小麦品种单种和混种产量及条锈病发生程度的比较研究
摘要
同一种作物不同品种混种,是利用种内作物异质性提高作物生产力的一种栽培方法,欧洲和北美对这种栽培方法在许多方面都有大量而广泛的研究;国内则研究很少,而且,现有研究也主要集中在少数几个禾谷类作物病害防治方面。我国云南省位于北温带和亚热带地区交界处,小麦种植面积约55.9万公顷,近年来,该省小麦条锈病亦有加重趋势。为了给云南省小麦产区利用品种混种提供依据,以及为我国其他小麦产区的应用提供一定的参考,本研究较为系统地主要研究了小麦品种单种和混种在产量方面的表现,此外,也研究了在自然发病条件下品种混种对小麦条锈病的病害防治效应,以保证小麦种植的不断发展。
根据研究的主要目的,用繁19、引11-12、川麦107、靖麦10号、青春55、46548-3和安96-8等7个品种,组合成6个分别包含2～7个组分的、等比例混种的小麦品种混种群体,于2003～2004年、2004～2005年、2005～2006年在云南省曲靖地区进行多点、多处理试验。小麦品种混种与其组分品种单种的产量比较,既采用品种混种产量与其组分单种产量的平均数相比较的方法(以此种方法比较所得结果,本研究称之为品种混种的产量效应),也采用与其最高产的和最低产的组分单种产量相比较的方法。
研究结果表明,在没有病害或病害不严重的条件下,小麦品种混种的产量与其组分单种产量的平均数相比,平均增加3.9%。在所有36个比较中,小麦品种混种产量表现为正效应、0效应、负效应的频率分别为69.4%、8.3%、22.3%,正效应和0效应的频率合计为77.7%。在小麦品种混种产量表现为正效应的比较中,有40.0%的比较结果为显著(P<0.05),而在小麦品种混种产量表现为负效应的比较中,只有12.5%的比较结果为显著(P<0.05)。说明小麦品种混种在产量上其优势常大于劣势。
小麦品种混种的产量效应因环境(试验年份×地点×处理)不同而有变化,这在品种混种产量效应的正负性质特别是产量效应的大小上均有表现。本研究发现在土壤肥力较好的试验环境下,有5个小麦品种混种群体都有最大或最小产量效应值。小麦品种混种的产量效应与其组分数目两者之间证明没有显著的相关性,相关系数r=0.719(r0.05=0.811)。由于本研究采取较为严格的等比例混种法,影响小麦品种混种产量效应的主要因素就品种混种群体的组成而言应为组分多样性。
小麦品种混种的产量有时虽然也会超过其最高产的组分单种产量,但其间的差异很少能够达到显著水平。在本研究的36个比较中,只有繁19和引11-12所组成群体的产量于1个环境中能够显著(P<0.05)超过其较为高产的组分单种产量,占所有比较总数的2.8%。本研究没有发现小麦品种混种产量会显著低于其最低产的组分单种产量的情况。
通过变异系数的测定和回归分析,本研究未能证实小麦品种混种在产量稳定性上比其组分单种有优势。但用这两种分析方法所得结果均表明,小麦品种混种的稳产性能不比其组分单种的稳产性能为差。
小麦品种混种可降低条锈病病情指数至一定程度,这一趋势在本研究中是明显的,尤其是在发病强度相对较高的2004～2005年的试验中。综合2003～2004和2004～2005两年试验来看,小麦品种混种的条锈病病情指数与其组分单种条锈病病情指数的平均数相比,两年平均减少57.70%,减少幅度从37.2%到72.2%不等。对2004～2005年所得资料进一步分析表明,小麦品种混种对条锈病的病害防治效应有随组分数目的增加而提高的趋势,其原因主要是:增加组分数目实际上是减少了组分单种时具有最大病情指数的组分在品种混种群体中所占的比例,从而减少了该组分在品种混种群体中的植株数目。
本研究证明,小麦品种混种对条锈病的病害防治效应与其相对应的产量效应之间,有时具有较强的相关性,有时则没有相关性或其相关性较弱。
根据上述研究结果,小麦品种混种由于不损害产量稳定性,同时与其组分单种产量的平均数相比具有产量优势,并能降低条锈病病情指数,因而利用现有品种或新育成品种组合成一定的品种混种群体,通过田间试验而应用于大田生产,对有些小麦产区如云南省小麦产区,具有一定的实用价值,而对有些小麦产区,即使仅将其作为纯系品种单种的一种补充性的栽培方法而加以利用,可能也是有益的。
As a means of crop culture of using within-species crop heterogeneity to increase productivity, cultivar mixtures have been studied in many aspects in Europe and North America; however, a study of the subject is made a little in China, among them much is mainly focused on disease aspects of a few of small grain crops. The Province of Yunnan in the country is located in the North Temperate Zone and the sub-tropical zone, and in the province the area of wheat culture is about 55.9 thousand hectares and wheat stripe rust has tended to be increasingly severe in recent years. The first and main objective of this study was to compare yield performance of wheat cultivars and their mixtures. Its second objective was to evaluate effect of those mixtures on severity of stripe rust in wheat in natural infection.
Based on the main objective of the study, multi-site and–treatment experiments on six wheat mixtures combined using seven cultivars-Fan19, Yin11-12, Chuanmai107, Jingmai10, Qingchun55, 46548-3 and An96-8, in which 2-7 components were included and equal proportions used, ware conducted in Qujing, Yunnan in 2003-2004, 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively. A comparison between mixtures and their components was made by evaluation of mixture yields relative both to their component means (the results called effect on yield in the present study) and to yields of their higher- or highest-yielding components and lower- or lowest-yielding components.
