高效液相色谱在线电生试剂化学发光检测技术的研究
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摘要
高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography，简称HPLC)是一种具有高效、快速及应用广泛的现代分离技术。检测器作为HPLC系统的重要组成部分，充当着“眼睛”的角色。近年来，在众多的HPLC检测器当中，化学发光检测器(CLD)由于其具有灵敏度高，线形范围宽及仪器设备简单等优点，被越来越多地应用于各种复杂样品中pg或fg级含量化合物的检测，成为一种理想的分离分析方法，也是当今分析科学领域内研究非常活跃的热点之一。
电生试剂化学发光(Chemiluminescence with electrogenerated reagents)法是利用电化学手段，使不稳定氧化剂在电极上在线产生后与被测物质或发光试剂反应产生化学发光，基于直接氧化还原反应、增敏反应或能量转移过程而建立起的一种新型化学发光分析方法，已用于流动注射化学发光分析。但如何提高该法的选择性，使其在实际应用中真正得到更好和更广泛的应用，仍然是存在的一个问题。围绕这一问题，本研究通过在线电生反应生成BrO~-，[Cu(HIO_6)_2]_5~-，B(OH)_3·OOH~-，Mn(Ⅲ)，Co(Ⅲ)和Ag(Ⅱ)等具有高反应活性的初生态氧化剂，研究了他们的初生态氧化活性；在完成电解池设计、柱后接口、优化色谱分离和化学发光检测器条件的基础上，提出了一系列灵敏度高、选择性好的HPLC-CL检测新方法，为高效液相色谱增添了一种新的具有高灵敏度的检测器；并将这一新的电生试剂化学发光检测器应用于实际样品如食品中违禁添加剂(苏丹红)、药物残留(糖皮质激素、β_2激动剂)及人体血液和尿液某些药物浓度的检测中。现就HPLC-CL检测技术的研究进展(第1章)和具体研究工作(第2-5章)简述如下：
第1章主要就HPLC-CL检测技术的基本原理、系统构建、典型化学发光反应体系(包括鲁米诺及其衍生物、过氧化草酸酯、三(2，2’-联吡啶)钌(Ⅱ)、高锰酸钾、铁氰化钾、四价铈化学发光体系等)及近10年来在生命科学、药学、临床医学、环境及食品等领域的应用和进展情况进行了评述。对这一检测技术在实际应用中存在的问题进行了分析，对其发展方向进行了展望。
第2章就在线电生BrO~--luminol化学发光检测器与高效液相色谱分离技术的结合及其应用进行了研究，包括：
(1)高效液相色谱在线电生BrO~--luminol化学发光法检测辣椒中的苏丹红研究发现，苏丹红(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)能够强烈增敏通过恒电流电解方法在线电生BrO~-和luminol之间产生的化学发光，提出了一种经高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离柱后同时检测4种苏丹红(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)的新方法。色谱分离以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mmi．d．，5μm，pore size，100(?))为色谱柱，甲醇-0.2％甲酸水溶液(90：10，v／v)为流动相，柱温35℃．，流速1.0 mL min~(-1)，同时分离检测四种苏丹红的总时间为25min。系统研究并优化了流动相、电生试剂化学发光检测的有关条件。该法检测四种苏丹红的线性范围分别为：1×10~(-3)～2.0，8×10~(-3)～2.0，5×10(-3)～2.0，8×10~(-3)～4.0μg mL~(-1)；检出限(LOD)(3s)介于4～8μg kg~(-1)，定量限(LOQ)(10s)为13～27μg kg~(-1)。苏丹红在实际样品中的平均加标回收率为94％～105％(添加水平为1.0，1.5mg／kg)。对含4种苏丹红浓度分别为0.01μg mL~(-1)、0.8μg mL~(-1)的样品溶液连续11次平行测定的相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)都小于3.0％，其日间精密度R．S．D．都小于4.4％。该方法已成功应用于辣椒或辣椒酱制品中苏丹红含量的分析。
(2)高效液相色谱在线电生BrO~--luminol化学发光法检测牛奶中残留四环素类化合物的研究
基于四环素类抗生素药物中的四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)和多西环素(DC)能够强烈增敏通过恒电流电解方法在线电生BrO~-和鲁米诺产生化学发光，提出了一种经高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离柱后同时检测4种四环素类抗生素药物的新方法。以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm，i．d．，5μm，pore size，100 (?))为色谱柱，0.05 mol L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾(pH 2.5)—乙腈(30：70，v／v)为流动相，流速1.2 mL min~(-1)，柱温25℃，同时分离检测四种抗生素的总时间为11min。研究并优化了流动相、电生试剂化学发光检测的条件。四种抗生素的检出限为0.002～0.008μg mL~(-1)(3s)，对0.01μg mL~(-1)的四种抗生素测定的相对标准偏差为2.0％～3.6％(n=11)。该检测器已成功应用于牛奶中残留四环素类抗生素含量的分析。
第3章就在线电生[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)化学发光检测技术与高效液相色谱结合在兽药残留分析中的应用进行了研究，主要包括以下2个研究工作：
(3)高效液相色谱在线电生[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminol化学发光法检测猪肝组织中残留糖皮质激素类化合物的研究
本文基于曲安西龙(TR)、泼尼松龙(PR)、氢化可的松(HC)、可的松(CO)、甲基强的松龙(MP)、地塞米松(DE)和曲安奈德(TA)等糖皮质激素能够增敏电生的三价铜配合物[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)和luminol之间产生的化学发光，提出了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离柱后化学发光同时检测这些药物的新方法。HPLC分离是以40％的乙腈和60％的醋酸胺水溶液(1mmol L~(-1)，pH 6.8)作为流动相进行等度沈脱，在流速为0.8 mL min~(-1)，柱温20℃下，7中糖皮质激素在12min内能够很好的分离。猪肝样品中残留糖皮质激素的提取是采用酶法水解并经固相萃取完成的。在优化分离条件和电生试剂化学发光检测条件的基础上，7种糖皮质激素的检出限(LOD)(3s)介于0.08～1.0ng g~(-1)，定量限(LOQ)(10s)为0.27～3.33 ng g~(-1)。日内、日间精密度的相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)都低于6.8％糖皮质激素在实际样品中的平均加标回收率为88％～106％。该法已成功应用于动物组织猪肝中残留糖皮质激素类药物的分析。
(4)高效液相色谱在线电生[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminol化学发光法检测β_2-激动剂的研究
研究发现，β_2-激动剂类药物特布他林(terbutaline，TB)、沙丁胺醇(salbutamol，SB)和克仑特罗(clenbuterol，CB)等能够增敏电生的三价铜配合物[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)和luminol之间产生的化学发光，基于此，提出了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离化学发光同时检测这些药物的新方法。HPLC分离是以90％的乙腈和10％的醋酸胺水溶液(20 mmol L~(-1)，pH 4.0)作为流动相进行等度洗脱，在流速为1.0 mL min~(-1)，柱温25℃下，TB、SB和CB在15min内能够很好的分离。猪肝样品中残留β_2-激动剂的提取是采用酶法水解并经固相萃取完成的。在优化分离条件和电生试剂化学发光检测条件的基础上，TB、SB和CB的检出限(LOD)(3s)介于0.007～0.01 ng g~(-1)，定量限(LOQ)(10s)为0.023～0.033 ng g~(-1)。日内、日间精密度的相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)都低于4.5％。β_2-激动剂在实际样品中的平均加标回收率为84％～110％。
第4章就在线电生初生态过硼酸盐、化学发光活性进行了系统研究，在此基础上，将这一化学发光检测技术与高效液相色谱联用，建立了左旋多巴(LDP)和盐酸苄丝肼、盐酸甲氧氯普胺等物质的HPLC-CL检测新方法。具体内容包括：
(5)高效液相色谱电致初生态B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol化学发光法同时检测左旋多巴和盐酸苄丝肼
