超声导波技术及其在管道无损检测中的应用研究
摘要
管道的腐蚀、壁厚减薄等缺陷是石油、化工和水暖工业中面临的主要问题。这些缺陷既可能发生在管道外壁又可能发生在管道内壁，通常致使管道壁厚减薄。而传统无损超声检测技术是单点检测，因而，在检测长距离管道时，这种方法遇到很大困难。而利用纵向超声导波检测管道缺陷，激励导波沿管道传播，通过监测管道回波的变化，达到一次检测数十米的管道范围，并且是全范围检测。但是，由于导波的多模态特性及频散特性，往往使数据分析异常复杂，因此，选择和激励单一模态导波检测管道可大大简化问题分析的复杂性。本文正是针对这一课题深入研究了纵向超声导波技术及其检测管道缺陷的方法。首先，对当前本课题研究领域的进展作出综述，并简要介绍与超声导波技术相关的理论基础；其次，建立了一套有效的实验装置，在此实验装置基础上，重点研究了采用分布式PZT传感器在管中激励和接收特定模态超声导波的方法：根据在管状波导中传播的超声波具有频散现象及多模态特征，选择具有单一频率的特定信号激励超声导波，使其频散最小；同时采用分布式传感器抑制不同模态的波型。经大量实验验证，其实验结果与理论预测相吻合。在此基础上，进一步研究管道缺陷回波的特性，通过分析、处理接收到的管道中的缺陷回波特征，达到缺陷识别和定位的目的。
Corrosion and pitting defects in pipe work are major problems in the oil, chemical, and other industries. These defects can occur at the outer or inner surface of the pipe and can lead to a serious loss of pipe wall thickness. Traditional Ultrasonic nondestructive testing techniques are single position measurements, therefore, they tend to be so slow that making long distance pipe inspection is almost impossible. An alternative to traditional pipe detection method is to excite stress waves, which can propagate along the pipe, and to monitor the response of the pipe for changes in the received signal at some remote positioa An ultrasonic inspection technique using guided waves was applied to detect and determine the exact location of flaws in long steel pipes. Since many modes of guided waves are generated due to guided waves' multi-modes characteristic in the inspected pipe, to select and excite only single mode to detect 1he pipe can obviously simplify the analysis complexity. The project just do research on using certain guided wave modes to detect the pipe flaw. First, the development in this field was introduced. And the relative theories and basis were explained. Finally, some important conclusions were drawn, that is, using distributed PZT transducers, ultrasonic guided waves are generated and received in a pipe. Usually, there are many different modes of guided wave propagating in the pipe and these modes are generally dispersive, the specific exciting signal of a Harming windowed toneburst with a central frequency of 70kHz for decreasing the effect of dispersion was selected. And guided wave are generated using 16 distributed PZT transducers in a circumferential direction for suppressing flexural modes. The experimental results greatly agreed with the theoretical ones. On this basis, the flaw of the pipe can be detected and located by analysing the data from the receiving waves.
Corrosion and pitting defects in pipe work are major problems in the oil, chemical, and other industries. These defects can occur at the outer or inner surface of the pipe and can lead to a serious loss of pipe wall thickness. Traditional Ultrasonic nondestructive testing techniques are single position measurements, therefore, they tend to be so slow that making long distance pipe inspection is almost impossible. An alternative to traditional pipe detection method is to excite stress waves, which can propagate along the pipe, and to monitor the response of the pipe for changes in the received signal at some remote positioa An ultrasonic inspection technique using guided waves was applied to detect and determine the exact location of flaws in long steel pipes. Since many modes of guided waves are generated due to guided waves' multi-modes characteristic in the inspected pipe, to select and excite only single mode to detect 1he pipe can obviously simplify the analysis complexity. The project just do research on using certain guided wave modes to detect the pipe flaw. First, the development in this field was introduced. And the relative theories and basis were explained. Finally, some important conclusions were drawn, that is, using distributed PZT transducers, ultrasonic guided waves are generated and received in a pipe. Usually, there are many different modes of guided wave propagating in the pipe and these modes are generally dispersive, the specific exciting signal of a Harming windowed toneburst with a central frequency of 70kHz for decreasing the effect of dispersion was selected. And guided wave are generated using 16 distributed PZT transducers in a circumferential direction for suppressing flexural modes. The experimental results greatly agreed with the theoretical ones. On this basis, the flaw of the pipe can be detected and located by analysing the data from the receiving waves.
