非饱和土壤渗透特性及饱和入渗机理试验研究
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摘要
非饱和渗透系数的确定与土中水—气运动规律是非饱和土壤水分入渗问题研究的关键。由于非饱和土中水的渗透性难以测定,许多学者提出的渗透性函数形式又极为不统一,使得目前还没有一种仪器或函数形式得以推广,也无法满足非饱和土理论研究以及工程实践的要求。土壤积水入渗过程中土中气体压力的变化规律及对入渗过程的影响对节水灌溉和水土保持等的实施具有重要的指导意义。
本文试图通过试验研究、理论推导两个方面,对非饱和渗透系数的确定及积水入渗过程中土中水—气运动规律进行较为全面、深入地研究。主要研究成果如下:
(1)本文从非饱和土渗透特性研究的需要出发,针对目前研制的非饱和土渗透仪的不足,根据非饱和土稳态渗流试验装置量测非饱和渗透系数的主要特点及存在的问题,提出了新型非饱和土稳态渗流试验装置研制开发的整体思路,完成了重要内容的研制。采用稳态水压力发生器作为水压力控制系统,实现了压力的稳定控制和渗透水量的精确测定。针对新型稳态渗流试验装置工作原理,总结出了一套行之有效的操作方法。通过对试验结果的拟合分析,明确了土壤非饱和渗透系数随土壤饱和度的变化关系。
(2)运用邵龙潭相介质的相互作用原理并结合水力学中层流阻力中渗透流速的概念重新推导了饱和与非饱和土壤水分的运动方程,给出了单一均质饱和与非饱和土壤渗透系数的理论表达式。根据饱和土渗透系数方程,考察了土水相互作用力系数的物理基础。由稳态渗流方法量测非饱和渗透系数的水力条件,分析了非饱和渗透系数理论表达式的应用。
(3)通过理论分析了非饱和土积水入渗条件下,土中气体压力对入渗区土体平衡的影响,并建立了理想状态下土体平衡的临界条件。通过试验验证了土体平衡状态的存在形式。试验结果表明,入渗土体孔隙率和初始含水量决定着入渗初始阶段土中气体的运动形态和入渗过程。土体的孔隙率越大、初始含水量越小,入渗初期作用水层对土中气体的封闭作用越弱,气体越容易逸出,逸出过程中对土表附近土体的扰动程度和范围越大,土中气体压力的波动幅度和频率越大,并导致入渗率出现阶梯状变化;反之,入渗初期作用水层对土中气体的封闭作用越强,气体越难逸出,入渗土体内越易出现裂缝,且气体逸出时只对裂缝以上土体有扰动,而裂缝以下土体则几乎不受扰动,气体压力波动的幅度和频率也越小,入渗率显著减小,并可能造成入渗过程的停止。
(4)通过试验发现,入渗土体内存在两个明显的分界面,将湿润锋以外的另一锋面给出了定义,将其定义为饱和锋,通过对破坏土体的平衡分析说明了定义的合理性。试验结果表明,饱和锋的位置与入渗过程有关。对于结构较疏松的土体,饱和锋的位置随着土体扰动深度的增加而增加。对于结构较牢固的土体,饱和锋的位置随着裂缝深度的增加而增加。从饱和锋的位置出发,研究了土体结构出现整体破坏的过程,并将土体破坏分为三个阶段,对应三种不同的状态:临界状态、过渡状态和稳定平衡状态。
(5)对于不同类型的土,当入渗土柱内出现裂缝时,裂缝的形状不同。对于具有一定粘性的土(硅微粉),土体出现裂缝时,因为土颗粒之间存在粘性,裂缝面多不规则。对于砂性土(粉煤灰、细砂),裂缝面则多是规则的。对于颗粒比重不同的土,裂缝的发展情况不同,颗粒比重较小的土(粉煤灰),气体逸出时对土体的扰动会使裂缝很快消失;颗粒比重较大的土(硅微粉和细砂),气体逸出造成的扰动并不会使裂缝消失,且会随着气体压力的波动而频繁重现。
(6)试验结果表明,入渗水流进入到土层后,在向下运动的同时,也在不断地向两侧运动,土表处土体饱和度逐渐增加,随着入渗的不断进行,其饱和的范围也不断地延伸。
It is important for the unsaturated infiltration of the determination of unsaturated permeability coefficient and water-air flow in soil. The testing technique and experiment methods of unsaturated soils are the important means and tools to investigate the mechanic behavior of unsaturated soil. Due to it's difficult to measure the unsaturated permeability coefficient, many researchers put forward various forms of permeability functions. However, neither any apparatus or function forms are popularized nor any of them can satisfy the request of the theory of unsaturated soil and the engineering. The air pressure changes and its influence under ponding infiltration are important to guide water saving irrigation and soil water conservation.