在流通体系中，采用恒电流电解硼砂、纯碱和氢氧化钠的水溶液，在Pt电极上在线产生具有初生态特性的B(OH)_3·OOH~-。基于左旋多巴(LDP)和盐酸苄丝肼(BSH)能抑制B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol这一化学发光新体系，结合高效液相色谱分离技术，提出了一种同时测定LDP和BSH的化学发光检测新方法，并将其成功应用于复方片剂多巴丝肼及尿样中LDP和BSH的测定。系统研究了在线电生B(OH)_3·OOH~-的条件及该电生试剂的化学发光反应活性。该法测定LDP和BSH的线性范围分别为0.1～50μg mL~(-1)和0.05～20μg mL-1。检出限(3s)分别为0.04μg mL~(-1)和0.01μg mL~(-1)。
(6)高效液相色谱电致初生态B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol化学发光法检测人血清中的盐酸甲氧氯普胺
基于盐酸甲氧氯普胺(MCP)能抑制初生态B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol这一化学发光新体系，结合高效液相色谱分离技术，提出了一种测定盐酸甲氧氯普胺的高效液相色谱化学发光检测新方法，并将其成功应用于人血清中MCP的测定。优化了色谱分离及化学发光检测条件。该法测定MCP的线性范围分别为5～500ng mL~(-1)，检出限(3s)为0.6 ng mL~(-1)。在一天内通过分别连续11次平行测定浓度为50ng mL~(-1) MCP标准溶液，R．S．D．为3.4％。日间精密度是通过测定含MCP浓度都为50 ng mL~(-1)的2个相同溶液进行的，每天进样6次，连续5天，并计算得日间R．S．D为4.2％。在实际样品中的回收率在94-103％之间。
第5章就在线电生Mn(Ⅲ)、Ag(Ⅱ)及Co(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器与高效液相色谱分离技术的接口，电解池设计及其应用进行了研究，主要包括以下5项工作：
(7)高效液相色谱电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测吲哚美辛的研究
基于非甾体抗炎药物吲哚美辛(Indomethacin，INM)可以被电生的Mn(Ⅲ)直接氧化产生化学发光的原理，设计了一个HPLC在线电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器，并将其应用于药物制剂和一些生物样品中INM的检测。色谱分离是以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm i．d．，5μm，pore size，100 (?))为色谱柱，甲醇-水-冰醋酸(67：33：0.1，v／v／v)为流动相，柱温20℃．，流速1.0 mL min~(-1)，分离检测INM的总时间为10min。系统研究并优化了流动相、电生试剂化学发光检测的有关条件。该法测定INM的线性范围为0.01～10μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991)，检出限(3s)为8ng mL~(-1)。日内相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)为2.2％(C=0.1μg mL~(-1)，n=11)，日间相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)为3.0％(C=0.1μg mL~(-1)，n=6，5d)。INM在人尿样中的回收率大于92％。
(8)高效液相色谱电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测保健食品中的葛根素
基于发现电生Mn(Ⅲ)可以直接氧化葛根素(Puerarin，PU)产生强的化学发光，提出了一种测定PU的高效液相色谱化学发光(HPLC-CL)检测新方法，并将该法成功应用于口服液、保健茶、胶囊及片剂等以葛根为原料的保健食品葛根素含量的分析。该法测定PU的线性范围为2×10~(-3)～1.0μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991)，检出限(3s)为7×10~(-4)μg mL~(-1)。对0.01μg mL~(-1)的PU连续11次平行测定，相对标准偏差为2.3％。PU在一些实际样品中的回收率介于93～108％之间。
(9)高效液相色谱电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测人体血清和尿样中的卡托普利
设计了一个HPLC在线电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器，即采用在线电化学反应产生氧化剂Mn(Ⅲ)，通过改变电解电流实现在线控制其浓度和反应活性，来满足色谱柱后化学发光检测的最佳环境和反应条件。在研究和优化流动相及化学发光检测条件的基础上，将该检测器应用于人血清和尿液中卡托普利含量的分析。色谱分离是以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm i．d．，5μm，pore size，100 (?))为色谱柱，乙腈-1％醋酸水溶液(60：40，v／v)为流动相，柱温25℃．，流速1.2 mL min~(-1)。在选定的实验条件下，卡托普利浓度在5～800 ng mL~(-1)内与化学发光强度成良好的线性关系。对10.0ng／mL的卡托普利平行测定11次，其标准偏差为2.2％，根据IUPAC规定，计算方法的检出限为0.9 ng mL~(-1)。卡托普利在实际样品中的加标回收率为94.8％～103.2％。
(10)高效液相色谱在线电生Ag(Ⅱ)化学发光法检测塞来昔布的研究
基于Ag(Ⅱ)能够直接氧化塞来昔布(CEL)产生强烈的化学发光，首次提出了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC)在线电生Ag(Ⅱ)化学发光检测CEL的新方法。在流动体系中，采用恒电流电解技术氧化稳定的Ag(Ⅰ)，在线产生不稳定的Ag(Ⅱ)，并将其立即与经HPLC分离后的CEL混合，通过改变电解电流来调节Ag(Ⅱ)的浓度来满足色谱柱后化学发光反应的需求。系统研究和优化了在线电生Ag(Ⅱ)的条件、Ag(Ⅱ)的化学发光特性以及HPLC流动相与该发光体系匹配情况等。在此基础上，将该法应用于药物制剂和人体血清中CEL的测定，结果满意。
(11)高效液相色谱在线电生Co(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测盐酸萘甲唑林
基于拟肾上腺素药物盐酸萘甲唑林(Naphazoline Hydrochloride，NH)可以被电生的Co(Ⅲ)直接氧化产生化学发光的原理，设计了一个HPLC在线电生Co(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器，并将其应用于药物制剂中NH的检测。系统研究了在线电生Co(Ⅱ)的条件、Co(Ⅱ)的化学发光特性以及HPLC流动相对这一发光体系的影响等因素。该法测定NH的线性范围为0.1～80.0μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9992)，检出限(3s)为0.05μg mL~(-1)，对1.0μg mL~(-1)的NH连续11次平行测定，相对标准偏差为1.8％。
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) as a powerfulmodern separation technique has been widely used for the analysis of many analytes indiverse fields. Detectors are one of the most important components of HPLC systemsince they produce a wealth of information about the separated components which canbe stored in computers and manipulated as desired to assist solute identification. Inrecent years, chemiluminescence (CL) as a detection technique of HPLC is veryattractive due to higher sensitivity, wider linear dynamic ranges and simplerinstrumentation. The advance of CL detection has greatly catalyzed the growth andpopularity of HPLC-CL application, and made trace analysis possible owing to itscapability of measuring pictogram or femtogram quantities of compounds in thecolumn eluate. The investigations and applications of HPLC-CL technology arecurrently also an important subject, and a hot point in analytical science.