The results showed that in the absence of disease and under less severely diseased conditions, mixture yield exceeded their component means by 3.9% on average. In all 36 comparisons, frequencies of positive, zero and negative mixture effect on yield ware 69.4%, 8.3% and 22.3%, respectively, and the frequencies of the first two items ware summed up to 77.7%. For positive effects, 40.0% of comparative results ware significant (P<0.05); and in contrast, only 12.5% of comparative results ware significant (P<0.05)for negative effects. Thus, yield advantages of mixtures tended to be greater than disadvantages.
Mixture effect on yield changed with individual environments (experimental years×sites×treatments) in its nature and magnitude, especially in the latter. There ware five out of the six mixtures found to be the maximum or minimum effects on yield in fertile soil. There was no significant relationship between mixture effect on yield and mixture component number: r=0.719(r0.05=0.811). Because strictly equally-proportional mixtures were used in the study, for mixture composition, factors influencing mixture effect on yield should be mainly due to component diversity.
Although mixtures sometimes out-yielded their higher- or highest-yielding components, the differences between them ware seldom significant. In all 36 comparisons, there was only one mixture composed of Fan19 and Yin11-12 out-yielding its higher-yielding component significantly(P<0.05)in one of six environments, which accounting for 2.8% of the total comparisons. Yields of mixtures significantly inferior to those of their lower- or lowest-yielding components ware not found in the study.
Mixtures’having an advantage over their components in yield stability was not demonstrated in the study using both measures of coefficient of variation and regression analysis, though yields of mixtures ware not any less stable than their components.
Disease index of stripe rust in mixtures decreased to some degree, especially in the experiment conducted in 2004-2005, when the disease was relatively more severe than in 2003-2004. To sum up these two years’results, the reduction in disease index of stripe rust in mixtures relative to their component means was 57.70%, ranging from 37.2% to 72.2%. Based on data in 2004-2005, analysis indicated that there was a trend towards greater mixture effect on disease from increased component number; the main reason for this was that in mixtures, increase in component number substantially decreased the proportion of the component with the greatest disease index in pure stands so reduced its plant number.
