王庄—宁海地区砂岩储层敏感性机理研究
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摘要
利用多种粘土矿物分析测试手段，结合敏感性实验分析结果，本文系统研究了王庄-宁海地区碎屑岩储层中粘土矿物特征，分析了储层敏感性的形成机理。
研究区古近纪时期主要发育沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙一段地层，而缺失沙二段地层。在沙四沉积时期，本区发育多个冲积扇砂砾岩体；沙三段和沙一段沉积期主要发育了扇三角洲的砂砾岩体沉积。垂向上构成了多套叠置厚层砂砾岩体，具有岩性复杂、成份成熟度和结构成熟度偏低、成岩作用较弱，孔渗条件较好，非均质性强，泥质含量高等特点。
X射线衍射、透射电镜和扫描电镜分析结果表明，该区碎屑岩储层中粘土矿物组成类型为：高岭石、伊／蒙无序间层矿物、伊利石和绿泥石四种类型矿物。其中以伊／蒙无序间层矿物和高岭石为主，前者间层比一般在80％以上。高岭石矿物主要分布于沙三段，发育两种成因：即高结晶度自生高岭石和低结晶度陆源碎屑高岭石。伊／蒙无序间层矿物主要分布于沙一段，依据蒙皂石层层间阳离子类型，可进一步分为钙型、钠型和钙钠过渡型三种类型，其中以钙—钠过渡型者居多。这种矿物是碎屑岩储层在早成岩阶段形成的，多呈蜂窝状或网状。此外，伊利石和绿泥石矿物含量少，前者多呈丝缕状或搭桥状充填于粒间，后者几乎见不到。
为了提高储层中粘土总量计算精度，在实验分析基础之上，提出了一种新的计算方法即二级抽提分离+非定向X射线衍射法，与其它计算方法相比，该法具有操作简单、理论性强、代表性好和精度高等优点。
为了深入分析敏感性机理，对粘土矿物的阳离子交换量和膨胀率进行了分析测试，研究结果表明，沙一段储层粘土矿物的阳离子交换量和膨胀率均高于沙三段储层。粘土矿物阳离子交换过程即为其体积膨胀过程，二者与伊／蒙无序间层矿物的含量有较好的正相关关系。敏感性测试结果表明，研究区储层敏感性以速敏性和水敏性为主。其中沙一段储层敏感性以水敏性为主，且水敏损害程度总体偏强；沙三段储层敏感性以水敏性和速敏性为主，且敏感性损害程度均较弱。另外，在常规岩心实验分析基础上，综合利用各类测井资料对非关键井区粘土矿物类型、总量及敏感指数进行计算，建立了预测模型，实现了全井段和全区的敏感性评价。
敏感性控制因素研究结果表明，速敏性损害的主控因素为储层的物性和粘土总量，而导致该区水敏性损害的主要因素则为储层粘土矿物中伊／蒙无序间层矿物的含量较高。在稠油热采过程中，这种性质比较接近于蒙皂石的间层矿物发生剧烈膨胀，从而导致该区储层伤害。
Based on multiple methods of test, and combining with reservoir sensitivity tests, the characteristic of clay minerals of clastic reservoir of Zhengjia -Wangzhuang area are systematically studied, and the reason of reservoir sensitivity was discussed.
Lying on the north actic region of Dongying Sag, the aimed area was controlled by Chennan fault and palaeogeomorphic fluctuation of convex limb of Chenjiazhuang bulge, and the area developed Sha-4, Sha-3 and Sha-1 Formation in Paleogene. Lots of glutenite bodies of alluvial fan in Sha-4 sedimentary period, and of fan delta developed in Sha-3 and Sha-1 sedimentary period. Thus, superimposed multi-thick bedded reservoir formed on vertical direction which was characterized by complicated lithology, low compositional maturity and texture maturity, weak diagenesis, high reservoir quality, high heterogeneity and high shale content.