Chemiluminescence analysis with electrogenerated reagents, a novel methodbased on direct CL mechanism or energy-transfer mechanism, coupled with flowinjection analysis (FIA), has been applied in many analytes in certain fields, in whichunstable and nascent regents required for the CL reactions can be generatedelectrochemically on-line.
However, a drawback of low selectivity of this method remains to be furtherstudied for better application and a wider use.
For this purpose, such unstable and nascent reagents as BrO~-, [Cu(HIO_6)_2]_5~-,B(OH)_3·OOH~-, Mn(Ⅲ), Co(Ⅲ) and Ag(Ⅱ) for CL reactions have been on-line orin-situ electrogenerated, coupled with HPLC to provide a novel methodology for bothgood sensitivity and selectivity in detecting analytes in complex matrices. The effectsof several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studiedsystematically. Several novel methods based on HPLC with chemiluminescencedetectetor using on-line or in-situ electrogenerated reagents have been developed forthe determination of Sudan dyes in hot chilli products, glucocorticoid andβ_2-agonistresidues in animal tissues, tetracyclines residues in milk and some drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapters 1 is a review and Chapters 2to 5 are research reports including 11 research works.
In Chapter 1, the development and tendency of the HPLC with CL detection arereviewed. It covers the principles of the HPLC with CL detector, the design of CLdetectors, CL detection systems (including luminol, peroxyoxalatcs, Ru (bpy)_3~(2+),KMnO_4, K_3Fe(CN)_6 and Ce~(4+)) combined with HPLC, the applications of analyticalmethods for many kinds of inorganic, organic and biologic samples, and the trends ofHPLC-CL in environmental, life science, pharmacy and clinical medical science.
In Chapter 2 to 5:
(1) Development and optimization of an analytical method for thedetermination of Sudan dyes in hot chilli pepper by high-performance liquidchromatography with on-line electrogenerated BrO~--luminol chemiluminescencedetection.
The determination of four Sudan dyes by means of high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. Themethod was based on the enhancement effect of Sudan dyes on the chemiluminescencereaction between luminol and BrO~-, which was on-line electrogenerated by constantcurrent electrolysis. The separation was carded out on Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column(250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100 (?)) at 35℃. The mobile phase consisted ofa V (methanol): V (0.2% aqueous formic acid)=90:10 solution. At a flow-rate of 1.0mL min~(-1), the total run time was 25 min. The effects of several parameters on theHPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically. For the four Sudandyes, the limits of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise of 3 ranged from 4 to 8μg kg~(-1)and the limits of quantification (LOQ) at a signal-to-noise of 10 ranged from 13 to 27μg kg~(-1). The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of intra- and inter-day precision werebelow 4.4%. The average recoveries for all four Sudan dyes (spiked at the levels of1.0 and 1.5 mg kg~(-1)) in chilli tomato sauce and hot chilli pepper ranged from 94% to105%, and the relative standard deviations of the quantitative results were from 2.5 to4.2%. The proposed method had been successfully applied to the determination of fourSudan dyes in hot chilli products.
(2) Determination of tetracyclines residues in milk using high performanceliquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated BrO~--luminol chemiluminescence detection.
The determination of four tetracyclines (TCs) by means of high-performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line electrogenerated BrO~--luminolchemiluminescence (CL) detection is proposed. The procedure is based on theenhancement effect of TCs on the chemiluminescence reaction between luminol andBrO~- in alkaline medium. The oxidant BrO~- was on-line electrogenerated by constantcurrent electrolysis. The separation was carried out on Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column(250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100 (?)) at 25℃. The mobile phase consisted ofa V(acetonitrile):V(0.05 molL~(-1) potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 2.5)=30:70 solution. At a flow-rate of 1.2 mL min~(-1), the total run time was 11 min. Theeffects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studiedsystematically. For the four TCs, the detection limits at a signal-to-noise of 3 rangedfrom 0.002 to 0.008μg mL~(-1). The relative standard deviations for the determination ofTCs ranged from 2.0 to 3.6% (n=11, C=0.01μg mL~(-1)). The method has beensatisfactorily applied to the analysis of spiked raw milk samples.
(3) Detection of glucocorticoid residues in pig liver by high-performanceliquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated [Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminolchemiluminescence detection.
A novel method was developed for the simultaneous determination ofglucocorticoid residues such as triamcinolone(TR), prednisolone(PR),hydrocortisone(HC), cortisone(CO), methylprednisolon(MP), dexamethasone (DE)and triamcinolone acetonide(TA) by high-performance liquid chromatographycoupled with chemiluminescence detection. The procedure was based on theenhancement effect of glucocorticoids on the chemiluminescence reaction betweenluminol and the complex of trivalent copper and periodate ([Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)), which wason-line electrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The HPLC separation used aNucleosil RP-C_(18) column (250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100 (?)) with a mobilephase consisting of acetonitrile and 1.0 mmol L~(-1) ammonium acetate (pH 6.8,40:60, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min~(-1).The effects of several parameters on theHPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically. Liver samples werehydrolyzed with Helix pomatia juice followed by a solid-phase extraction procedure.Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise of 3ranged from 0.08 to 1.0 ng g~(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) at a signal-to-noise of 10 ranged from 0.27 to 3.33 ng g~(-1) for seven glucocorticoids. Therelative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of intra- and inter-day precision were below 6.8%.The average recoveries for glucocorticoids (spiked at the levels of 5 to 50 ng g~(-1)) in pigliver ranged from 88 to 106 %, and the relative standard deviations of the quantitativeresults were from 2.0 to 6.9 %. The proposed method had been successfully applied tothe determination of glucocorticoid residues in pig liver.
(4) Development of an analytical method for the determination ofβ_2-agonistresidues in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography withon-line electrogenerated [Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminol chemiluminescence detection.