It was evident in the study that mixture effect on yield was not always closely correlated to mixture effect on stripe rust in wheat
Based on the above results, considering that wheat cultivar mixtures did not damage stability of yield, that their yields had an advantage over their component means and that they reduced disease index of stripe rust, using cultivar mixtures combined using existing and new cultivars through field experiments would be of practical value to wheat production in Yunnan and could be a valuable supplement to growing alone pure line varieties in other wheat production areas in the country.
根据研究的主要目的,用繁19、引11-12、川麦107、靖麦10号、青春55、46548-3和安96-8等7个品种,组合成6个分别包含2～7个组分的、等比例混种的小麦品种混种群体,于2003～2004年、2004～2005年、2005～2006年在云南省曲靖地区进行多点、多处理试验。小麦品种混种与其组分品种单种的产量比较,既采用品种混种产量与其组分单种产量的平均数相比较的方法(以此种方法比较所得结果,本研究称之为品种混种的产量效应),也采用与其最高产的和最低产的组分单种产量相比较的方法。
研究结果表明,在没有病害或病害不严重的条件下,小麦品种混种的产量与其组分单种产量的平均数相比,平均增加3.9%。在所有36个比较中,小麦品种混种产量表现为正效应、0效应、负效应的频率分别为69.4%、8.3%、22.3%,正效应和0效应的频率合计为77.7%。在小麦品种混种产量表现为正效应的比较中,有40.0%的比较结果为显著(P<0.05),而在小麦品种混种产量表现为负效应的比较中,只有12.5%的比较结果为显著(P<0.05)。说明小麦品种混种在产量上其优势常大于劣势。
小麦品种混种的产量效应因环境(试验年份×地点×处理)不同而有变化,这在品种混种产量效应的正负性质特别是产量效应的大小上均有表现。本研究发现在土壤肥力较好的试验环境下,有5个小麦品种混种群体都有最大或最小产量效应值。小麦品种混种的产量效应与其组分数目两者之间证明没有显著的相关性,相关系数r=0.719(r0.05=0.811)。由于本研究采取较为严格的等比例混种法,影响小麦品种混种产量效应的主要因素就品种混种群体的组成而言应为组分多样性。
小麦品种混种的产量有时虽然也会超过其最高产的组分单种产量,但其间的差异很少能够达到显著水平。在本研究的36个比较中,只有繁19和引11-12所组成群体的产量于1个环境中能够显著(P<0.05)超过其较为高产的组分单种产量,占所有比较总数的2.8%。本研究没有发现小麦品种混种产量会显著低于其最低产的组分单种产量的情况。
通过变异系数的测定和回归分析,本研究未能证实小麦品种混种在产量稳定性上比其组分单种有优势。但用这两种分析方法所得结果均表明,小麦品种混种的稳产性能不比其组分单种的稳产性能为差。
小麦品种混种可降低条锈病病情指数至一定程度,这一趋势在本研究中是明显的,尤其是在发病强度相对较高的2004～2005年的试验中。综合2003～2004和2004～2005两年试验来看,小麦品种混种的条锈病病情指数与其组分单种条锈病病情指数的平均数相比,两年平均减少57.70%,减少幅度从37.2%到72.2%不等。对2004～2005年所得资料进一步分析表明,小麦品种混种对条锈病的病害防治效应有随组分数目的增加而提高的趋势,其原因主要是:增加组分数目实际上是减少了组分单种时具有最大病情指数的组分在品种混种群体中所占的比例,从而减少了该组分在品种混种群体中的植株数目。
本研究证明,小麦品种混种对条锈病的病害防治效应与其相对应的产量效应之间,有时具有较强的相关性,有时则没有相关性或其相关性较弱。
根据上述研究结果,小麦品种混种由于不损害产量稳定性,同时与其组分单种产量的平均数相比具有产量优势,并能降低条锈病病情指数,因而利用现有品种或新育成品种组合成一定的品种混种群体,通过田间试验而应用于大田生产,对有些小麦产区如云南省小麦产区,具有一定的实用价值,而对有些小麦产区,即使仅将其作为纯系品种单种的一种补充性的栽培方法而加以利用,可能也是有益的。
As a means of crop culture of using within-species crop heterogeneity to increase productivity, cultivar mixtures have been studied in many aspects in Europe and North America; however, a study of the subject is made a little in China, among them much is mainly focused on disease aspects of a few of small grain crops. The Province of Yunnan in the country is located in the North Temperate Zone and the sub-tropical zone, and in the province the area of wheat culture is about 55.9 thousand hectares and wheat stripe rust has tended to be increasingly severe in recent years. The first and main objective of this study was to compare yield performance of wheat cultivars and their mixtures. Its second objective was to evaluate effect of those mixtures on severity of stripe rust in wheat in natural infection.