This paper conducts comprehensive and in-depth research on the determination of unsaturated permeability coefficient and water-air flow during ponding infiltration by experiment research and theory research. The research is reduced as the following:
(1) In this paper, in terms of the shortage of the current apparatus of water permeability for unsaturated soils, the new unsaturated steady seepage apparatus for measurements of unsaturated permeability coefficient has been developed based on improvement and amendment on original apparatus. Water pressure controller is used to control water pressure and measure the volume of water inflow. The efficient operating specifications were summarized according to the working theory of the apparatus. The relationship between the unsaturated permeability coefficient and the degree of saturation by experiment and regression estimation was founded.
(2) The interaction principle of equilibrium analysis of multiphase media was putted forward by Shao Longtan. The kinematic equations for saturated and unsaturated soil are deduced again based on the principle and the conception of laminar flow velocity in hydraulics. In this way, the formula expressing of saturated and unsaturated permeability coefficient is also derived. The physical meaning of the interaction coefficient between soil and water for saturated soil is explained. Some permeability testing results in steady hydraulic gradient are presented to analysis the problem in application of the formula.
(3) The critical equilibrium condition for the soil of infiltration zone with the operation of air pressure is founded by equilibrium anlysis.The experiment results indicate that the poresity and the antecedent water content affect the moving state of air at earlier infitration, and then affect the change of soil structure and the infiltraion procedure. The greater soil porosity and the smaller antecedent water content, the close role of water to air is greater at initial infiltration , the gas escape is easier, the distubance of soil is greater in extent and range, the fluctuations and frequency of gas pressure is greater, and led to a ladder change of infiltration; Instead, the surface water have a stronger close role to air at initial infiltration, the gas escape more difficult, the saturated layer of soil near the surface lift and form a crack at the wetting front for the effect of air pressure, soil above crack is distrubbed, soil under crack is almost free from soil disturbance, the fluctuations and frequency of air pressure is smaller, the soil infiltration id significantly reduced, and lead to stop the infiltration process.
(4) Soil tests found there are two clear interfaces in infiltration soil, and defined another interface besides wetting front as saturation front. The definition is poved reasonable through the equilibrium analysis of soil above crack. The test results indicate that the position of saturation front is related to infiltration procedure. For more loose structure of the soil, the position of saturation front increases with the increase of soil disturbance depth. For more solid structure of the soil, the position of saturation front increase with the increase of cracks depth. The destrution procedure is studied from the move of saturation front. The results show that the destruction procedure occure in three phases, and corresponding to three different statuses: critical state, the transitional state and steady equilibrium state.
(5) Different types of soil, the cracks in different shapes. For the caly (siliceous powder), the destruction of soil is more irregular because of viscosity of among soil particles. For the sandy soil (fly ash, fine sand), the crack is more regular. The gaps in the soil layer have defferent development with different specific gravity of soil grain. For the soil with small specific gravity, the gaps disappear quickly with the soil disturbance by air break. For the soil with great specific gravity, the gaps can not disappear. The gaps will high frequency with the fluctuation of air pressure.