A novel method was developed for the simultaneous determination ofβ_2-agonistresidues such as terbutaline(TB), salbutamol(SB) and clenbuterol(CB) byhigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with chemiluminescence(CL) detection. The procedure was based on the enhancement effect ofβ_2-agonists onthe chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and the complex of trivalent copperand periodate ([Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)), which was on-line electrogenerated by constant currentelectrolysis. The HPLC separation used a Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column (250mm×4.6mmi.d., 5μm, pore size, 100(?)) with a mobile phase consisting of 90% acetonitrile and10% aqueous ammonium acetate (20 mmolL~(-1), pH 4.0) at a flow rate of 1.0 mLmin~(-1).The effects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission werestudied systematically. Liver samples were hydrolyzed withβ-glucuronidase followedby a solid-phase extraction procedure using Waters OasisMCX cartridges. Underoptimum conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise of 3 rangedfrom 0.007 to 0.01 ng g~(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) at a signal-to-noise of10 ranged from 0.023 to 0.033 ng g~(-1) for threeβ_2-agonists. The relative standarddeviations (R.S.D.) of intra- and inter-day precision were below 4.5%. The averagerecoveries forβ_2-agonists (spiked at the levels of 0.05 to 5.0 ng g~(-1)) in pig liver rangedfrom 84% to 110%, and the relative standard deviations of the quantitative results werefrom 1.6 to 7.2%. The proposed method had been successfully applied to thedetermination ofβ_2-agonist residues in pig liver samples.
(5) Simultaneous determination of levodopa and benserazide byhigh-performance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated nascentB(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol chemiluminescence detection.
The nascent perborate was on-line electrogenerated on the surface of platinumelectrode with constant current electrolytic method in the Na_2BO_4-Na_2CO_3-NaOHaqueous medium, and it was found that the strong chemiluminescence (CL) ofluminol reacting with nascent perborate (B(OH)_3·OOH~-) could be greatly inhibited bylevodopa and benserazide. Based on this finding, a novel chemiluminescence methodusing nascent electrogenerated perborate coupled with high-performance liquidchromatography for the simultaneous determination of levodopa and benserazide hasbeen developed. The effects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CLemission were studied systematically. Under the optimum experimental conditions,the calibration graphs were linear over the range 0.1-50μg mL~(-1) for levodopa and0.05-20μg mL~(-1) for benserazide. The limits of detection (LOD) (3s) for levodopa andbenserazide were 0.04μg mL~(-1), 0.01μg mL~(-1), respectively. The proposed HPLC-CLmethod had been applied to the determination of levodopa and benserazide inpharmaceutical and human urine samples.
(6) Detection of metoclopramide by high-performance liquid chromatographywith on-line electrogenerated nascent B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol chemiluminescencedetection.
The determination of metoclopramide(MCP) in human serum samples by means ofhigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line electrogeneratedB(OH)_3·OOH~- chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. The method wasbased on the inhibition effect of MCP on the chemiluminescence reaction betweenluminol and B (OH)_3·OOH~-, which was on-line electrogenerated by constant currentelectrolysis. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 5 to 500 ngmL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991), and a detection limit of 0.6 ng mL~(-1) (3s) for MCP were achieved.The relative standard derivations (R.S.D.) for 50 ng mL~(-1) MCP were 3.4% within a day(n=11) and 4.2% on five consecutive days (n=6), respectively. The recovery of MCPfrom serum samples was more than 94%.
(7) Detection of indomethacin by high-performance liquid chromatographywith in-situ electrogenerated Mn (Ⅲ) chemiluminescence detection.
The determination of indomethacin (INM) in pharmaceutical and biologicalsamples by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with in situelectrogenerated Mn (Ⅲ) chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. Themethod was based on the direct CL reaction of INM and Mn (Ⅲ), which was in-situ electrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The chromatographic separation wascarded out on Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column (250mm×4.6 mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100(?))at 20℃. The mobile phase consisted of methanol: water: acetic acid=67:33:0.1solution. At a flow-rate of 1.0 mL min~(-1), the total run time was 10 min. The effects ofseveral parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studiedsystematically. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 0.01 to 10μgmL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991), and a detection limit of 8 ng mL~(-1) (signal-to-noise ratio=3) for INMwere achieved. The relative standard derivations (R.S.D.) for 0.1μg mL~(-1) INM were2.2% within a day (n=11) and 3.0% on five consecutive days (n=6), respectively. Therecovery of INM from urine samples was more than 92%. The applicability of themethod for the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples was examined.
(8) Determination of puerarin in healthy food by high-performance liquidchromatography with on-line electrogenerated Mn(Ⅲ) chemiluminescencedetection
Based on the direct chemiluminescence reaction of puerarin(PU) with on-lineelectrogenerated Mn(Ⅲ) in H_2SO_4 medium, a novel HPLC-CL detection method fordetermination of PU was developed. The proposed method has been appliedsatisfactorily to the determination of PU in healthy food. The chemiluminescenceintensity was linear with PU concentration in the range of 2×10~(-3)-1.0μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991) and the limits of detection (LOD) were 7×10~(-4)μg mL~(-1). The relativestandard deviations (RSD) (n=11) for PU was 2.3%. The recoveries of PU fromhealthy food samples were 93-108%.
(9) Determination of captopril in human serum and urine samples by highperformance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated Mn (Ⅲ)chemiluminescence detection.
The separation and determination of captopril in human serum and urine samplesby means of high performance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogeneratedMn (Ⅲ) chemiluminescence detection was proposed. The method was based on thedirect chemiluminescence reaction between captopril and Mn (Ⅲ), which was on-lineelectrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The chromatographic separation wasperformed on a nucleosil RP-C_(18) (250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm) column with an isocraticmobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-1% aqueous acetic acid (60:40, v/v) at aflow-rate of 1.2 mL min~(-1). The temperature was 25℃. The effects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically.Under the optimal conditions, the linear range and detection limit for captopril were5～800 ng mL~(-1) and 0.9 ng mL~(-1), respectively. The relative standard derivation for10.0 ng mL~(-1) captopril was 2.2% (n=11). The average recoveries for captopril inhuman serum and urine ranged from 94.8% to 103.2%, and the relative standarddeviations of the quantitative results were below 3.4%. The proposed method had beenapplied to the determination of captopril in human serum and urine samples.
(10) Detection of celecoxib in human serum by high-performance liquidchromatography with on-line electrogenerated Ag(Ⅱ) chemiluminescencedetection.
The determination of celecoxib (CEL) in pharmaceutical and biological samplesby means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-lineelectrogenerated Ag(Ⅱ) chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. The methodwas based on the direct CL reaction of CEL and Ag(Ⅱ), which was on-lineelectrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The effects of several parameters onthe HPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically. The applicability ofthis method for the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples was examined.
(11) Detection of naphazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparationsby high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated Co(Ⅲ)chemiluminescence detection.
A novel chemiluminescence detector of the high performance liquidchromatography for the determination of the naphazoline hydrochloride (NH) wasdeveloped. Based on the direct chemiluminescence reaction of NH and Co(Ⅲ) whichwas on-line electrogenerated by constant current electrolysis in H_2SO_4 medium.. Toobtain the highest NH sensitivity, the CL reaction conditions (including the design offlow cell, the effects of H_2SO_4 concentration in electrolyte, CoSO_4, electrolytic currentand flow rate) and HPLC mobile phase composition in the HPLC-CL system wereoptimized. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range and detection limit for NHwere 0.1～80.0μg mL~(-1) (R~2=0.9992) and 0.05μg mL~(-1), respectively. The relativestandard derivation for 1.0μg mL~(-1) NH was 1.8% (n=11). The proposed method hadbeen applied to the determination of NH in in pharmaceutical preparations.