引文
1 何宏，李琳，江秀汉．国外管道内腐蚀检测技术进展．焊管，2001，24(3)：27～31
2 李文．火力发电厂锅炉管道无损检测技术现状和展望．湖北电力，1999，23(2)：58-59
3 赵松龄，盛胜我，殷业．自来水管网声学检漏技术的研究．同济大学学报，1997，25(2)：173～174
4 何存富、吴斌、范晋伟．超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展．力学进展，2001，3(2)：203-214
5 冯若，姚锦钟，管立勋．超声手册．南京大学出版社，1999，10
6 他得安，刘镇清，田光春．超声导波在管材中的传播特性．声学技术，2001，(3)：131～134
7 阎铭．钢管混凝土超声波检测．水文地质工程地质，2001，3：23～27
8 刘镇清．超声无损检测与评价中信号处理及模式识别．无损检测，2001，31(2)：203～214
9 刘明才，于晓鹏，张文波．多小波在信号滤波中的应用．计算机工程与科学，2001，23(3)：97～99
10 张海燕，吴淼，孙智等．小波变换和模糊模式识别技术在金属超声检测缺陷分类中的应用．无损检测，2000，22(2)：51～54
11 刘林，郝保国．时频分析理论及应用．计算机自动测量与控制，2001，9(4)：44-47
12 李金龙．小波变换方法及其应用．地震，2001，23(3)：90～97
13 刘镇清，刘骁．超声无损检测的若干新进展．无损检测，2000，22(9)：403～405
14 陈积懋．声学综合无损检测技术．无损检测，2000，2(4)：64-69
15 沈建中，黎连修．超声无损检测的进展．无损检测，1998，20(2)：31-38
16 陈积懋．无损检测新技术20年回顾．无损检测，1998，20(7)：181～185
17 刘镇清．超声无损检测中的导波技术．无损检测，1999，21(8)：367～375
18 刘镇清．无损检测中的超声兰姆波技术．无损检测，1999，21(9)：409～413
19 刘镇清．圆管中的超声导波．无损检测，1999，21(12)：560-568
20 徐可北．金属薄板兰姆波检测技术．无损检测，1999，21(10)：461～465
21 侯晟业．SCPI语言及微机控制测量仪器编程．电子技术，1998，(10)：465～46
22 腾卫杰．VB5.0环境下基于SCPI语言的仪表与PC机的通讯．计算机自动测量与控制，2000，(5)：38～39
23 Hewlett-Packard Company. HP33120A 函数发生器用户手册．1998， 6
24 United Electronic Industries Company. PowerDAQ User Manual, 2000, 4
25 陈溯，王思化．用GPIB接口编程控制泰克数字示波器．微电子学与计算机，1998，(5)：15～19
26 倪琼华．高速数据采集卡的分析和应用．火控雷达技术，2000，29：29～30
27 吴家龙．弹性力学．同济大学出版社，1987
28 M.G. Silk, K. P. Bainton. Propagation in metal tubing of ultrasonic wave modes equivalent to lamb waves. Ultrasonics, 1979, 17(1): 11～19
29 M. Brook, T.D.K. Bgoc, J. Eder. Ultrasonics inspection of steam generator tubing by chemical guided waves. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1990, 9:243～249
30 K.Maslov, TKundu. Selection of Lamb Modes for Detecting Internal Defects in Composite Laminates. Ultrasonics, 1997,35:141～150
31 R.C.Addision,Jr., A.D.W. McKie. Laser-Based Ultrasound Arrays for Generation and Detection of Narrowband, Single Mode Lamb Waves. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1994:1201～41204
32 D.A.Hutchins, D.P. Jansen, C.Edwards. Lamb-Wave Tomography Using Non-Contact Transduction. Ultrasoic, 1993, 31(2):97～99
33 Denos C.Gazis. Three-Dimensional Investigtion of the Propation of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1959, 31(5):568-578
34 Joseph L.Rose. Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media. Cambridge University
Press, 1999
35 Jian Li, Joseph L.Rose. Implementing Guided Wave Mode Control by Use of a Phased Transducer Array. IEEE,TUFC, 2001, 48(3) :761-768
36 C.Aristegui, M.J.S.Lowe, P.Cawley. Guided waves in fluid-filled pipes surrunded by different fluids. Ultrasonics, 2001,39:367-375
37 Flavio Poletto, Jose Carcino. On the group velocity of guided waves in drill strings. Acoustical Society of America, 2001, 109(4) : 1743-1746
38 T.Yamasaki, S.Tamai, M.Hirao. Optimum excitation signal for long-range inspection of steel wires by longitudinal waves. NDT&E, 2001, 34:207-212
39 Hideo Nishino, Sunao Takashina, Fukutoshi Uchida, Mikio Takemoto, Kanji Ono. Modal Analysis of Hollow Cylindrical Guided Wave and Application. Japen Society of Applied Physics, 2001, 40:364-370
