磐石市城市地下水环境评价
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摘要
论文针对磐石市地下水开发利用现状及存在的问题,以客观掌握人类活动影响下地下水环境状态,保护磐石市城市地下水环境,实现地下水资源可持续利用为目标,在系统分析磐石市城市地下水资源形成与赋存的环境条件基础上,利用水量均衡法计算各典型年份地下水资源量,并根据目前各区段地下水开采程度不均匀的现状,计算各集中供水水源地、富水地段的地下水开发潜力。利用2002年地下水水质监测数据,进行供水水质评价,并采用四种综合评价方法进行地下水环境质量评价,客观地反映人类活动影响下磐石市地下水质量现状。在上述研究基础上,利用模糊综合评判法计算磐石市的水资源价值,指导磐石市的水价市场改革。本项研究可为磐石市城市地下水资源的合理开发与科学管理提供决策依据,对于实现磐石市地下水资源的可持续利用具有重要的现实意义。
Water is the basic nature resources and strategic economic resources. Groundwater is important water supply source of many cities in the northern region in our country and it plays a very important role in the local economy and social development. With industrial and agricultural economic sustainable development of Panshi City, the demand for water increases and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources increase, groundwater pollution has been worsening in recent years. The paper is against the current development and existing problems of groundwater in Panshi City. It aims at grasping groundwater state of the environment objectively under the effect of human activities, protecting groundwater environment in Panshi City and achieving sustainable use of ground water resources Panshi City. On the basis systematic analysis of groundwater resources formation and the occurrence conditions of physical geography, geology and hydrogeology. We adopt water balance method to calculate groundwater recharge and resource exploitation of various typical years. According to the uneven status of groundwater exploitation extent in research district, we can calculate groundwater development potential. We used the monitoring data of groundwater quality in 2002, adopted a variety ofevaluation methods to evaluate groundwater quality and reflected the groundwater quality status influenced by human activities objectively in Panshi City. Based on the previous study, we adopted fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to calculate the value of water to guide the water price reforms in Panshi City. This study may supply decision-making rule for rational exploitation and scientific management of groundwater resources in Panshi City. And it has great practical significance for achieving the sustainable use of groundwater resources in Panshi City.
The main achievements of the paper are as follows:
1. The analysis of groundwater occurrence and environmental conditions and the survey of pollution.
We mastered the groundwater macroeconomic quality situation through the analysis of groundwater occurrence and environmental conditions and the survey of pollution. The region where has poor groundwater quality is the main urban areas of groundwater landed depressions in Panshi City. There are two reasons for poor groundwater quality. First, all kinds of polluting substances went into groundwater bodies caused by lowering of the groundwater table and water quality deteriorated. Second, the long-term exploitation of groundwater led to a significant decline in local groundwater, and groundwater flew faster. So the lixiviation between water the rocks increased and various ions in the groundwater generally increased and total hardness was excessive. Groundwater chemical composition content is increasing from the far away the urban areas to the urban areas.
2. The calculation of groundwater resources amount.
The paper has determined the path of groundwater recharge, runoff and discharge by means of analyzing the characteristics of groundwater distribution and cycle. We adopt water amount equilibrium method to calculate groundwater resources amounts of various typical years. The groundwater recharge amount is 1429.1×104m3·a-1 when the guaranteed rateof precipitation is 50%, the allowable withdrawal of groundwater resources in that year is 1769.32×104m3·a-1. The allowable withdrawal of groundwater in river valley is 1453.7×104m3·a-1.and the modulus of allowable withdrawal of groundwater is 24.23×104m3·km-2·a-1.
3. To analyze groundwater exploitation potentiality.
The paper calculated the coefficient of groundwater exploitation and the modulus of groundwater resources potentiality in seven sub-zones including three water source fields and urban district, by using the present actual withdrawal of groundwater and the allowable withdrawal of groundwater on condition that the guaranteed rate of precipitation is 50%. Groundwater exploitation potentiality of fissure-karst water in Changjia areas and pore water in Dongxingli areas are large, where the modulus of groundwater resources potential are 65.64×104m3·km-2·a-1 and 19.33×104m3·km-2·a-1 respectively. Groundwater exploitation potential of No.1 and No.3 water source fields are very small. Withdrawal of No.2 water source field is little beyond its allowable withdrawal of groundwater, so there is totally no exploitation potential. Groundwater of urban district is serious over-exploitation, so the withdrawal should be compressed.
