、进步都发生在全新世。因此,认识全新世的气候变化有重要的意义。全新世中期的气候变化研究越来越成为国际上全新世研究的热点。甘肃静宁地区位于黄土高原西部,是黄土高原、内蒙古高原和青藏高原三大地形区的交界区,又处于东亚季风边缘,是由半湿润气候向半干旱气候过渡的地区,对气候变化的反映较为敏感。对过渡带气候变化的研究有助于获得高分辨率的气候变化信息,提取气候变化的早期信号。且此地区的气候信息在黄土中保存良好,因此本文将研究剖面选在甘肃静宁地区,开展全新世中期的气候变化研究。
通过大量的野外考察,选取了甘肃静宁东山剖面,该剖面地层稳定,发育连续、完整,保存良好,具有典型性。在实验室内对剖面样品进行了粒度、磁化率和碳酸盐等古气候代用指标分析,结合野外考察和以上的实验分析结果,分析探讨了该地区全新世中期的气候变化特征,得出如下结论:
(1)8.5—7.6kaBP,中值粒径、平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都逐渐减少,指示沉积物粒径减小,冬季风减弱,温度升高,降水量增多,气候温暖湿润。低频磁化率、高频磁化率和频率磁化率逐渐增大,指示夏季风增强,植被覆盖度变大,沙尘活动减少,成土作用较强,温度偏高,降水较多,气候温暖湿润。此时的碳酸盐含量减小,也指示了土壤淋溶作用的增强,降水量的增多,同样指示气候的湿润程度加强。综合各古气候代用指标得出结论,8.5—7.6kaBP内,气候向温暖湿润化方向发展。
(2)7.6—6kaBP,中值粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量略微升高,而平均粒径和众数粒径则降低,指示此时冬季风虽然稍有增强,但沉积物粒径并未随之增大,而是呈现减小趋势,气候仍然以温暖湿润为总体特征。此时段内的磁化率值变化不大,且此时的剖面地层为古土壤,说明此段时期气候波动不大,仍然延续了上一时期暖湿的气候特点。碳酸盐值有所增加,指示这一时期降水量有所减少,结合中值粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量也都略微升高的现象,推测此时的气候仍以温暖湿润为总体特征,但有稍许变干的趋势。
(3)6—5kaBP,中值粒径、平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都有明显升高,指示这一时期内冬季风增强,温度降低,降水减少,气候趋于寒冷干旱。低频磁化率、高频磁化率和频率磁化率在这一时期内都有所增大,指示夏季风强盛,但在大约5.5kaBP到5kaBP时,出现了一次趋于寒冷干旱的气候波动,说明此段时期内气候并不稳定。此时期内的碳酸盐值也出现了波动,呈现由多到少又由少到多的变化,指示降水量经历了由少到多又由多到少的过程。综合各个指标来看,6—5kaBP内的气候变化呈现暖湿-冷干的变化模式,与全新世中期其他时段相比,降水减少,温度降低,气候明显恶化。
(4)5—3.9kaBP,中值粒径、平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都明显减少,指示此时冬季风减弱,夏季风强盛,温度升高,降水增多,气候趋于温暖湿润。此时高、低频磁化率都有所升高,指示此时夏季风增强,成土作用强烈,气候变得温暖湿润。碳酸盐值大幅下降,指示降水量明显增多,气候湿润程度加强。因此,总体来说,5—3.9kaBP内气候趋于温暖湿润。
(5)3.9—2.7kaBP,中值粒径略微减少,平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都明显增大,指示此时冬季风强盛,温度下降,降水减少,气候变得干冷。此时期内的高、低频磁化率变化不大,频率磁化率有所降低,且其间出现了一次趋于干凉的气候波动,说明此时期内夏季风减弱,气候趋于干冷。而碳酸盐含量却呈减少趋势,指示降水量的增多,这也许是因为降水量的减少滞后于温度的降低。总体来说,3.9—2.7kaBP内的气候变得寒冷,呈现冷干或冷湿的特点。
(6)5kaBP时,出现了平均粒径和＞63微米粒度组分含量明显增大的现象,指示此时冬季风增强,沉积物粒径增大,温度降低,降水量减少,气候条件恶化。这与其他学者在我国及世界其他地区所发现的气候恶化事件相吻合,也证明了该研究区内的气候变化具有普遍性和全球性的特点。
The western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau has experienced a series of environmental changes during the mid-Holocene. The reconstruction of the climatic history of the Chinese Loess Plateau is important for understanding and predicting present and future environment and climate changes in the north-western part of China. In this thesis, the author reconstructed the temperature and precipitation trends during 8.5-2.7kaBP, based on JingNing loess profile (N35°35′00″, E105°59′30″), which is located in the western Loess Plateau. On the basis of outdoor observation and indoor experimental analysis, I select three proxy substitute indexes: grain-size, magnetic susceptibility and CaCO_3. Through the integrative analysis of these climatic substitute indexes, the thesis reveals the process of the climate changes during mid-Holocene.