40 P.Wilcox, M.Lowe. P.Cawley. The effect of dispersion on long-range inspection using ultrasonic guided waves. NDT&E, 2001, 34:1-9．
41 Joseph L.Rose, Xiaoliang Zhao. Flexural Mode Tuning for Pipe Elbow Testing. Material Evaluation, 2001, May:621-624
42 Jian Li, Joseph L.Rose. Guided Wave Testing of Containment Structures. Material Evaluation, 2001, June:783-787
43 Sylvain Chatillon, Ge'rard Cattiaux, Marc Serre, Olivier Roy. Ultrasonic non-destructive testing of pieces of complex geometry with a flexible phased array transducer. Ultrasonics, 2000, 38:131-134
44 Zongbao Li,Y.H.Berthelot. Propagation of transient ultrasound in thick annular waveguides :modeling . experiments. and application. NDT&E , 2000 , 33:225-232
45 J Qu, Y.H.Berthelot, Joseph L.Rose. Crack detection in thick annular components using ultrasonic guided waves. Proc Instn Mech Engr, 2000, 214:1163-1171
46 Friedrich Moser, Laurence J. Jacobs, Jianmin Qu. Modeling elastic wave propagation in waveguides with the finite element method. NDT&E, 1999,
32 :225-234
47 Hyeon Jae Shin, Joseph L.Rose. Guided waves by axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric surface loading on hollow cylinders. Ultrasonics, 1999, 37:355-363
48 Michael J.Quarry, Joseph L.Rose. Multimode Guided Wave Inspection of Piping Using Comb Transducers. Material Evaluation , 1999:1089-1090
49 Wenhao Zhu, Member, Joseph L.Rose. Lamb Wave Generation and Reception with Time-Delay Periodic Linear Arrays:A BEM Simulation and Experimental Study
50 Christine Valle, Jianmin Qu, Laurence J. Jacobs. Guided circumferential waves in layered cylinders. International Journal of Engineering Science, 1999, 37:1369-1387
51 J.L.Rose, S.P.Pelts, M.J.Quarry. A comb transducer model for guided wave NDE. Ultrasonics, 1998, 36:163-169
52 Guoli Liu, Jianmin Qu. Guided Circumferential Waves in a Circular Annulus. ASME, 1998, 65:424-430
53 Guoli Liu, Jianmin Qu. Transient wave propagation in a circular annulus subjected to transient excitation on its outer surface. J.Acoust.Soc.Am, 1998, 104(3) :1210-1220
54 M.J.S.Lowe, D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. The Mode Conversion of a Guided Wave by a Part-Circumferential Notch in a Pipe. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1998, 65:649-656
55 MJ.S.Lowe, D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. Defect detection in pipes using guided waves. Ultrasonics, 1998, 36:147-154
56 M.J.S.Lowe, D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. The Reflection of Guided Waves From Circumferential Notches in Pipes. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1998, 65:635-641
57 Hyeon Jae Shin, Joseph L.Rose. Guided Wave Tuning Principles for Defect Detection in Tubing. Journal of NDE, 1998, 17(1) :27-36
58 D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. Long Range Propagation of Lamb Waves in Chemical Plant Pipework. Materials Evaluation, 1997, 7:505-508
