构造环境对煤矿区采动损害的控制机理研究
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摘要
本文以煤矿区资源开发工程对地质环境的破坏和影响最小化为目标，主要针对西北地区典型煤矿区的具体地质条件和地下开采实际，通过构造地质学和力学理论分析及相似材料模拟、计算机数值试验，从地质角度深入研究和总结煤矿区构造介质、构造界面和构造应力对地表环境灾害的控制机理，初步建立了“构造控灾”理论框架，定量表述了采动损害与其影响因素之间的关系，提出了煤矿区地质环境承载能力的概念和评价指标体系。
煤层覆岩是具有“构造记忆”的构造岩体，是采动损害这种特殊的表生构造变形的构造介质；构造界面是存在于煤层覆岩中的软弱面或“缺陷”，是构造运动对覆岩最突出的改造作用之一；挤压与拉张是煤矿区常见的两种最基本的构造应力状态，由于构造应力的作用，可以改变采动影响下的岩层移动方向和移动量的大小，同时也影响井下巷道的变形破坏模式。构造介质、构造界面、构造应力相互影响，相互制约，协同作用，构成了地下采掘工程的构造环境。与地下开采有关的煤矿区环境灾害，源于“采动”，但其形成与发展受控于构造环境的内在结构和特性。所以在研究采动损害时不能不考虑构造环境，尤其不能忽略现今构造应力的作用。
由于煤矿区构造环境的差异，不同煤矿区地质环境的承载能力是不同的。因此，煤矿应当将“根据地质环境承载能力，给定损害，限制开采，防患于未然”作为一种全新的煤炭生产理念。首先，要从地质环境本身的抗扰动能力、地下煤炭资源的开发强度、煤矿区的自然生态条件等方面，对一定构造环境中的煤矿区地质环境承载能力予以评价；在开采之前，应用本文推导出的经验公式，可以预先估计出采动损害的特征参数；通过优化开采设计，把开采强度限制在煤矿区地质环境可以承受的范围之内。
Aiming for a decrease in destruction of geological environment induced by coal mining, a theoretical compendium of "tectonic control of hazard" is founded in this thesis, with the empirical relation between environment hazards related to coal-mining and various influence factors, as well as the concept and assessment index system of bearing capacity of geological environment of coal mining areas based on the research of the control mechanism of structural medium, fractures and tectonic stress over ground environment hazards by means of theoretic analysis of structural geology and mechanics, similar material simulation and digital test in allusion to concrete conditions of geological and underground mining in typical coal mining areas.
The overburden of coal seam is a kind of structural rock body with "structure memory" and the structural medium of environment hazards related to coal mining that is a type of special ground tectonic deformation. Fractures are the geological discontinuity surfaces within strata resulted from tectonic movements during geological time and represent the most distinct reconstruction of the overburden by tectonic movements. Compression and tension are the most essential tectonic stress states in coal areas. They can change the direction and distance of rock body displacement induced by underground mining; also they affect the deformation pattern of workings. The tectonic setting of underground mining engineering is constituted by structural medium, fractures and tectonic stress in influence, restriction and cooperation one another. Ground environment hazards in coal-mining areas are induced by underground mining, but the formation and development of the hazards are controlled by the internal configuration and cha
racteristics of tectonic settings, therefore it is necessary to consider the
influence of tectonic setting, especially the tectonic stress in studying ground environment hazards related to coal-mining.
Owing to the difference of tectonic settings the bearing capacities of geological environment are disparate in various coal-mining areas. The traditional idea and action should be changed in coal production. The bearing capacity of geological environment under certain tectonic settings can be assessed according to the anti-jamming capacity of geological environment itself, the exploitation intensity of underground coal resource and the natural ecological conditions in concrete coal mining area. The damage degree of ground environment induced by coal mining can be predicted prior to mining using the forecast formula educed in this thesis. The damage of ground environment should be limited to the acceptable degree based on the bearing capacity of geological environment by restricting coal mining.
煤层覆岩是具有“构造记忆”的构造岩体，是采动损害这种特殊的表生构造变形的构造介质；构造界面是存在于煤层覆岩中的软弱面或“缺陷”，是构造运动对覆岩最突出的改造作用之一；挤压与拉张是煤矿区常见的两种最基本的构造应力状态，由于构造应力的作用，可以改变采动影响下的岩层移动方向和移动量的大小，同时也影响井下巷道的变形破坏模式。构造介质、构造界面、构造应力相互影响，相互制约，协同作用，构成了地下采掘工程的构造环境。与地下开采有关的煤矿区环境灾害，源于“采动”，但其形成与发展受控于构造环境的内在结构和特性。所以在研究采动损害时不能不考虑构造环境，尤其不能忽略现今构造应力的作用。
由于煤矿区构造环境的差异，不同煤矿区地质环境的承载能力是不同的。因此，煤矿应当将“根据地质环境承载能力，给定损害，限制开采，防患于未然”作为一种全新的煤炭生产理念。首先，要从地质环境本身的抗扰动能力、地下煤炭资源的开发强度、煤矿区的自然生态条件等方面，对一定构造环境中的煤矿区地质环境承载能力予以评价；在开采之前，应用本文推导出的经验公式，可以预先估计出采动损害的特征参数；通过优化开采设计，把开采强度限制在煤矿区地质环境可以承受的范围之内。
Aiming for a decrease in destruction of geological environment induced by coal mining, a theoretical compendium of "tectonic control of hazard" is founded in this thesis, with the empirical relation between environment hazards related to coal-mining and various influence factors, as well as the concept and assessment index system of bearing capacity of geological environment of coal mining areas based on the research of the control mechanism of structural medium, fractures and tectonic stress over ground environment hazards by means of theoretic analysis of structural geology and mechanics, similar material simulation and digital test in allusion to concrete conditions of geological and underground mining in typical coal mining areas.
The overburden of coal seam is a kind of structural rock body with "structure memory" and the structural medium of environment hazards related to coal mining that is a type of special ground tectonic deformation. Fractures are the geological discontinuity surfaces within strata resulted from tectonic movements during geological time and represent the most distinct reconstruction of the overburden by tectonic movements. Compression and tension are the most essential tectonic stress states in coal areas. They can change the direction and distance of rock body displacement induced by underground mining; also they affect the deformation pattern of workings. The tectonic setting of underground mining engineering is constituted by structural medium, fractures and tectonic stress in influence, restriction and cooperation one another. Ground environment hazards in coal-mining areas are induced by underground mining, but the formation and development of the hazards are controlled by the internal configuration and cha
racteristics of tectonic settings, therefore it is necessary to consider the
influence of tectonic setting, especially the tectonic stress in studying ground environment hazards related to coal-mining.
Owing to the difference of tectonic settings the bearing capacities of geological environment are disparate in various coal-mining areas. The traditional idea and action should be changed in coal production. The bearing capacity of geological environment under certain tectonic settings can be assessed according to the anti-jamming capacity of geological environment itself, the exploitation intensity of underground coal resource and the natural ecological conditions in concrete coal mining area. The damage degree of ground environment induced by coal mining can be predicted prior to mining using the forecast formula educed in this thesis. The damage of ground environment should be limited to the acceptable degree based on the bearing capacity of geological environment by restricting coal mining.
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