This thesis draws the following conclusions:
(1) During 8.5-7.6kaBP, the summer monsoon was stronger and the winter monsoon weaker, the temperature and the precipitation both raised. The climate was warm and wet.
(2) During 7.6-6kaBP, the climate changes little, the summer monsoon was still strong and the winter monsoon was weak. The pedological process was becoming strong. The temperature was high. Although part of climatic substitute indexes revealed some aridity trends in this district, the climate of this period was still characterized by warm and wet.
(3) During 6-5kaBP, the climate deteriorated. The summer monsoon became weaker and the winter monsoon started to become stronger. Moreover, the climate fluctuated towards cold and arid once during this period. The precipitation decreased and so did the temperature. So the climate of this period was characterized by cold and arid.
(4) During 5-3.9kaBP, the climate turned warm and wet again. The summer monsoon turned strong and the winter monsoon became weak, the pedological process was stronger and the grain-size became finer.
(5) During 3.9-2.7kaBP, the grain-size became coarser and the summer monsoon weakened. The temperature decreased, and the climate turned cold. However, the CaCO_3 substitute index revealed the increasing of the precipitation, this may because the precipitation changes slower than the temperature. In general, the climate was cold in temperature, arid or wet in precipitation.
(6) There was a climatic fluctuation towards cold and arid in 5kaBP. The winter monsoon became strong and the grain-size became coarser, meanwhile, both the temperature and precipitation decreased. The climate became cold and arid. This climate deterioration was also be found somewhere else in China and in the world. So this phenomenon, in the other hand, proved that the climate change in JingNing district was global and prevalent.
通过大量的野外考察,选取了甘肃静宁东山剖面,该剖面地层稳定,发育连续、完整,保存良好,具有典型性。在实验室内对剖面样品进行了粒度、磁化率和碳酸盐等古气候代用指标分析,结合野外考察和以上的实验分析结果,分析探讨了该地区全新世中期的气候变化特征,得出如下结论:
(1)8.5—7.6kaBP,中值粒径、平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都逐渐减少,指示沉积物粒径减小,冬季风减弱,温度升高,降水量增多,气候温暖湿润。低频磁化率、高频磁化率和频率磁化率逐渐增大,指示夏季风增强,植被覆盖度变大,沙尘活动减少,成土作用较强,温度偏高,降水较多,气候温暖湿润。此时的碳酸盐含量减小,也指示了土壤淋溶作用的增强,降水量的增多,同样指示气候的湿润程度加强。综合各古气候代用指标得出结论,8.5—7.6kaBP内,气候向温暖湿润化方向发展。
(2)7.6—6kaBP,中值粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量略微升高,而平均粒径和众数粒径则降低,指示此时冬季风虽然稍有增强,但沉积物粒径并未随之增大,而是呈现减小趋势,气候仍然以温暖湿润为总体特征。此时段内的磁化率值变化不大,且此时的剖面地层为古土壤,说明此段时期气候波动不大,仍然延续了上一时期暖湿的气候特点。碳酸盐值有所增加,指示这一时期降水量有所减少,结合中值粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量也都略微升高的现象,推测此时的气候仍以温暖湿润为总体特征,但有稍许变干的趋势。
(3)6—5kaBP,中值粒径、平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都有明显升高,指示这一时期内冬季风增强,温度降低,降水减少,气候趋于寒冷干旱。低频磁化率、高频磁化率和频率磁化率在这一时期内都有所增大,指示夏季风强盛,但在大约5.5kaBP到5kaBP时,出现了一次趋于寒冷干旱的气候波动,说明此段时期内气候并不稳定。此时期内的碳酸盐值也出现了波动,呈现由多到少又由少到多的变化,指示降水量经历了由少到多又由多到少的过程。综合各个指标来看,6—5kaBP内的气候变化呈现暖湿-冷干的变化模式,与全新世中期其他时段相比,降水减少,温度降低,气候明显恶化。
(4)5—3.9kaBP,中值粒径、平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都明显减少,指示此时冬季风减弱,夏季风强盛,温度升高,降水增多,气候趋于温暖湿润。此时高、低频磁化率都有所升高,指示此时夏季风增强,成土作用强烈,气候变得温暖湿润。碳酸盐值大幅下降,指示降水量明显增多,气候湿润程度加强。因此,总体来说,5—3.9kaBP内气候趋于温暖湿润。
(5)3.9—2.7kaBP,中值粒径略微减少,平均粒径、众数粒径和＞63微米的粒度组分含量都明显增大,指示此时冬季风强盛,温度下降,降水减少,气候变得干冷。此时期内的高、低频磁化率变化不大,频率磁化率有所降低,且其间出现了一次趋于干凉的气候波动,说明此时期内夏季风减弱,气候趋于干冷。而碳酸盐含量却呈减少趋势,指示降水量的增多,这也许是因为降水量的减少滞后于温度的降低。总体来说,3.9—2.7kaBP内的气候变得寒冷,呈现冷干或冷湿的特点。