59 Michael Lowe, David Alleyne, Peter Cawley. Mode Conversion of Guided Waves by Defects in Pipes. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1997, 16:1261-1268
60 D.N.Alleyne , P.Cawley, A.M.Lank, P.J.Mudge. The Lamb Wave Inspection of Chemical Plant Pipework. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1997, 16:1269-1275
61 Joseph L. Rose, James Barshinger. Using Ultrasonic Guided Wave Mode Cutoff for Corrosion Detection and Classification. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1998:851-853
62 Joseph L. Rose. Recent Advances In Guided Wave NDE. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1995:761-767
63 Alleyne D N, Cawley P. A two-dimensional Fourier transform method for the measurement of propagating multimode signals. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1991, 89(3) : 1159-1168
64 Alleyne D N, Cawley P. Optimization of Lamb wave inspection techniques. NDT&E International, 1992, 25(1) : 11-22
65 Lowe M J S, Alleyne D N, Cawley P. Defect detection in pipes using guided waves. Ultrasonics, 1998, 36(2) : 147-154
66 Rose J L, Ditri J J, Pilarski A, Rajana K M, Frank T. Carr. A guided wave inspection technique for nuclear steam generator tubing. NDT & E International, 1994, 27(6) : 307-310
67 Alleyne D N, Cawley P. The excitation of Lamb waves in pipes using dry coupled piezoelectric transducer. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 1996, 15(1) : 11-20
68 Edward J. Owens. Automatic Transmit-Receive Switch Uses No Relays But Handles High Power. J.Acoust.Soc.Am, 1980,68(2) :712-713
2 李文．火力发电厂锅炉管道无损检测技术现状和展望．湖北电力，1999，23(2)：58-59
3 赵松龄，盛胜我，殷业．自来水管网声学检漏技术的研究．同济大学学报，1997，25(2)：173～174
4 何存富、吴斌、范晋伟．超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展．力学进展，2001，3(2)：203-214
5 冯若，姚锦钟，管立勋．超声手册．南京大学出版社，1999，10
6 他得安，刘镇清，田光春．超声导波在管材中的传播特性．声学技术，2001，(3)：131～134
7 阎铭．钢管混凝土超声波检测．水文地质工程地质，2001，3：23～27
8 刘镇清．超声无损检测与评价中信号处理及模式识别．无损检测，2001，31(2)：203～214
9 刘明才，于晓鹏，张文波．多小波在信号滤波中的应用．计算机工程与科学，2001，23(3)：97～99
10 张海燕，吴淼，孙智等．小波变换和模糊模式识别技术在金属超声检测缺陷分类中的应用．无损检测，2000，22(2)：51～54
11 刘林，郝保国．时频分析理论及应用．计算机自动测量与控制，2001，9(4)：44-47
12 李金龙．小波变换方法及其应用．地震，2001，23(3)：90～97
13 刘镇清，刘骁．超声无损检测的若干新进展．无损检测，2000，22(9)：403～405
14 陈积懋．声学综合无损检测技术．无损检测，2000，2(4)：64-69
15 沈建中，黎连修．超声无损检测的进展．无损检测，1998，20(2)：31-38
16 陈积懋．无损检测新技术20年回顾．无损检测，1998，20(7)：181～185
17 刘镇清．超声无损检测中的导波技术．无损检测，1999，21(8)：367～375
18 刘镇清．无损检测中的超声兰姆波技术．无损检测，1999，21(9)：409～413
19 刘镇清．圆管中的超声导波．无损检测，1999，21(12)：560-568
20 徐可北．金属薄板兰姆波检测技术．无损检测，1999，21(10)：461～465
21 侯晟业．SCPI语言及微机控制测量仪器编程．电子技术，1998，(10)：465～46
22 腾卫杰．VB5.0环境下基于SCPI语言的仪表与PC机的通讯．计算机自动测量与控制，2000，(5)：38～39
23 Hewlett-Packard Company. HP33120A 函数发生器用户手册．1998， 6
24 United Electronic Industries Company. PowerDAQ User Manual, 2000, 4
25 陈溯，王思化．用GPIB接口编程控制泰克数字示波器．微电子学与计算机，1998，(5)：15～19
26 倪琼华．高速数据采集卡的分析和应用．火控雷达技术，2000，29：29～30
27 吴家龙．弹性力学．同济大学出版社，1987
28 M.G. Silk, K. P. Bainton. Propagation in metal tubing of ultrasonic wave modes equivalent to lamb waves. Ultrasonics, 1979, 17(1): 11～19