电生试剂化学发光(Chemiluminescence with electrogenerated reagents)法是利用电化学手段，使不稳定氧化剂在电极上在线产生后与被测物质或发光试剂反应产生化学发光，基于直接氧化还原反应、增敏反应或能量转移过程而建立起的一种新型化学发光分析方法，已用于流动注射化学发光分析。但如何提高该法的选择性，使其在实际应用中真正得到更好和更广泛的应用，仍然是存在的一个问题。围绕这一问题，本研究通过在线电生反应生成BrO~-，[Cu(HIO_6)_2]_5~-，B(OH)_3·OOH~-，Mn(Ⅲ)，Co(Ⅲ)和Ag(Ⅱ)等具有高反应活性的初生态氧化剂，研究了他们的初生态氧化活性；在完成电解池设计、柱后接口、优化色谱分离和化学发光检测器条件的基础上，提出了一系列灵敏度高、选择性好的HPLC-CL检测新方法，为高效液相色谱增添了一种新的具有高灵敏度的检测器；并将这一新的电生试剂化学发光检测器应用于实际样品如食品中违禁添加剂(苏丹红)、药物残留(糖皮质激素、β_2激动剂)及人体血液和尿液某些药物浓度的检测中。现就HPLC-CL检测技术的研究进展(第1章)和具体研究工作(第2-5章)简述如下：
第1章主要就HPLC-CL检测技术的基本原理、系统构建、典型化学发光反应体系(包括鲁米诺及其衍生物、过氧化草酸酯、三(2，2’-联吡啶)钌(Ⅱ)、高锰酸钾、铁氰化钾、四价铈化学发光体系等)及近10年来在生命科学、药学、临床医学、环境及食品等领域的应用和进展情况进行了评述。对这一检测技术在实际应用中存在的问题进行了分析，对其发展方向进行了展望。
第2章就在线电生BrO~--luminol化学发光检测器与高效液相色谱分离技术的结合及其应用进行了研究，包括：
(1)高效液相色谱在线电生BrO~--luminol化学发光法检测辣椒中的苏丹红研究发现，苏丹红(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)能够强烈增敏通过恒电流电解方法在线电生BrO~-和luminol之间产生的化学发光，提出了一种经高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离柱后同时检测4种苏丹红(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)的新方法。色谱分离以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mmi．d．，5μm，pore size，100(?))为色谱柱，甲醇-0.2％甲酸水溶液(90：10，v／v)为流动相，柱温35℃．，流速1.0 mL min~(-1)，同时分离检测四种苏丹红的总时间为25min。系统研究并优化了流动相、电生试剂化学发光检测的有关条件。该法检测四种苏丹红的线性范围分别为：1×10~(-3)～2.0，8×10~(-3)～2.0，5×10(-3)～2.0，8×10~(-3)～4.0μg mL~(-1)；检出限(LOD)(3s)介于4～8μg kg~(-1)，定量限(LOQ)(10s)为13～27μg kg~(-1)。苏丹红在实际样品中的平均加标回收率为94％～105％(添加水平为1.0，1.5mg／kg)。对含4种苏丹红浓度分别为0.01μg mL~(-1)、0.8μg mL~(-1)的样品溶液连续11次平行测定的相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)都小于3.0％，其日间精密度R．S．D．都小于4.4％。该方法已成功应用于辣椒或辣椒酱制品中苏丹红含量的分析。
(2)高效液相色谱在线电生BrO~--luminol化学发光法检测牛奶中残留四环素类化合物的研究
基于四环素类抗生素药物中的四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)和多西环素(DC)能够强烈增敏通过恒电流电解方法在线电生BrO~-和鲁米诺产生化学发光，提出了一种经高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离柱后同时检测4种四环素类抗生素药物的新方法。以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm，i．d．，5μm，pore size，100 (?))为色谱柱，0.05 mol L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾(pH 2.5)—乙腈(30：70，v／v)为流动相，流速1.2 mL min~(-1)，柱温25℃，同时分离检测四种抗生素的总时间为11min。研究并优化了流动相、电生试剂化学发光检测的条件。四种抗生素的检出限为0.002～0.008μg mL~(-1)(3s)，对0.01μg mL~(-1)的四种抗生素测定的相对标准偏差为2.0％～3.6％(n=11)。该检测器已成功应用于牛奶中残留四环素类抗生素含量的分析。
第3章就在线电生[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)化学发光检测技术与高效液相色谱结合在兽药残留分析中的应用进行了研究，主要包括以下2个研究工作：
(3)高效液相色谱在线电生[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminol化学发光法检测猪肝组织中残留糖皮质激素类化合物的研究
本文基于曲安西龙(TR)、泼尼松龙(PR)、氢化可的松(HC)、可的松(CO)、甲基强的松龙(MP)、地塞米松(DE)和曲安奈德(TA)等糖皮质激素能够增敏电生的三价铜配合物[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)和luminol之间产生的化学发光，提出了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离柱后化学发光同时检测这些药物的新方法。HPLC分离是以40％的乙腈和60％的醋酸胺水溶液(1mmol L~(-1)，pH 6.8)作为流动相进行等度沈脱，在流速为0.8 mL min~(-1)，柱温20℃下，7中糖皮质激素在12min内能够很好的分离。猪肝样品中残留糖皮质激素的提取是采用酶法水解并经固相萃取完成的。在优化分离条件和电生试剂化学发光检测条件的基础上，7种糖皮质激素的检出限(LOD)(3s)介于0.08～1.0ng g~(-1)，定量限(LOQ)(10s)为0.27～3.33 ng g~(-1)。日内、日间精密度的相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)都低于6.8％糖皮质激素在实际样品中的平均加标回收率为88％～106％。该法已成功应用于动物组织猪肝中残留糖皮质激素类药物的分析。
(4)高效液相色谱在线电生[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminol化学发光法检测β_2-激动剂的研究
研究发现，β_2-激动剂类药物特布他林(terbutaline，TB)、沙丁胺醇(salbutamol，SB)和克仑特罗(clenbuterol，CB)等能够增敏电生的三价铜配合物[Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)和luminol之间产生的化学发光，基于此，提出了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离化学发光同时检测这些药物的新方法。HPLC分离是以90％的乙腈和10％的醋酸胺水溶液(20 mmol L~(-1)，pH 4.0)作为流动相进行等度洗脱，在流速为1.0 mL min~(-1)，柱温25℃下，TB、SB和CB在15min内能够很好的分离。猪肝样品中残留β_2-激动剂的提取是采用酶法水解并经固相萃取完成的。在优化分离条件和电生试剂化学发光检测条件的基础上，TB、SB和CB的检出限(LOD)(3s)介于0.007～0.01 ng g~(-1)，定量限(LOQ)(10s)为0.023～0.033 ng g~(-1)。日内、日间精密度的相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)都低于4.5％。β_2-激动剂在实际样品中的平均加标回收率为84％～110％。
第4章就在线电生初生态过硼酸盐、化学发光活性进行了系统研究，在此基础上，将这一化学发光检测技术与高效液相色谱联用，建立了左旋多巴(LDP)和盐酸苄丝肼、盐酸甲氧氯普胺等物质的HPLC-CL检测新方法。具体内容包括：
(5)高效液相色谱电致初生态B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol化学发光法同时检测左旋多巴和盐酸苄丝肼