(6) Experiment results indicate that the infiltration procedure of unsaturated soil actually is the procedure of the increasing of saturation area. After infiltraion into the soil of water, water move toward downward and side in the soil. With infiltration, the soil saturation and scope for surface soil gradually increase.
本文试图通过试验研究、理论推导两个方面,对非饱和渗透系数的确定及积水入渗过程中土中水—气运动规律进行较为全面、深入地研究。主要研究成果如下:
(1)本文从非饱和土渗透特性研究的需要出发,针对目前研制的非饱和土渗透仪的不足,根据非饱和土稳态渗流试验装置量测非饱和渗透系数的主要特点及存在的问题,提出了新型非饱和土稳态渗流试验装置研制开发的整体思路,完成了重要内容的研制。采用稳态水压力发生器作为水压力控制系统,实现了压力的稳定控制和渗透水量的精确测定。针对新型稳态渗流试验装置工作原理,总结出了一套行之有效的操作方法。通过对试验结果的拟合分析,明确了土壤非饱和渗透系数随土壤饱和度的变化关系。
(2)运用邵龙潭相介质的相互作用原理并结合水力学中层流阻力中渗透流速的概念重新推导了饱和与非饱和土壤水分的运动方程,给出了单一均质饱和与非饱和土壤渗透系数的理论表达式。根据饱和土渗透系数方程,考察了土水相互作用力系数的物理基础。由稳态渗流方法量测非饱和渗透系数的水力条件,分析了非饱和渗透系数理论表达式的应用。
(3)通过理论分析了非饱和土积水入渗条件下,土中气体压力对入渗区土体平衡的影响,并建立了理想状态下土体平衡的临界条件。通过试验验证了土体平衡状态的存在形式。试验结果表明,入渗土体孔隙率和初始含水量决定着入渗初始阶段土中气体的运动形态和入渗过程。土体的孔隙率越大、初始含水量越小,入渗初期作用水层对土中气体的封闭作用越弱,气体越容易逸出,逸出过程中对土表附近土体的扰动程度和范围越大,土中气体压力的波动幅度和频率越大,并导致入渗率出现阶梯状变化;反之,入渗初期作用水层对土中气体的封闭作用越强,气体越难逸出,入渗土体内越易出现裂缝,且气体逸出时只对裂缝以上土体有扰动,而裂缝以下土体则几乎不受扰动,气体压力波动的幅度和频率也越小,入渗率显著减小,并可能造成入渗过程的停止。
(4)通过试验发现,入渗土体内存在两个明显的分界面,将湿润锋以外的另一锋面给出了定义,将其定义为饱和锋,通过对破坏土体的平衡分析说明了定义的合理性。试验结果表明,饱和锋的位置与入渗过程有关。对于结构较疏松的土体,饱和锋的位置随着土体扰动深度的增加而增加。对于结构较牢固的土体,饱和锋的位置随着裂缝深度的增加而增加。从饱和锋的位置出发,研究了土体结构出现整体破坏的过程,并将土体破坏分为三个阶段,对应三种不同的状态:临界状态、过渡状态和稳定平衡状态。
(5)对于不同类型的土,当入渗土柱内出现裂缝时,裂缝的形状不同。对于具有一定粘性的土(硅微粉),土体出现裂缝时,因为土颗粒之间存在粘性,裂缝面多不规则。对于砂性土(粉煤灰、细砂),裂缝面则多是规则的。对于颗粒比重不同的土,裂缝的发展情况不同,颗粒比重较小的土(粉煤灰),气体逸出时对土体的扰动会使裂缝很快消失;颗粒比重较大的土(硅微粉和细砂),气体逸出造成的扰动并不会使裂缝消失,且会随着气体压力的波动而频繁重现。
(6)试验结果表明,入渗水流进入到土层后,在向下运动的同时,也在不断地向两侧运动,土表处土体饱和度逐渐增加,随着入渗的不断进行,其饱和的范围也不断地延伸。
It is important for the unsaturated infiltration of the determination of unsaturated permeability coefficient and water-air flow in soil. The testing technique and experiment methods of unsaturated soils are the important means and tools to investigate the mechanic behavior of unsaturated soil. Due to it's difficult to measure the unsaturated permeability coefficient, many researchers put forward various forms of permeability functions. However, neither any apparatus or function forms are popularized nor any of them can satisfy the request of the theory of unsaturated soil and the engineering. The air pressure changes and its influence under ponding infiltration are important to guide water saving irrigation and soil water conservation.