X-ray diffraction analysis shows the clay minerals in the sandstone reservoir is composed of randomly interstratified illite/montmorillonites (S/I), kaolinite, illite and chlorite in which the quantity of randomly interstratified illite/montmorillonites and kaolinite are much more than the others, and the former one's rate of montmorillonite to illite lay is more than 80 percent. There are two kinds origins of kaolinite that are high crystalline authigenic one and low crystalline allogenic one which developed mainly in Sha-1 Formation. S/I can subdivide into three kinds: calcium type, natrium type and calcium-natrium mixture type according to the cations' type in the interlays, in which calcium -natrium mixture type is more than the others. S/I exhibits two morphological habits: honeycomb and net. Additionally, illite and chlorite exist in small amount, the former one exhibit silk or bridge intergranular filling, and the later nearly can't see in microscope.
In order to improving calculate accuracy of total amount of clay in clastic reservoirs, on the basis of experimental analysis, a new method, twice grain size segregation plus x-ray diffraction of randomly oriented powers of clay minerals, was put forward to calculate the total amount in clastic reservoir rock. Contracting with other methods, the one was characterized by simpler processing, good theorization, strong representativeness and higher precision.
In order to analyze the reason of reservoir sensitivity, Measurement to sample's cation exchange capability (CEC) and swell capability (SC) in solvent indicates that CEC and SC of clay minerals in Sha-1 Formation are more than ones in Sha-3 Formation. And the course of cation exchange is the course of swelling, Swell capability and CEC have positive linear correlation with the relative quantity of S/I. Measurement to reservoir sensitivity indicates that water-sensitivity and velocity-sensitivity are the main sensitivity kinds of clastic reservoir of the areas, and the main kinds of clastic reservoir sensitivity in Sha-3 Formation main are water-sensitivity and velocity-sensitivity which is relative weak. And in Sha-1 Formation main is water-sensitivity which is relative strong. Additionally, on the basis of routine drilling core experimental analysis, taking use of multiple well logging data, the types of clay minerals, the total amount of clay and sensitivity index are calculated, and forecasting models has been established, the sensitivity evaluation of all-well and the whole area have been accomplished.
The controlling factors to reservoir velocity-sensitivity are reservoirs quality and total amount of clay in clastic reservoirs, and to water-sensitivity is the content of S/I. In the course of thermal recovery, S/I, having the similar character with montmorillonite, can swell acutely which can cause formation damage of the reservoir.
研究区古近纪时期主要发育沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙一段地层，而缺失沙二段地层。在沙四沉积时期，本区发育多个冲积扇砂砾岩体；沙三段和沙一段沉积期主要发育了扇三角洲的砂砾岩体沉积。垂向上构成了多套叠置厚层砂砾岩体，具有岩性复杂、成份成熟度和结构成熟度偏低、成岩作用较弱，孔渗条件较好，非均质性强，泥质含量高等特点。
X射线衍射、透射电镜和扫描电镜分析结果表明，该区碎屑岩储层中粘土矿物组成类型为：高岭石、伊／蒙无序间层矿物、伊利石和绿泥石四种类型矿物。其中以伊／蒙无序间层矿物和高岭石为主，前者间层比一般在80％以上。高岭石矿物主要分布于沙三段，发育两种成因：即高结晶度自生高岭石和低结晶度陆源碎屑高岭石。伊／蒙无序间层矿物主要分布于沙一段，依据蒙皂石层层间阳离子类型，可进一步分为钙型、钠型和钙钠过渡型三种类型，其中以钙—钠过渡型者居多。这种矿物是碎屑岩储层在早成岩阶段形成的，多呈蜂窝状或网状。此外，伊利石和绿泥石矿物含量少，前者多呈丝缕状或搭桥状充填于粒间，后者几乎见不到。
为了提高储层中粘土总量计算精度，在实验分析基础之上，提出了一种新的计算方法即二级抽提分离+非定向X射线衍射法，与其它计算方法相比，该法具有操作简单、理论性强、代表性好和精度高等优点。
为了深入分析敏感性机理，对粘土矿物的阳离子交换量和膨胀率进行了分析测试，研究结果表明，沙一段储层粘土矿物的阳离子交换量和膨胀率均高于沙三段储层。粘土矿物阳离子交换过程即为其体积膨胀过程，二者与伊／蒙无序间层矿物的含量有较好的正相关关系。敏感性测试结果表明，研究区储层敏感性以速敏性和水敏性为主。其中沙一段储层敏感性以水敏性为主，且水敏损害程度总体偏强；沙三段储层敏感性以水敏性和速敏性为主，且敏感性损害程度均较弱。另外，在常规岩心实验分析基础上，综合利用各类测井资料对非关键井区粘土矿物类型、总量及敏感指数进行计算，建立了预测模型，实现了全井段和全区的敏感性评价。
敏感性控制因素研究结果表明，速敏性损害的主控因素为储层的物性和粘土总量，而导致该区水敏性损害的主要因素则为储层粘土矿物中伊／蒙无序间层矿物的含量较高。在稠油热采过程中，这种性质比较接近于蒙皂石的间层矿物发生剧烈膨胀，从而导致该区储层伤害。
Based on multiple methods of test, and combining with reservoir sensitivity tests, the characteristic of clay minerals of clastic reservoir of Zhengjia -Wangzhuang area are systematically studied, and the reason of reservoir sensitivity was discussed.