在流通体系中，采用恒电流电解硼砂、纯碱和氢氧化钠的水溶液，在Pt电极上在线产生具有初生态特性的B(OH)_3·OOH~-。基于左旋多巴(LDP)和盐酸苄丝肼(BSH)能抑制B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol这一化学发光新体系，结合高效液相色谱分离技术，提出了一种同时测定LDP和BSH的化学发光检测新方法，并将其成功应用于复方片剂多巴丝肼及尿样中LDP和BSH的测定。系统研究了在线电生B(OH)_3·OOH~-的条件及该电生试剂的化学发光反应活性。该法测定LDP和BSH的线性范围分别为0.1～50μg mL~(-1)和0.05～20μg mL-1。检出限(3s)分别为0.04μg mL~(-1)和0.01μg mL~(-1)。
(6)高效液相色谱电致初生态B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol化学发光法检测人血清中的盐酸甲氧氯普胺
基于盐酸甲氧氯普胺(MCP)能抑制初生态B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol这一化学发光新体系，结合高效液相色谱分离技术，提出了一种测定盐酸甲氧氯普胺的高效液相色谱化学发光检测新方法，并将其成功应用于人血清中MCP的测定。优化了色谱分离及化学发光检测条件。该法测定MCP的线性范围分别为5～500ng mL~(-1)，检出限(3s)为0.6 ng mL~(-1)。在一天内通过分别连续11次平行测定浓度为50ng mL~(-1) MCP标准溶液，R．S．D．为3.4％。日间精密度是通过测定含MCP浓度都为50 ng mL~(-1)的2个相同溶液进行的，每天进样6次，连续5天，并计算得日间R．S．D为4.2％。在实际样品中的回收率在94-103％之间。
第5章就在线电生Mn(Ⅲ)、Ag(Ⅱ)及Co(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器与高效液相色谱分离技术的接口，电解池设计及其应用进行了研究，主要包括以下5项工作：
(7)高效液相色谱电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测吲哚美辛的研究
基于非甾体抗炎药物吲哚美辛(Indomethacin，INM)可以被电生的Mn(Ⅲ)直接氧化产生化学发光的原理，设计了一个HPLC在线电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器，并将其应用于药物制剂和一些生物样品中INM的检测。色谱分离是以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm i．d．，5μm，pore size，100 (?))为色谱柱，甲醇-水-冰醋酸(67：33：0.1，v／v／v)为流动相，柱温20℃．，流速1.0 mL min~(-1)，分离检测INM的总时间为10min。系统研究并优化了流动相、电生试剂化学发光检测的有关条件。该法测定INM的线性范围为0.01～10μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991)，检出限(3s)为8ng mL~(-1)。日内相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)为2.2％(C=0.1μg mL~(-1)，n=11)，日间相对标准偏差(R．S．D．)为3.0％(C=0.1μg mL~(-1)，n=6，5d)。INM在人尿样中的回收率大于92％。
(8)高效液相色谱电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测保健食品中的葛根素
基于发现电生Mn(Ⅲ)可以直接氧化葛根素(Puerarin，PU)产生强的化学发光，提出了一种测定PU的高效液相色谱化学发光(HPLC-CL)检测新方法，并将该法成功应用于口服液、保健茶、胶囊及片剂等以葛根为原料的保健食品葛根素含量的分析。该法测定PU的线性范围为2×10~(-3)～1.0μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991)，检出限(3s)为7×10~(-4)μg mL~(-1)。对0.01μg mL~(-1)的PU连续11次平行测定，相对标准偏差为2.3％。PU在一些实际样品中的回收率介于93～108％之间。
(9)高效液相色谱电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测人体血清和尿样中的卡托普利
设计了一个HPLC在线电生Mn(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器，即采用在线电化学反应产生氧化剂Mn(Ⅲ)，通过改变电解电流实现在线控制其浓度和反应活性，来满足色谱柱后化学发光检测的最佳环境和反应条件。在研究和优化流动相及化学发光检测条件的基础上，将该检测器应用于人血清和尿液中卡托普利含量的分析。色谱分离是以Nucleosil RP-C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm i．d．，5μm，pore size，100 (?))为色谱柱，乙腈-1％醋酸水溶液(60：40，v／v)为流动相，柱温25℃．，流速1.2 mL min~(-1)。在选定的实验条件下，卡托普利浓度在5～800 ng mL~(-1)内与化学发光强度成良好的线性关系。对10.0ng／mL的卡托普利平行测定11次，其标准偏差为2.2％，根据IUPAC规定，计算方法的检出限为0.9 ng mL~(-1)。卡托普利在实际样品中的加标回收率为94.8％～103.2％。
(10)高效液相色谱在线电生Ag(Ⅱ)化学发光法检测塞来昔布的研究
基于Ag(Ⅱ)能够直接氧化塞来昔布(CEL)产生强烈的化学发光，首次提出了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC)在线电生Ag(Ⅱ)化学发光检测CEL的新方法。在流动体系中，采用恒电流电解技术氧化稳定的Ag(Ⅰ)，在线产生不稳定的Ag(Ⅱ)，并将其立即与经HPLC分离后的CEL混合，通过改变电解电流来调节Ag(Ⅱ)的浓度来满足色谱柱后化学发光反应的需求。系统研究和优化了在线电生Ag(Ⅱ)的条件、Ag(Ⅱ)的化学发光特性以及HPLC流动相与该发光体系匹配情况等。在此基础上，将该法应用于药物制剂和人体血清中CEL的测定，结果满意。
(11)高效液相色谱在线电生Co(Ⅲ)化学发光法检测盐酸萘甲唑林
基于拟肾上腺素药物盐酸萘甲唑林(Naphazoline Hydrochloride，NH)可以被电生的Co(Ⅲ)直接氧化产生化学发光的原理，设计了一个HPLC在线电生Co(Ⅲ)化学发光检测器，并将其应用于药物制剂中NH的检测。系统研究了在线电生Co(Ⅱ)的条件、Co(Ⅱ)的化学发光特性以及HPLC流动相对这一发光体系的影响等因素。该法测定NH的线性范围为0.1～80.0μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9992)，检出限(3s)为0.05μg mL~(-1)，对1.0μg mL~(-1)的NH连续11次平行测定，相对标准偏差为1.8％。
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) as a powerfulmodern separation technique has been widely used for the analysis of many analytes indiverse fields. Detectors are one of the most important components of HPLC systemsince they produce a wealth of information about the separated components which canbe stored in computers and manipulated as desired to assist solute identification. Inrecent years, chemiluminescence (CL) as a detection technique of HPLC is veryattractive due to higher sensitivity, wider linear dynamic ranges and simplerinstrumentation. The advance of CL detection has greatly catalyzed the growth andpopularity of HPLC-CL application, and made trace analysis possible owing to itscapability of measuring pictogram or femtogram quantities of compounds in thecolumn eluate. The investigations and applications of HPLC-CL technology arecurrently also an important subject, and a hot point in analytical science.