4. The water-quality evaluation of groundwater supplying.
The paper evaluated the water-quality of groundwater supplying according to the monitoring results of water-quality in 2002, including drinking water evaluation, industrial water evaluation, agricultural water evaluation. Almost all the groundwater in the study region meets drinking water standards, yet in some areas individual index exceeds the standard due to the adverse effects caused by human activities. Groundwater in the study area won’t have the erosion hazard to the concrete as the construction water. The groundwater will have the damage to the boiler because of hard scale formation is relatively strong as the boiler water, however, it won’t have blister harm and corrosive hurt to the boiler. The groundwater in the studyarea won’t have the defective effect on the main crop growth as long-term irrigation agricultural water.
5. Quality of groundwater environment assessment.
The paper selected the evaluation factors to evaluate the quality of groundwater environment, such as TDS, total hardness, Cl-, SO42-, et al. The evaluate results of the four evaluation method are uniform, which are F value method of Chinese standard, fuzzy integrated judgement method, grey clustering method and NN method. The majority of local groundwater quality is good, reaches I orⅡlevel of water quality standard. The content of each chemical constituent gradually increases from faraway areas to urban district. The groundwater quality reachesⅣorⅤlevel of standard in urban district, where groundwater suffers from contamination. The groundwater depression cone of urban district is the main induction factor of groundwater contamination.
6. To calculate the value of water resources.
The water resources value in Panshi city has been calculated by an established fuzzy mathematical model with evaluation factors such as water quality, water resources amounts, gross national product and population density according to the real situation of Panshi city. The results of water resources price in Panshi city is 2.8 yuan($)/m3. At present the average water price in the city is 2.4 yuan($)/m3, which is low obviously. Therefore water price reform is necessary.
Water is the basic nature resources and strategic economic resources. Groundwater is important water supply source of many cities in the northern region in our country and it plays a very important role in the local economy and social development. With industrial and agricultural economic sustainable development of Panshi City, the demand for water increases and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources increase, groundwater pollution has been worsening in recent years. The paper is against the current development and existing problems of groundwater in Panshi City. It aims at grasping groundwater state of the environment objectively under the effect of human activities, protecting groundwater environment in Panshi City and achieving sustainable use of ground water resources Panshi City. On the basis systematic analysis of groundwater resources formation and the occurrence conditions of physical geography, geology and hydrogeology. We adopt water balance method to calculate groundwater recharge and resource exploitation of various typical years. According to the uneven status of groundwater exploitation extent in research district, we can calculate groundwater development potential. We used the monitoring data of groundwater quality in 2002, adopted a variety ofevaluation methods to evaluate groundwater quality and reflected the groundwater quality status influenced by human activities objectively in Panshi City. Based on the previous study, we adopted fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to calculate the value of water to guide the water price reforms in Panshi City. This study may supply decision-making rule for rational exploitation and scientific management of groundwater resources in Panshi City. And it has great practical significance for achieving the sustainable use of groundwater resources in Panshi City.
The main achievements of the paper are as follows:
1. The analysis of groundwater occurrence and environmental conditions and the survey of pollution.
We mastered the groundwater macroeconomic quality situation through the analysis of groundwater occurrence and environmental conditions and the survey of pollution. The region where has poor groundwater quality is the main urban areas of groundwater landed depressions in Panshi City. There are two reasons for poor groundwater quality. First, all kinds of polluting substances went into groundwater bodies caused by lowering of the groundwater table and water quality deteriorated. Second, the long-term exploitation of groundwater led to a significant decline in local groundwater, and groundwater flew faster. So the lixiviation between water the rocks increased and various ions in the groundwater generally increased and total hardness was excessive. Groundwater chemical composition content is increasing from the far away the urban areas to the urban areas.