Based on the main objective of the study, multi-site and–treatment experiments on six wheat mixtures combined using seven cultivars-Fan19, Yin11-12, Chuanmai107, Jingmai10, Qingchun55, 46548-3 and An96-8, in which 2-7 components were included and equal proportions used, ware conducted in Qujing, Yunnan in 2003-2004, 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively. A comparison between mixtures and their components was made by evaluation of mixture yields relative both to their component means (the results called effect on yield in the present study) and to yields of their higher- or highest-yielding components and lower- or lowest-yielding components.
The results showed that in the absence of disease and under less severely diseased conditions, mixture yield exceeded their component means by 3.9% on average. In all 36 comparisons, frequencies of positive, zero and negative mixture effect on yield ware 69.4%, 8.3% and 22.3%, respectively, and the frequencies of the first two items ware summed up to 77.7%. For positive effects, 40.0% of comparative results ware significant (P<0.05); and in contrast, only 12.5% of comparative results ware significant (P<0.05)for negative effects. Thus, yield advantages of mixtures tended to be greater than disadvantages.
Mixture effect on yield changed with individual environments (experimental years×sites×treatments) in its nature and magnitude, especially in the latter. There ware five out of the six mixtures found to be the maximum or minimum effects on yield in fertile soil. There was no significant relationship between mixture effect on yield and mixture component number: r=0.719(r0.05=0.811). Because strictly equally-proportional mixtures were used in the study, for mixture composition, factors influencing mixture effect on yield should be mainly due to component diversity.
Although mixtures sometimes out-yielded their higher- or highest-yielding components, the differences between them ware seldom significant. In all 36 comparisons, there was only one mixture composed of Fan19 and Yin11-12 out-yielding its higher-yielding component significantly(P<0.05)in one of six environments, which accounting for 2.8% of the total comparisons. Yields of mixtures significantly inferior to those of their lower- or lowest-yielding components ware not found in the study.
Mixtures’having an advantage over their components in yield stability was not demonstrated in the study using both measures of coefficient of variation and regression analysis, though yields of mixtures ware not any less stable than their components.
Disease index of stripe rust in mixtures decreased to some degree, especially in the experiment conducted in 2004-2005, when the disease was relatively more severe than in 2003-2004. To sum up these two years’results, the reduction in disease index of stripe rust in mixtures relative to their component means was 57.70%, ranging from 37.2% to 72.2%. Based on data in 2004-2005, analysis indicated that there was a trend towards greater mixture effect on disease from increased component number; the main reason for this was that in mixtures, increase in component number substantially decreased the proportion of the component with the greatest disease index in pure stands so reduced its plant number.
It was evident in the study that mixture effect on yield was not always closely correlated to mixture effect on stripe rust in wheat
Based on the above results, considering that wheat cultivar mixtures did not damage stability of yield, that their yields had an advantage over their component means and that they reduced disease index of stripe rust, using cultivar mixtures combined using existing and new cultivars through field experiments would be of practical value to wheat production in Yunnan and could be a valuable supplement to growing alone pure line varieties in other wheat production areas in the country.
引文
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