Chemiluminescence analysis with electrogenerated reagents, a novel methodbased on direct CL mechanism or energy-transfer mechanism, coupled with flowinjection analysis (FIA), has been applied in many analytes in certain fields, in whichunstable and nascent regents required for the CL reactions can be generatedelectrochemically on-line.
However, a drawback of low selectivity of this method remains to be furtherstudied for better application and a wider use.
For this purpose, such unstable and nascent reagents as BrO~-, [Cu(HIO_6)_2]_5~-,B(OH)_3·OOH~-, Mn(Ⅲ), Co(Ⅲ) and Ag(Ⅱ) for CL reactions have been on-line orin-situ electrogenerated, coupled with HPLC to provide a novel methodology for bothgood sensitivity and selectivity in detecting analytes in complex matrices. The effectsof several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studiedsystematically. Several novel methods based on HPLC with chemiluminescencedetectetor using on-line or in-situ electrogenerated reagents have been developed forthe determination of Sudan dyes in hot chilli products, glucocorticoid andβ_2-agonistresidues in animal tissues, tetracyclines residues in milk and some drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapters 1 is a review and Chapters 2to 5 are research reports including 11 research works.
In Chapter 1, the development and tendency of the HPLC with CL detection arereviewed. It covers the principles of the HPLC with CL detector, the design of CLdetectors, CL detection systems (including luminol, peroxyoxalatcs, Ru (bpy)_3~(2+),KMnO_4, K_3Fe(CN)_6 and Ce~(4+)) combined with HPLC, the applications of analyticalmethods for many kinds of inorganic, organic and biologic samples, and the trends ofHPLC-CL in environmental, life science, pharmacy and clinical medical science.
In Chapter 2 to 5:
(1) Development and optimization of an analytical method for thedetermination of Sudan dyes in hot chilli pepper by high-performance liquidchromatography with on-line electrogenerated BrO~--luminol chemiluminescencedetection.
The determination of four Sudan dyes by means of high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. Themethod was based on the enhancement effect of Sudan dyes on the chemiluminescencereaction between luminol and BrO~-, which was on-line electrogenerated by constantcurrent electrolysis. The separation was carded out on Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column(250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100 (?)) at 35℃. The mobile phase consisted ofa V (methanol): V (0.2% aqueous formic acid)=90:10 solution. At a flow-rate of 1.0mL min~(-1), the total run time was 25 min. The effects of several parameters on theHPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically. For the four Sudandyes, the limits of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise of 3 ranged from 4 to 8μg kg~(-1)and the limits of quantification (LOQ) at a signal-to-noise of 10 ranged from 13 to 27μg kg~(-1). The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of intra- and inter-day precision werebelow 4.4%. The average recoveries for all four Sudan dyes (spiked at the levels of1.0 and 1.5 mg kg~(-1)) in chilli tomato sauce and hot chilli pepper ranged from 94% to105%, and the relative standard deviations of the quantitative results were from 2.5 to4.2%. The proposed method had been successfully applied to the determination of fourSudan dyes in hot chilli products.
(2) Determination of tetracyclines residues in milk using high performanceliquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated BrO~--luminol chemiluminescence detection.
The determination of four tetracyclines (TCs) by means of high-performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line electrogenerated BrO~--luminolchemiluminescence (CL) detection is proposed. The procedure is based on theenhancement effect of TCs on the chemiluminescence reaction between luminol andBrO~- in alkaline medium. The oxidant BrO~- was on-line electrogenerated by constantcurrent electrolysis. The separation was carried out on Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column(250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100 (?)) at 25℃. The mobile phase consisted ofa V(acetonitrile):V(0.05 molL~(-1) potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 2.5)=30:70 solution. At a flow-rate of 1.2 mL min~(-1), the total run time was 11 min. Theeffects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studiedsystematically. For the four TCs, the detection limits at a signal-to-noise of 3 rangedfrom 0.002 to 0.008μg mL~(-1). The relative standard deviations for the determination ofTCs ranged from 2.0 to 3.6% (n=11, C=0.01μg mL~(-1)). The method has beensatisfactorily applied to the analysis of spiked raw milk samples.
(3) Detection of glucocorticoid residues in pig liver by high-performanceliquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated [Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminolchemiluminescence detection.
A novel method was developed for the simultaneous determination ofglucocorticoid residues such as triamcinolone(TR), prednisolone(PR),hydrocortisone(HC), cortisone(CO), methylprednisolon(MP), dexamethasone (DE)and triamcinolone acetonide(TA) by high-performance liquid chromatographycoupled with chemiluminescence detection. The procedure was based on theenhancement effect of glucocorticoids on the chemiluminescence reaction betweenluminol and the complex of trivalent copper and periodate ([Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)), which wason-line electrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The HPLC separation used aNucleosil RP-C_(18) column (250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100 (?)) with a mobilephase consisting of acetonitrile and 1.0 mmol L~(-1) ammonium acetate (pH 6.8,40:60, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min~(-1).The effects of several parameters on theHPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically. Liver samples werehydrolyzed with Helix pomatia juice followed by a solid-phase extraction procedure.Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise of 3ranged from 0.08 to 1.0 ng g~(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) at a signal-to-noise of 10 ranged from 0.27 to 3.33 ng g~(-1) for seven glucocorticoids. Therelative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of intra- and inter-day precision were below 6.8%.The average recoveries for glucocorticoids (spiked at the levels of 5 to 50 ng g~(-1)) in pigliver ranged from 88 to 106 %, and the relative standard deviations of the quantitativeresults were from 2.0 to 6.9 %. The proposed method had been successfully applied tothe determination of glucocorticoid residues in pig liver.
(4) Development of an analytical method for the determination ofβ_2-agonistresidues in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography withon-line electrogenerated [Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)-luminol chemiluminescence detection.
A novel method was developed for the simultaneous determination ofβ_2-agonistresidues such as terbutaline(TB), salbutamol(SB) and clenbuterol(CB) byhigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with chemiluminescence(CL) detection. The procedure was based on the enhancement effect ofβ_2-agonists onthe chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and the complex of trivalent copperand periodate ([Cu(HIO_6)_2]~(5-)), which was on-line electrogenerated by constant currentelectrolysis. The HPLC separation used a Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column (250mm×4.6mmi.d., 5μm, pore size, 100(?)) with a mobile phase consisting of 90% acetonitrile and10% aqueous ammonium acetate (20 mmolL~(-1), pH 4.0) at a flow rate of 1.0 mLmin~(-1).The effects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission werestudied systematically. Liver samples were hydrolyzed withβ-glucuronidase followedby a solid-phase extraction procedure using Waters OasisMCX cartridges. Underoptimum conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise of 3 rangedfrom 0.007 to 0.01 ng g~(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) at a signal-to-noise of10 ranged from 0.023 to 0.033 ng g~(-1) for threeβ_2-agonists. The relative standarddeviations (R.S.D.) of intra- and inter-day precision were below 4.5%. The averagerecoveries forβ_2-agonists (spiked at the levels of 0.05 to 5.0 ng g~(-1)) in pig liver rangedfrom 84% to 110%, and the relative standard deviations of the quantitative results werefrom 1.6 to 7.2%. The proposed method had been successfully applied to thedetermination ofβ_2-agonist residues in pig liver samples.