29 M. Brook, T.D.K. Bgoc, J. Eder. Ultrasonics inspection of steam generator tubing by chemical guided waves. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1990, 9:243～249
30 K.Maslov, TKundu. Selection of Lamb Modes for Detecting Internal Defects in Composite Laminates. Ultrasonics, 1997,35:141～150
31 R.C.Addision,Jr., A.D.W. McKie. Laser-Based Ultrasound Arrays for Generation and Detection of Narrowband, Single Mode Lamb Waves. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1994:1201～41204
32 D.A.Hutchins, D.P. Jansen, C.Edwards. Lamb-Wave Tomography Using Non-Contact Transduction. Ultrasoic, 1993, 31(2):97～99
33 Denos C.Gazis. Three-Dimensional Investigtion of the Propation of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1959, 31(5):568-578
34 Joseph L.Rose. Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media. Cambridge University
Press, 1999
35 Jian Li, Joseph L.Rose. Implementing Guided Wave Mode Control by Use of a Phased Transducer Array. IEEE,TUFC, 2001, 48(3) :761-768
36 C.Aristegui, M.J.S.Lowe, P.Cawley. Guided waves in fluid-filled pipes surrunded by different fluids. Ultrasonics, 2001,39:367-375
37 Flavio Poletto, Jose Carcino. On the group velocity of guided waves in drill strings. Acoustical Society of America, 2001, 109(4) : 1743-1746
38 T.Yamasaki, S.Tamai, M.Hirao. Optimum excitation signal for long-range inspection of steel wires by longitudinal waves. NDT&E, 2001, 34:207-212
39 Hideo Nishino, Sunao Takashina, Fukutoshi Uchida, Mikio Takemoto, Kanji Ono. Modal Analysis of Hollow Cylindrical Guided Wave and Application. Japen Society of Applied Physics, 2001, 40:364-370
40 P.Wilcox, M.Lowe. P.Cawley. The effect of dispersion on long-range inspection using ultrasonic guided waves. NDT&E, 2001, 34:1-9．
41 Joseph L.Rose, Xiaoliang Zhao. Flexural Mode Tuning for Pipe Elbow Testing. Material Evaluation, 2001, May:621-624
42 Jian Li, Joseph L.Rose. Guided Wave Testing of Containment Structures. Material Evaluation, 2001, June:783-787
43 Sylvain Chatillon, Ge'rard Cattiaux, Marc Serre, Olivier Roy. Ultrasonic non-destructive testing of pieces of complex geometry with a flexible phased array transducer. Ultrasonics, 2000, 38:131-134
44 Zongbao Li,Y.H.Berthelot. Propagation of transient ultrasound in thick annular waveguides :modeling . experiments. and application. NDT&E , 2000 , 33:225-232
45 J Qu, Y.H.Berthelot, Joseph L.Rose. Crack detection in thick annular components using ultrasonic guided waves. Proc Instn Mech Engr, 2000, 214:1163-1171
46 Friedrich Moser, Laurence J. Jacobs, Jianmin Qu. Modeling elastic wave propagation in waveguides with the finite element method. NDT&E, 1999,
32 :225-234
47 Hyeon Jae Shin, Joseph L.Rose. Guided waves by axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric surface loading on hollow cylinders. Ultrasonics, 1999, 37:355-363
48 Michael J.Quarry, Joseph L.Rose. Multimode Guided Wave Inspection of Piping Using Comb Transducers. Material Evaluation , 1999:1089-1090