2. The calculation of groundwater resources amount.
The paper has determined the path of groundwater recharge, runoff and discharge by means of analyzing the characteristics of groundwater distribution and cycle. We adopt water amount equilibrium method to calculate groundwater resources amounts of various typical years. The groundwater recharge amount is 1429.1×104m3·a-1 when the guaranteed rateof precipitation is 50%, the allowable withdrawal of groundwater resources in that year is 1769.32×104m3·a-1. The allowable withdrawal of groundwater in river valley is 1453.7×104m3·a-1.and the modulus of allowable withdrawal of groundwater is 24.23×104m3·km-2·a-1.
3. To analyze groundwater exploitation potentiality.
The paper calculated the coefficient of groundwater exploitation and the modulus of groundwater resources potentiality in seven sub-zones including three water source fields and urban district, by using the present actual withdrawal of groundwater and the allowable withdrawal of groundwater on condition that the guaranteed rate of precipitation is 50%. Groundwater exploitation potentiality of fissure-karst water in Changjia areas and pore water in Dongxingli areas are large, where the modulus of groundwater resources potential are 65.64×104m3·km-2·a-1 and 19.33×104m3·km-2·a-1 respectively. Groundwater exploitation potential of No.1 and No.3 water source fields are very small. Withdrawal of No.2 water source field is little beyond its allowable withdrawal of groundwater, so there is totally no exploitation potential. Groundwater of urban district is serious over-exploitation, so the withdrawal should be compressed.
4. The water-quality evaluation of groundwater supplying.
The paper evaluated the water-quality of groundwater supplying according to the monitoring results of water-quality in 2002, including drinking water evaluation, industrial water evaluation, agricultural water evaluation. Almost all the groundwater in the study region meets drinking water standards, yet in some areas individual index exceeds the standard due to the adverse effects caused by human activities. Groundwater in the study area won’t have the erosion hazard to the concrete as the construction water. The groundwater will have the damage to the boiler because of hard scale formation is relatively strong as the boiler water, however, it won’t have blister harm and corrosive hurt to the boiler. The groundwater in the studyarea won’t have the defective effect on the main crop growth as long-term irrigation agricultural water.
5. Quality of groundwater environment assessment.
The paper selected the evaluation factors to evaluate the quality of groundwater environment, such as TDS, total hardness, Cl-, SO42-, et al. The evaluate results of the four evaluation method are uniform, which are F value method of Chinese standard, fuzzy integrated judgement method, grey clustering method and NN method. The majority of local groundwater quality is good, reaches I orⅡlevel of water quality standard. The content of each chemical constituent gradually increases from faraway areas to urban district. The groundwater quality reachesⅣorⅤlevel of standard in urban district, where groundwater suffers from contamination. The groundwater depression cone of urban district is the main induction factor of groundwater contamination.
6. To calculate the value of water resources.
The water resources value in Panshi city has been calculated by an established fuzzy mathematical model with evaluation factors such as water quality, water resources amounts, gross national product and population density according to the real situation of Panshi city. The results of water resources price in Panshi city is 2.8 yuan($)/m3. At present the average water price in the city is 2.4 yuan($)/m3, which is low obviously. Therefore water price reform is necessary.
引文
[1] 汪恕诚.《水环境承载能力分析与调控》—在中国水利学会成立 70 周年大会上的学术报告 [EB/OL]. http://www.c-water.com.cn/report/01110701.htm.
[2] 中 国 科 学 院 地 学 部 . 中 国 水 问 题 的 出 路 [EB/OL].http ://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=398.
[3] 程晓冰.水资源保护概况[EB/OL].http://kkb.hhu.edu.cn/lt/lt018.htm.
[4] 陈德敏,张玉飞.水资源法制研究[D].国家环境保护总局武汉大学环境保护研究所.2003 年中国法学会资源环境法学研究会论文集[C],2003.
[5] 雪勤.加强水环境保护依法防治水污染[J].北华大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3):19-22.
[6] 朱党生,王超,程晓冰.水资源保护规划的理论与技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.
[7] 禹雪中,李术军,等.网络环境下水环境信息系统开发[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,1999,3(1):62-69.
[8] 禹雪中,李锦秀,等.水环境信息系统的技术体系[J].水利学报,2003(8):11-16
[9] 郭劲松,王红,龙腾锐.水资源水质评价方法分析与进展[J].重庆环境科学,1999,21(6):1-9.
[10] 黄兴国,刘秀花.水环境质量评价中几种方法的对比[J].地下水,2005,27(2):125-135.