Lying on the north actic region of Dongying Sag, the aimed area was controlled by Chennan fault and palaeogeomorphic fluctuation of convex limb of Chenjiazhuang bulge, and the area developed Sha-4, Sha-3 and Sha-1 Formation in Paleogene. Lots of glutenite bodies of alluvial fan in Sha-4 sedimentary period, and of fan delta developed in Sha-3 and Sha-1 sedimentary period. Thus, superimposed multi-thick bedded reservoir formed on vertical direction which was characterized by complicated lithology, low compositional maturity and texture maturity, weak diagenesis, high reservoir quality, high heterogeneity and high shale content.
X-ray diffraction analysis shows the clay minerals in the sandstone reservoir is composed of randomly interstratified illite/montmorillonites (S/I), kaolinite, illite and chlorite in which the quantity of randomly interstratified illite/montmorillonites and kaolinite are much more than the others, and the former one's rate of montmorillonite to illite lay is more than 80 percent. There are two kinds origins of kaolinite that are high crystalline authigenic one and low crystalline allogenic one which developed mainly in Sha-1 Formation. S/I can subdivide into three kinds: calcium type, natrium type and calcium-natrium mixture type according to the cations' type in the interlays, in which calcium -natrium mixture type is more than the others. S/I exhibits two morphological habits: honeycomb and net. Additionally, illite and chlorite exist in small amount, the former one exhibit silk or bridge intergranular filling, and the later nearly can't see in microscope.
In order to improving calculate accuracy of total amount of clay in clastic reservoirs, on the basis of experimental analysis, a new method, twice grain size segregation plus x-ray diffraction of randomly oriented powers of clay minerals, was put forward to calculate the total amount in clastic reservoir rock. Contracting with other methods, the one was characterized by simpler processing, good theorization, strong representativeness and higher precision.
In order to analyze the reason of reservoir sensitivity, Measurement to sample's cation exchange capability (CEC) and swell capability (SC) in solvent indicates that CEC and SC of clay minerals in Sha-1 Formation are more than ones in Sha-3 Formation. And the course of cation exchange is the course of swelling, Swell capability and CEC have positive linear correlation with the relative quantity of S/I. Measurement to reservoir sensitivity indicates that water-sensitivity and velocity-sensitivity are the main sensitivity kinds of clastic reservoir of the areas, and the main kinds of clastic reservoir sensitivity in Sha-3 Formation main are water-sensitivity and velocity-sensitivity which is relative weak. And in Sha-1 Formation main is water-sensitivity which is relative strong. Additionally, on the basis of routine drilling core experimental analysis, taking use of multiple well logging data, the types of clay minerals, the total amount of clay and sensitivity index are calculated, and forecasting models has been established, the sensitivity evaluation of all-well and the whole area have been accomplished.
The controlling factors to reservoir velocity-sensitivity are reservoirs quality and total amount of clay in clastic reservoirs, and to water-sensitivity is the content of S/I. In the course of thermal recovery, S/I, having the similar character with montmorillonite, can swell acutely which can cause formation damage of the reservoir.
引文
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