携载抗赤霉病基因的小麦-黑麦小片段易位的分子细胞学检测
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摘要
在当前的小麦生产中，赤霉病的危害日益严重。小麦赤霉病抗源十分贫乏，而且多数表现为多基因遗传，在小麦育种中较难应用。从小麦近缘属种中寻求赤霉病抗性基因并把它引入栽培品种中，有重要的学术意义和经济价值。本文研究了利用小麦—黑麦单体附加系的染色体工程方法创制并选育的小麦品系R111的抗赤霉病特性的遗传基础，探讨了R111赤霉病抗性的遗传和分子细胞学基础。研究结果如下：
1、采用室内单花接种鉴定的方法对小麦品系R111、对照品种苏麦3号、绵阳11号进行了赤霉病的抗性鉴定。发现R111的病情指数最低(42.5)，略低于对照品种苏麦3号(45.0)，大大低于对照品种绵阳11号(62.5)，说明品系R111对小麦赤霉病的抗扩展能力最强，按照相对抗性标准分级为抗病(R级)，抗性结果高于国家鉴定的中抗(MR)结果，且抗性稳定。R111的小麦亲本不抗赤霉病，它的抗赤霉病特性可能来源于黑麦。
2、通过对品系R111的根尖染色体进行记数和对其花粉母细胞染色体行为的观察，发现品系R111根尖染色体数目为42条染色体。花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为为21个二价体，没有单价体和多价体；从花粉母细胞后期Ⅰ(较靠前时段)可清晰的看到同源染色体分开，形成两个21条染色体(每条染色体含两条姊妹染色单体)的区域(2N=42=2×21)；花粉母细胞后期Ⅰ(较靠后时段)同源染色体完全分开，移向两极，没有落后染色体，也没有染色体桥；花粉母细胞四分体正常，没出现微核。由此确定品系R111已经稳定，而且没有黑麦染色体的附加、代换。
3、用Giemsa-C带的方法对品系R111、对照品种R59进行了显带，得知对照品种R59具有两条1RS／1BL染色体；而品系R111的带型与普通小麦(中国春)的标准带型基本一致，没有黑麦的大片段(染色体代换、臂间易位)。
4、利用基因组原位杂交对材料R111、R59进行分析，发现对照R59的原位杂交结果清楚地显示两条IRS／1BL；R111原位杂交结果显示在一条染色体的着丝点区域有一个明显的杂交信号，极有可能是小片段易位，值得进一步深入研究。
综上可知，品系R111具有稳定的、比苏麦3号更好的赤霉病抗性，遗传稳定，其赤霉病抗性基因可能来源于黑麦，应进一步研究其细胞学基础并在育种中应用。
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is one of the most destructive diseases.FHB significantly reduce wheat grain yield and quality. The resistance resource, however, is very poor. Hence, it is becoming the focus in the world to search and identify resistance genes from wheat aliens' species and integrate them into cultivars. When the resistance genes of the wheat aliens' species is integrated into the cultivars disadvantageous genes is integrated following into the cultivars. It is difficult to utilize the foreign resistant genes to FHB, which lead that there is no wheat resistant cultivar to FHB within the wheat cultivars to date, producing highly and culturing widely. However, a new wheat line, R111, derived from self-hybrid or backcross of wheat-rye's monosomic addition lines created and cultured by chromosome engineering, can be resistance to FHB, high yield and good quality. In order to make good use of it, we must clearly know for following questions: Whether the resistance to disease of R111 is stable, whether heredity of R111 is pure and where the FHB resistance gene derives from. The purpose of this study is to answer those questions. After completing a lot studying, the results are shown as follows:
1. Wheat line R111 and two control cultivars: SuMai3 and MY11 were changed by the pathogen indoors. It is showed that the infection type (IT) of R111 was lowest (42.5), which was slightly lower than that of SuMai3 (45.0), remarkably lower than that of MY11 (62.5). According to the standard classification system, R111 was up to be Resistance(R). This was higher than the result of National Identification which was moderate resistance (MR).
2. Chromosome measurement of root tip cells and the behavior of poll mother cells (PMCs) showed that the number of body cell chromosomes was 42, and at metaphase I, poll mother cell chromosomes formed 21 bivalents, no univalent; at anaphase I (the early stage), the homoeologous chromosomes separated and divided two regions, including 21 chromosomes(each chromosome composing of two sister chromosomes); At anaphase I (the later stage), the homoeologous chromosomes completely separated and directly moved to two cell poles, neither chromosomes fall behind, nor is chromosome bridge; at telophase II (tetrad phase),no microkernel. It was difficult to resist the conclusion that the R111 was already stable; moreover, there was not added or substituted rye chromosome.
3. Giemsa C-banding discovered that the control material ChuanNong12 (R59) had two chromosome-arms 1RS/1BL. While the C-bandings of R111 were coincided with the "Chinese Spring" standard karyotype.