[11] 兰文辉,安海燕.环境水质评价方法的分析与探讨[J].干旱环境监测,2002,16(3):167-169.
[12] 虞登梅.两种不同的水环境质量评价方法应用与比较[J].安徽理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,26(1):6-9
[13] 章炎麟.模糊数学在水环境评价中的应用[J].科学技术与工程,2005,5(15):1111-1113
[14] 薛巧英.水环境质量评价方法的比较分析[J].环境保护科学,2004,30(124):64-67
[15] 崔玉波.综合水环境质量评价的新方法[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报,1997(4):25-30
[16] 谢武,王旭.物元分析法在水质评价中的应用[J].吉林水利,2006,4(285):1-3.
[17] 汪家权,刘万茹,钱家忠,等.地下水环境质量评价 Fuzzy-Grey 模式[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,23(1):73-77.
[18] Lobanova,H. V. Hydrogical computations for hydropower projects in changing environment[A].Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Hydropower Development Hydropower 01.Hydropower in the New Millennium[C].2001:281-287.
[19] 陈晓宏,江涛等.水环境评价与规划[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2001:4-11
[20] 钱家忠,汪家权.中国北方型裂隙岩溶水模拟及水环境质量评价[M].合肥:合肥工业大学出版社,2003:15-18.
[21] 王贵玲,刘志明,刘华台,等.地下水潜力评价方法[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,30(1):63-66
[22] 秦毅苏,朱延华,曹树林,等.黄河流域地下水资源合理开发利用[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1998:66-69.
[23] 虞登梅,江晓益.地下水水质评价的人工神经网络法[J].西安科技学院学报,2003,23(1):27-29.
[24] 倪深海,白玉慧.BP 神经网络在地下水水质评价中的应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000(8):124-127.
[25] 邓聚龙.灰色系统基本方法[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1987.
[26] 苑希民,李鸿雁,刘树坤,等.神经网络和遗传算法在水科学领域的应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[27] 阎平凡,张长水.人工神经网络与模拟进化计算[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[28] 蒋福兴,田立慧,白国峰,改进的 BP 神经网络在浑河水质评价中的应用[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(5):616-617.
[29] 张文鸽,李会安,蔡大应.水质评价的人工神经网络方法[J].东北水利水电,2004,22(10):42-45.
[30] 杨志英.BP 神经网络在水质评价中的应用[J].武汉:中国农村水利水电,2001(9):27-29.
[31] 黄胜伟,董曼玲.自适应变步长 BP 神经网络在水质评价中的应用[J].水利学报,2002(10)119-123.
[32] 李朝峰,屈颖歌,夏德深,等.BP 网络改进模型的性能对比研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2003(19):120-121.
[33] 吴凌云.BP 神经网络学习算法的改进及其应用[J],信息技术,2003,27(7):42-44.
[34] H.A. Babri,Y.Q. Chen,T. Yin. Improving backpropagation learning under limited precision Pattern Recognition Letters,1998,19:1007-1016.00000
[35] 金丕彦,丙勇.BP 算法各种改进算法的研究及应用[J].南京航空航天大学学报,1994,26(增刊):201-205.
[36] 张健.论水资源价值与水资源管理[J].四川水利,2001(2):57-60.
[37] 沈大军,梁瑞驹,王浩,等.水资源价值[J].水利学报,1998(5):54-59.
[38] 辛长爽,金锐.水资源价值及其确定方法研究[J].西北水资源与水工程,2002,13(4):15-17.
[39] Jiang Wenlai,et al. Studies on the controlling of sewage discharge by means of price management. IAIA,1993.
[40] 姜文来.水资源价值模型研究[J].资源科学,1998,20(1):35-43.
[2] 中 国 科 学 院 地 学 部 . 中 国 水 问 题 的 出 路 [EB/OL].http ://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=398.
[3] 程晓冰.水资源保护概况[EB/OL].http://kkb.hhu.edu.cn/lt/lt018.htm.
[4] 陈德敏,张玉飞.水资源法制研究[D].国家环境保护总局武汉大学环境保护研究所.2003 年中国法学会资源环境法学研究会论文集[C],2003.
[5] 雪勤.加强水环境保护依法防治水污染[J].北华大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3):19-22.