(5) Simultaneous determination of levodopa and benserazide byhigh-performance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated nascentB(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol chemiluminescence detection.
The nascent perborate was on-line electrogenerated on the surface of platinumelectrode with constant current electrolytic method in the Na_2BO_4-Na_2CO_3-NaOHaqueous medium, and it was found that the strong chemiluminescence (CL) ofluminol reacting with nascent perborate (B(OH)_3·OOH~-) could be greatly inhibited bylevodopa and benserazide. Based on this finding, a novel chemiluminescence methodusing nascent electrogenerated perborate coupled with high-performance liquidchromatography for the simultaneous determination of levodopa and benserazide hasbeen developed. The effects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CLemission were studied systematically. Under the optimum experimental conditions,the calibration graphs were linear over the range 0.1-50μg mL~(-1) for levodopa and0.05-20μg mL~(-1) for benserazide. The limits of detection (LOD) (3s) for levodopa andbenserazide were 0.04μg mL~(-1), 0.01μg mL~(-1), respectively. The proposed HPLC-CLmethod had been applied to the determination of levodopa and benserazide inpharmaceutical and human urine samples.
(6) Detection of metoclopramide by high-performance liquid chromatographywith on-line electrogenerated nascent B(OH)_3·OOH~--luminol chemiluminescencedetection.
The determination of metoclopramide(MCP) in human serum samples by means ofhigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line electrogeneratedB(OH)_3·OOH~- chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. The method wasbased on the inhibition effect of MCP on the chemiluminescence reaction betweenluminol and B (OH)_3·OOH~-, which was on-line electrogenerated by constant currentelectrolysis. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 5 to 500 ngmL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991), and a detection limit of 0.6 ng mL~(-1) (3s) for MCP were achieved.The relative standard derivations (R.S.D.) for 50 ng mL~(-1) MCP were 3.4% within a day(n=11) and 4.2% on five consecutive days (n=6), respectively. The recovery of MCPfrom serum samples was more than 94%.
(7) Detection of indomethacin by high-performance liquid chromatographywith in-situ electrogenerated Mn (Ⅲ) chemiluminescence detection.
The determination of indomethacin (INM) in pharmaceutical and biologicalsamples by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with in situelectrogenerated Mn (Ⅲ) chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. Themethod was based on the direct CL reaction of INM and Mn (Ⅲ), which was in-situ electrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The chromatographic separation wascarded out on Nucleosil RP-C_(18) column (250mm×4.6 mm i.d., 5μm, pore size, 100(?))at 20℃. The mobile phase consisted of methanol: water: acetic acid=67:33:0.1solution. At a flow-rate of 1.0 mL min~(-1), the total run time was 10 min. The effects ofseveral parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studiedsystematically. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 0.01 to 10μgmL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991), and a detection limit of 8 ng mL~(-1) (signal-to-noise ratio=3) for INMwere achieved. The relative standard derivations (R.S.D.) for 0.1μg mL~(-1) INM were2.2% within a day (n=11) and 3.0% on five consecutive days (n=6), respectively. Therecovery of INM from urine samples was more than 92%. The applicability of themethod for the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples was examined.
(8) Determination of puerarin in healthy food by high-performance liquidchromatography with on-line electrogenerated Mn(Ⅲ) chemiluminescencedetection
Based on the direct chemiluminescence reaction of puerarin(PU) with on-lineelectrogenerated Mn(Ⅲ) in H_2SO_4 medium, a novel HPLC-CL detection method fordetermination of PU was developed. The proposed method has been appliedsatisfactorily to the determination of PU in healthy food. The chemiluminescenceintensity was linear with PU concentration in the range of 2×10~(-3)-1.0μg mL~(-1)(R~2=0.9991) and the limits of detection (LOD) were 7×10~(-4)μg mL~(-1). The relativestandard deviations (RSD) (n=11) for PU was 2.3%. The recoveries of PU fromhealthy food samples were 93-108%.
(9) Determination of captopril in human serum and urine samples by highperformance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated Mn (Ⅲ)chemiluminescence detection.
The separation and determination of captopril in human serum and urine samplesby means of high performance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogeneratedMn (Ⅲ) chemiluminescence detection was proposed. The method was based on thedirect chemiluminescence reaction between captopril and Mn (Ⅲ), which was on-lineelectrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The chromatographic separation wasperformed on a nucleosil RP-C_(18) (250mm×4.6mm i.d., 5μm) column with an isocraticmobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-1% aqueous acetic acid (60:40, v/v) at aflow-rate of 1.2 mL min~(-1). The temperature was 25℃. The effects of several parameters on the HPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically.Under the optimal conditions, the linear range and detection limit for captopril were5～800 ng mL~(-1) and 0.9 ng mL~(-1), respectively. The relative standard derivation for10.0 ng mL~(-1) captopril was 2.2% (n=11). The average recoveries for captopril inhuman serum and urine ranged from 94.8% to 103.2%, and the relative standarddeviations of the quantitative results were below 3.4%. The proposed method had beenapplied to the determination of captopril in human serum and urine samples.
(10) Detection of celecoxib in human serum by high-performance liquidchromatography with on-line electrogenerated Ag(Ⅱ) chemiluminescencedetection.
The determination of celecoxib (CEL) in pharmaceutical and biological samplesby means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-lineelectrogenerated Ag(Ⅱ) chemiluminescence (CL) detection was proposed. The methodwas based on the direct CL reaction of CEL and Ag(Ⅱ), which was on-lineelectrogenerated by constant current electrolysis. The effects of several parameters onthe HPLC resolution and CL emission were studied systematically. The applicability ofthis method for the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples was examined.
(11) Detection of naphazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparationsby high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated Co(Ⅲ)chemiluminescence detection.
A novel chemiluminescence detector of the high performance liquidchromatography for the determination of the naphazoline hydrochloride (NH) wasdeveloped. Based on the direct chemiluminescence reaction of NH and Co(Ⅲ) whichwas on-line electrogenerated by constant current electrolysis in H_2SO_4 medium.. Toobtain the highest NH sensitivity, the CL reaction conditions (including the design offlow cell, the effects of H_2SO_4 concentration in electrolyte, CoSO_4, electrolytic currentand flow rate) and HPLC mobile phase composition in the HPLC-CL system wereoptimized. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range and detection limit for NHwere 0.1～80.0μg mL~(-1) (R~2=0.9992) and 0.05μg mL~(-1), respectively. The relativestandard derivation for 1.0μg mL~(-1) NH was 1.8% (n=11). The proposed method hadbeen applied to the determination of NH in in pharmaceutical preparations.
引文
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