This paper conducts comprehensive and in-depth research on the determination of unsaturated permeability coefficient and water-air flow during ponding infiltration by experiment research and theory research. The research is reduced as the following:
(1) In this paper, in terms of the shortage of the current apparatus of water permeability for unsaturated soils, the new unsaturated steady seepage apparatus for measurements of unsaturated permeability coefficient has been developed based on improvement and amendment on original apparatus. Water pressure controller is used to control water pressure and measure the volume of water inflow. The efficient operating specifications were summarized according to the working theory of the apparatus. The relationship between the unsaturated permeability coefficient and the degree of saturation by experiment and regression estimation was founded.
(2) The interaction principle of equilibrium analysis of multiphase media was putted forward by Shao Longtan. The kinematic equations for saturated and unsaturated soil are deduced again based on the principle and the conception of laminar flow velocity in hydraulics. In this way, the formula expressing of saturated and unsaturated permeability coefficient is also derived. The physical meaning of the interaction coefficient between soil and water for saturated soil is explained. Some permeability testing results in steady hydraulic gradient are presented to analysis the problem in application of the formula.
(3) The critical equilibrium condition for the soil of infiltration zone with the operation of air pressure is founded by equilibrium anlysis.The experiment results indicate that the poresity and the antecedent water content affect the moving state of air at earlier infitration, and then affect the change of soil structure and the infiltraion procedure. The greater soil porosity and the smaller antecedent water content, the close role of water to air is greater at initial infiltration , the gas escape is easier, the distubance of soil is greater in extent and range, the fluctuations and frequency of gas pressure is greater, and led to a ladder change of infiltration; Instead, the surface water have a stronger close role to air at initial infiltration, the gas escape more difficult, the saturated layer of soil near the surface lift and form a crack at the wetting front for the effect of air pressure, soil above crack is distrubbed, soil under crack is almost free from soil disturbance, the fluctuations and frequency of air pressure is smaller, the soil infiltration id significantly reduced, and lead to stop the infiltration process.
(4) Soil tests found there are two clear interfaces in infiltration soil, and defined another interface besides wetting front as saturation front. The definition is poved reasonable through the equilibrium analysis of soil above crack. The test results indicate that the position of saturation front is related to infiltration procedure. For more loose structure of the soil, the position of saturation front increases with the increase of soil disturbance depth. For more solid structure of the soil, the position of saturation front increase with the increase of cracks depth. The destrution procedure is studied from the move of saturation front. The results show that the destruction procedure occure in three phases, and corresponding to three different statuses: critical state, the transitional state and steady equilibrium state.
(5) Different types of soil, the cracks in different shapes. For the caly (siliceous powder), the destruction of soil is more irregular because of viscosity of among soil particles. For the sandy soil (fly ash, fine sand), the crack is more regular. The gaps in the soil layer have defferent development with different specific gravity of soil grain. For the soil with small specific gravity, the gaps disappear quickly with the soil disturbance by air break. For the soil with great specific gravity, the gaps can not disappear. The gaps will high frequency with the fluctuation of air pressure.
(6) Experiment results indicate that the infiltration procedure of unsaturated soil actually is the procedure of the increasing of saturation area. After infiltraion into the soil of water, water move toward downward and side in the soil. With infiltration, the soil saturation and scope for surface soil gradually increase.
引文
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