4. Genome in Situ Hybridization (GISH) analysis indicated those two visible signals on the arms of chromosome 1RS/1BL of the control material ChuanNong12 (R59) and one distinct signal on the centromeric region of chromosome of R111, which possibly was Small-Segment-Translocation between wheat and rye.
Based on the above results, we can safety conclude that the FHB resistance gene possibly came from rye, which located on the Small-Segment-Translocation.
1、采用室内单花接种鉴定的方法对小麦品系R111、对照品种苏麦3号、绵阳11号进行了赤霉病的抗性鉴定。发现R111的病情指数最低(42.5)，略低于对照品种苏麦3号(45.0)，大大低于对照品种绵阳11号(62.5)，说明品系R111对小麦赤霉病的抗扩展能力最强，按照相对抗性标准分级为抗病(R级)，抗性结果高于国家鉴定的中抗(MR)结果，且抗性稳定。R111的小麦亲本不抗赤霉病，它的抗赤霉病特性可能来源于黑麦。
2、通过对品系R111的根尖染色体进行记数和对其花粉母细胞染色体行为的观察，发现品系R111根尖染色体数目为42条染色体。花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为为21个二价体，没有单价体和多价体；从花粉母细胞后期Ⅰ(较靠前时段)可清晰的看到同源染色体分开，形成两个21条染色体(每条染色体含两条姊妹染色单体)的区域(2N=42=2×21)；花粉母细胞后期Ⅰ(较靠后时段)同源染色体完全分开，移向两极，没有落后染色体，也没有染色体桥；花粉母细胞四分体正常，没出现微核。由此确定品系R111已经稳定，而且没有黑麦染色体的附加、代换。
3、用Giemsa-C带的方法对品系R111、对照品种R59进行了显带，得知对照品种R59具有两条1RS／1BL染色体；而品系R111的带型与普通小麦(中国春)的标准带型基本一致，没有黑麦的大片段(染色体代换、臂间易位)。
4、利用基因组原位杂交对材料R111、R59进行分析，发现对照R59的原位杂交结果清楚地显示两条IRS／1BL；R111原位杂交结果显示在一条染色体的着丝点区域有一个明显的杂交信号，极有可能是小片段易位，值得进一步深入研究。
综上可知，品系R111具有稳定的、比苏麦3号更好的赤霉病抗性，遗传稳定，其赤霉病抗性基因可能来源于黑麦，应进一步研究其细胞学基础并在育种中应用。
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is one of the most destructive diseases.FHB significantly reduce wheat grain yield and quality. The resistance resource, however, is very poor. Hence, it is becoming the focus in the world to search and identify resistance genes from wheat aliens' species and integrate them into cultivars. When the resistance genes of the wheat aliens' species is integrated into the cultivars disadvantageous genes is integrated following into the cultivars. It is difficult to utilize the foreign resistant genes to FHB, which lead that there is no wheat resistant cultivar to FHB within the wheat cultivars to date, producing highly and culturing widely. However, a new wheat line, R111, derived from self-hybrid or backcross of wheat-rye's monosomic addition lines created and cultured by chromosome engineering, can be resistance to FHB, high yield and good quality. In order to make good use of it, we must clearly know for following questions: Whether the resistance to disease of R111 is stable, whether heredity of R111 is pure and where the FHB resistance gene derives from. The purpose of this study is to answer those questions. After completing a lot studying, the results are shown as follows:
1. Wheat line R111 and two control cultivars: SuMai3 and MY11 were changed by the pathogen indoors. It is showed that the infection type (IT) of R111 was lowest (42.5), which was slightly lower than that of SuMai3 (45.0), remarkably lower than that of MY11 (62.5). According to the standard classification system, R111 was up to be Resistance(R). This was higher than the result of National Identification which was moderate resistance (MR).
2. Chromosome measurement of root tip cells and the behavior of poll mother cells (PMCs) showed that the number of body cell chromosomes was 42, and at metaphase I, poll mother cell chromosomes formed 21 bivalents, no univalent; at anaphase I (the early stage), the homoeologous chromosomes separated and divided two regions, including 21 chromosomes(each chromosome composing of two sister chromosomes); At anaphase I (the later stage), the homoeologous chromosomes completely separated and directly moved to two cell poles, neither chromosomes fall behind, nor is chromosome bridge; at telophase II (tetrad phase),no microkernel. It was difficult to resist the conclusion that the R111 was already stable; moreover, there was not added or substituted rye chromosome.
3. Giemsa C-banding discovered that the control material ChuanNong12 (R59) had two chromosome-arms 1RS/1BL. While the C-bandings of R111 were coincided with the "Chinese Spring" standard karyotype.
4. Genome in Situ Hybridization (GISH) analysis indicated those two visible signals on the arms of chromosome 1RS/1BL of the control material ChuanNong12 (R59) and one distinct signal on the centromeric region of chromosome of R111, which possibly was Small-Segment-Translocation between wheat and rye.
Based on the above results, we can safety conclude that the FHB resistance gene possibly came from rye, which located on the Small-Segment-Translocation.
引文
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