[6] 朱党生,王超,程晓冰.水资源保护规划的理论与技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.
[7] 禹雪中,李术军,等.网络环境下水环境信息系统开发[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,1999,3(1):62-69.
[8] 禹雪中,李锦秀,等.水环境信息系统的技术体系[J].水利学报,2003(8):11-16
[9] 郭劲松,王红,龙腾锐.水资源水质评价方法分析与进展[J].重庆环境科学,1999,21(6):1-9.
[10] 黄兴国,刘秀花.水环境质量评价中几种方法的对比[J].地下水,2005,27(2):125-135.
[11] 兰文辉,安海燕.环境水质评价方法的分析与探讨[J].干旱环境监测,2002,16(3):167-169.
[12] 虞登梅.两种不同的水环境质量评价方法应用与比较[J].安徽理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,26(1):6-9
[13] 章炎麟.模糊数学在水环境评价中的应用[J].科学技术与工程,2005,5(15):1111-1113
[14] 薛巧英.水环境质量评价方法的比较分析[J].环境保护科学,2004,30(124):64-67
[15] 崔玉波.综合水环境质量评价的新方法[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报,1997(4):25-30
[16] 谢武,王旭.物元分析法在水质评价中的应用[J].吉林水利,2006,4(285):1-3.
[17] 汪家权,刘万茹,钱家忠,等.地下水环境质量评价 Fuzzy-Grey 模式[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,23(1):73-77.
[18] Lobanova,H. V. Hydrogical computations for hydropower projects in changing environment[A].Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Hydropower Development Hydropower 01.Hydropower in the New Millennium[C].2001:281-287.
[19] 陈晓宏,江涛等.水环境评价与规划[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2001:4-11
[20] 钱家忠,汪家权.中国北方型裂隙岩溶水模拟及水环境质量评价[M].合肥:合肥工业大学出版社,2003:15-18.
[21] 王贵玲,刘志明,刘华台,等.地下水潜力评价方法[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,30(1):63-66
[22] 秦毅苏,朱延华,曹树林,等.黄河流域地下水资源合理开发利用[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1998:66-69.
[23] 虞登梅,江晓益.地下水水质评价的人工神经网络法[J].西安科技学院学报,2003,23(1):27-29.
[24] 倪深海,白玉慧.BP 神经网络在地下水水质评价中的应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000(8):124-127.
[25] 邓聚龙.灰色系统基本方法[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1987.
[26] 苑希民,李鸿雁,刘树坤,等.神经网络和遗传算法在水科学领域的应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[27] 阎平凡,张长水.人工神经网络与模拟进化计算[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[28] 蒋福兴,田立慧,白国峰,改进的 BP 神经网络在浑河水质评价中的应用[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(5):616-617.
[29] 张文鸽,李会安,蔡大应.水质评价的人工神经网络方法[J].东北水利水电,2004,22(10):42-45.
[30] 杨志英.BP 神经网络在水质评价中的应用[J].武汉:中国农村水利水电,2001(9):27-29.
[31] 黄胜伟,董曼玲.自适应变步长 BP 神经网络在水质评价中的应用[J].水利学报,2002(10)119-123.
[32] 李朝峰,屈颖歌,夏德深,等.BP 网络改进模型的性能对比研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2003(19):120-121.
[33] 吴凌云.BP 神经网络学习算法的改进及其应用[J],信息技术,2003,27(7):42-44.
[34] H.A. Babri,Y.Q. Chen,T. Yin. Improving backpropagation learning under limited precision Pattern Recognition Letters,1998,19:1007-1016.00000
[35] 金丕彦,丙勇.BP 算法各种改进算法的研究及应用[J].南京航空航天大学学报,1994,26(增刊):201-205.
[36] 张健.论水资源价值与水资源管理[J].四川水利,2001(2):57-60.
[37] 沈大军,梁瑞驹,王浩,等.水资源价值[J].水利学报,1998(5):54-59.
[38] 辛长爽,金锐.水资源价值及其确定方法研究[J].西北水资源与水工程,2002,13(4):15-17.
[39] Jiang Wenlai,et al. Studies on the controlling of sewage discharge by means of price management. IAIA,1993.
[40] 姜文来.水资源价值模型研究[J].资源科学,1998,20(1):35-43.