49 Wenhao Zhu, Member, Joseph L.Rose. Lamb Wave Generation and Reception with Time-Delay Periodic Linear Arrays:A BEM Simulation and Experimental Study
50 Christine Valle, Jianmin Qu, Laurence J. Jacobs. Guided circumferential waves in layered cylinders. International Journal of Engineering Science, 1999, 37:1369-1387
51 J.L.Rose, S.P.Pelts, M.J.Quarry. A comb transducer model for guided wave NDE. Ultrasonics, 1998, 36:163-169
52 Guoli Liu, Jianmin Qu. Guided Circumferential Waves in a Circular Annulus. ASME, 1998, 65:424-430
53 Guoli Liu, Jianmin Qu. Transient wave propagation in a circular annulus subjected to transient excitation on its outer surface. J.Acoust.Soc.Am, 1998, 104(3) :1210-1220
54 M.J.S.Lowe, D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. The Mode Conversion of a Guided Wave by a Part-Circumferential Notch in a Pipe. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1998, 65:649-656
55 MJ.S.Lowe, D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. Defect detection in pipes using guided waves. Ultrasonics, 1998, 36:147-154
56 M.J.S.Lowe, D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. The Reflection of Guided Waves From Circumferential Notches in Pipes. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1998, 65:635-641
57 Hyeon Jae Shin, Joseph L.Rose. Guided Wave Tuning Principles for Defect Detection in Tubing. Journal of NDE, 1998, 17(1) :27-36
58 D.N.Alleyne, P.Cawley. Long Range Propagation of Lamb Waves in Chemical Plant Pipework. Materials Evaluation, 1997, 7:505-508
59 Michael Lowe, David Alleyne, Peter Cawley. Mode Conversion of Guided Waves by Defects in Pipes. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1997, 16:1261-1268
60 D.N.Alleyne , P.Cawley, A.M.Lank, P.J.Mudge. The Lamb Wave Inspection of Chemical Plant Pipework. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1997, 16:1269-1275
61 Joseph L. Rose, James Barshinger. Using Ultrasonic Guided Wave Mode Cutoff for Corrosion Detection and Classification. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1998:851-853
62 Joseph L. Rose. Recent Advances In Guided Wave NDE. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1995:761-767
63 Alleyne D N, Cawley P. A two-dimensional Fourier transform method for the measurement of propagating multimode signals. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1991, 89(3) : 1159-1168
64 Alleyne D N, Cawley P. Optimization of Lamb wave inspection techniques. NDT&E International, 1992, 25(1) : 11-22
65 Lowe M J S, Alleyne D N, Cawley P. Defect detection in pipes using guided waves. Ultrasonics, 1998, 36(2) : 147-154
66 Rose J L, Ditri J J, Pilarski A, Rajana K M, Frank T. Carr. A guided wave inspection technique for nuclear steam generator tubing. NDT & E International, 1994, 27(6) : 307-310
67 Alleyne D N, Cawley P. The excitation of Lamb waves in pipes using dry coupled piezoelectric transducer. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 1996, 15(1) : 11-20
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