(6)5kaBP时,出现了平均粒径和＞63微米粒度组分含量明显增大的现象,指示此时冬季风增强,沉积物粒径增大,温度降低,降水量减少,气候条件恶化。这与其他学者在我国及世界其他地区所发现的气候恶化事件相吻合,也证明了该研究区内的气候变化具有普遍性和全球性的特点。
The western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau has experienced a series of environmental changes during the mid-Holocene. The reconstruction of the climatic history of the Chinese Loess Plateau is important for understanding and predicting present and future environment and climate changes in the north-western part of China. In this thesis, the author reconstructed the temperature and precipitation trends during 8.5-2.7kaBP, based on JingNing loess profile (N35°35′00″, E105°59′30″), which is located in the western Loess Plateau. On the basis of outdoor observation and indoor experimental analysis, I select three proxy substitute indexes: grain-size, magnetic susceptibility and CaCO_3. Through the integrative analysis of these climatic substitute indexes, the thesis reveals the process of the climate changes during mid-Holocene.
This thesis draws the following conclusions:
(1) During 8.5-7.6kaBP, the summer monsoon was stronger and the winter monsoon weaker, the temperature and the precipitation both raised. The climate was warm and wet.
(2) During 7.6-6kaBP, the climate changes little, the summer monsoon was still strong and the winter monsoon was weak. The pedological process was becoming strong. The temperature was high. Although part of climatic substitute indexes revealed some aridity trends in this district, the climate of this period was still characterized by warm and wet.
(3) During 6-5kaBP, the climate deteriorated. The summer monsoon became weaker and the winter monsoon started to become stronger. Moreover, the climate fluctuated towards cold and arid once during this period. The precipitation decreased and so did the temperature. So the climate of this period was characterized by cold and arid.
(4) During 5-3.9kaBP, the climate turned warm and wet again. The summer monsoon turned strong and the winter monsoon became weak, the pedological process was stronger and the grain-size became finer.
(5) During 3.9-2.7kaBP, the grain-size became coarser and the summer monsoon weakened. The temperature decreased, and the climate turned cold. However, the CaCO_3 substitute index revealed the increasing of the precipitation, this may because the precipitation changes slower than the temperature. In general, the climate was cold in temperature, arid or wet in precipitation.
(6) There was a climatic fluctuation towards cold and arid in 5kaBP. The winter monsoon became strong and the grain-size became coarser, meanwhile, both the temperature and precipitation decreased. The climate became cold and arid. This climate deterioration was also be found somewhere else in China and in the world. So this phenomenon, in the other hand, proved that the climate change in JingNing district was global and prevalent.
引文
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[1]Kukla,G.,An,Z.S.,Loess stratigraphy in Central China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1989,72:203-225.
[2]岳乐平,薛祥熙,雷祥义,等.近130Ka中国黄土磁化率气候记录与南极冰芯气候记录.地球物理学报,1998,41(4):463-467.
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[1]陈发虎,吴海斌,张家武等.末次冰消期以来兰州地区冬季风变化研究.第四纪研究,1999,(4):306-312.
[2]李徐生,杨达源,鹿化煜.镇江下蜀黄土粒度特征及成因初探.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):25-31.
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[1]刘东生.黄土与环境,1985,北京:科学出版社.
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[14]鹿化煜,K.V.Huissteden,安芷生等.早、中更新世东亚冬季风强度的快速变化.海 洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(2):75-83.
[15]An Zhisheng,Stephen C.Porter.Millennial-scale climatic oscillations during the last Interglacial in Central China.Geology,1997,25:603-606.
[16]Chen Fahu,Bloemendal J,Wang Jianming et al.High-resolution multi-proxy climate records from Chinese Loess:Evidence for rapid climatic changes over the last 75kyr..Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1997,130:323-335.
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[18]熊尚发,丁仲礼,刘东生.赣北红土与北京邻区黄土及沙漠沙的粒度特征对比.科学通报,1999,44(11):1216-1219.
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[1]Kukla,G.,An,Z.S.,Loess stratigraphy in Central China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1989,72:203-225.
[2]岳乐平,薛祥熙,雷祥义,等.近130Ka中国黄土磁化率气候记录与南极冰芯气候记录.地球物理学报,1998,41(4):463-467.
[3]刘秀铭,刘东生,John Shaw.中国黄土磁性矿物特征及其古气候意义.第四纪研究,1993,3:281-287.
[4]郭正堂,彭述贞,魏兰英等.二十二万年以来东亚夏季风的千年尺度及其在不同时期的差异.第四纪研究,1999,4:299-305.
[5]鸟居雅之,福田浩司,苏黎等.黄土--古土壤磁化率述评.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(3):83-96.
[6]刘东生,安芷生,袁宝印.中国的黄土与风成堆积.第四纪研究,1985,6(1):113-125.
[7]李吉均,朱俊杰,康建成等.末次冰期旋回兰州黄土剖面与南极东方站冰岩芯的对比.中国科学(B),1990,10:1086-1094.
[8]安芷生,吴锡浩,汪品先.最近130ka中国的古季风-Ⅰ(Ⅰ)古季风变迁.中国科学,1991,21(10):1076-1081.
[9]Heller,F.,Liu T.S.Magnetostratigraphical dating of loess deposits in China.Nature,1982.300:431-433.
[10]Kukla,G.,Heller,F.,Liu,X.M.,et al.Pleistocene climatic in China dated by magnetic susceptibility.Geology,1988,16:811-814.
[11]Zhou,L.P.,Oldfield,F.,Wintle,A.G.,et al.Partly pedogenic origin of magnetic variations in Chinese Loess.Nature,1990,346:737-739.
[12]Heller,F.,Liu T.S..Palaeoclimatic and sedimentary history from magnetic susceptibility of loess in China.Geophysical Res.Lett..1986.13:1169-1172.
[13]Feng,Z.D.,Johnson,W.C.Factors affecting the magnetic susceptibility of a Loess-soil sequence.Barton County,Kansas,USA.Catena,1995,24:25-37.
[14]Heller,F.,Liu,T.S.Magnetism of Chinese loess deposits.Geoph.J.R.Astr.Soc.1984,77:125-141.
[15]Thompson.R.,Bloemendal,J.,Dearing,J.A.Environmental applications of magnetic measurements.Science,1980,207:481-486.
[16]Feng,Z.D.Climatic implications of magnetic susceptibility and 10Be flux in Chinese Loess-soil sequence.Catena,1996,27:143-147.
[17]韩家懋,姜文英,褚骏.黄土和古土壤中磁性矿物的粒度分布.第四纪研究,1997,3:281-287.
[18]An,Z.S.,Kukla,G.J.,Porter,S.C.,et al.Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the loess plateau of central Chin during the last 130000 years.Quaternary Research,1991,36:29-36.
[19]刘秀铭,刘东生,Friedrich Heller,等.中国黄土磁颗粒分析及其古气候意义.中国科学(B)辑,1991,6:639-644.
[1]陈发虎,吴海斌,张家武等.末次冰消期以来兰州地区冬季风变化研究.第四纪研究,1999,(4):306-312.
[2]李徐生,杨达源,鹿化煜.镇江下蜀黄土粒度特征及成因初探.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):25-31.
[3]刘东生等著.黄土与环境.科学出版社,1985.
[4]文启忠等著.中国黄土地球化学.科学出版社,1989.
[5]Soil Survey Staf.Keys to soil taxonomy,(seventh edition):Washington,D.C..U.S.Government Printing Office,1996,644p.
[6]Gardner,R.L..Origin of the Mormon Mesa caliche.Clark County,Nevada:Geological Society of America Bulletin,1992,83:143-156.
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