广东大宝山金属硫化物矿床开发的环境地球化学效应
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摘要
矿产开采产生的固体废弃物、酸性废水、重金属离子是矿山开发的三大环境公害。广东大宝山地处气候温暖湿润的华南地区,是全国著名的Fe-Cu多金属含硫化物矿床,矿产开发对环境的影响有典型的区域性和代表性。受该矿山开发的影响,下游的上坝村成为远近闻名的“癌症”村和贫困村,部分村民中出现“痛痛病”疑似症状。
本研究对大宝山矿区及其下游临区进行了系统的野外考察和采样,并在实验室较全面分析了尾矿库尾砂、采选废水、尾矿库积水、河流水、河流沉积物、土壤、可食用叶菜类蔬菜等样品;评估重金属在不同环境介质中的污染程度及潜在风险,揭示重金属在不同环境体系中的存在形态及释放、迁移、转化规律,深入剖析该矿山开发的环境地球化学效应以及重金属的生态地球化学迁移过程等。
本研究取得以下主要结论和认识:
(1)尾砂库堆放的尾砂是下游酸性废水形成和重金属释放的主要源头。尾砂中含有大量的黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物矿物,其重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn含量分别高达637.40、5330.37、17.76、421.12、61.15、67.54、1580.24 mg/kg。它们的形态分布以残渣态和铁锰氧化态为主,其次是可交换态、碳酸盐态和有机态,后三种形态具有较强的活化迁移潜力,Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu这三种形态分别占总量的40%、20%、40%和32%。
(2)受尾砂库外排酸性废水的影响,大宝山流域水体具有低的pH值、高的SO42-和重金属含量特点,且SO42-和重金属含量与pH值呈负相关。顺向下游地区,水体pH值逐步升高,SO42-和重金属含量降低,明显指示它们与矿山及矿山开发的直接关系。在风化淋滤实验中,尾砂矿物破碎细化,并释放出高浓度的重金属。淋滤初期重金属从硫化物中释放尤其快而多,随时间增加淋滤液的pH值逐渐升高,重金属浓度逐渐降低,呈显著负相关。
(3)沿横石水上游顺流而下,重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu在河水中的含量逐步减低,但均超标(农田灌溉水质标准)。在铁龙河段,Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu超标最高分别达21倍、27倍、62倍、18倍;在槽对坑河段,超标最高分别达10倍、17倍、33倍、13倍;在横石水河段,超标最高分别达7倍、11倍、16倍、4倍。在上坝村,其Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni的超标分别达到7.0倍、5.5倍、16.2倍、4.0倍、2.8倍。
(4)水体的污染评价结果显示,在铁龙河段,重金属单因子污染指数均很高,并以Cd为最,综合污染指数PI表现为重度污染。在槽对坑河段,仍以Cd的污染最重,但整体污染程度低于铁龙河段,综合污染指数PI显示现为中-轻度污染。在横石水河段,单因子污染指数以Pb、Zn、Cd为最高,综合污染指数仍表现为中-轻度污染。相比较,未受矿山污染的太平河、冷水泾、丘屋坝河段,其单因子指数和综合污染指数均显示为未污染。
(5)重金属离子排入下游河流后,部分会发生沉降,并在沉积物中累积。地累积系数显示,沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu都存在不同程度的污染,最严重的Cd甚至达到强-很强污染,Pb、Zn也分别形成了强污染和中-强污染,且上游污染明显重于下游地区。上坝村灌溉主渠Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu也形成中-强污染,仍以Cd为最严重。
(6)农业生态系统受影响最严重是污灌土壤。表层土壤重金属含量普遍高于国家土壤二级标准,但近年来灌溉水源的替代改变了纵向变化格局。地累积系数显示,Cd污染最为严重,污染等级甚至达到强-很强污染,Pb、Zn也分别形成了强污染和中-强污染。上坝村Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu也形成不同程度的污染,仍以Cd为最严重,达到强污染。
(7)在整个流域,土壤重金属单因子污染指数均异常高,仍以Cd最为严重,综合污染指数PI显示为中度污染,内梅罗综合指数PN为重度污染。若以未受矿山废水影响的陈公湾表土为评价基准时,Cd单因子污染贡献有所降低,而Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr则有很大程度的增加,PI和PN仍异常高,分别显示为中度和重度污染,污染情况与河流水体及河流沉积物类似。这表明,污染表征显然和大宝山开采矿种及伴生元素种类有关,但Cd还与当地的高背景密切相关。
(8)重金属可交换态是植物吸收利用主要形态,该区表层土壤具有较高的可交换态含量,并随总量的增加而增加,与土壤pH值表现为负相关。在土壤剖面上,重金属可交换态含量向下迅速降低,并逐渐趋于稳定,应和耕作有关。除Pb在铁龙库口、水楼下村和上坝村表层土中,可交换态含量所占比例异常大之外,整个剖面上全部元素均以残渣态和铁锰氧化态为主,可交换态、有机态和碳酸盐态次之。但可交换态、有机态和碳酸盐态生物有效性较高。元素活性以Pb、Cd最高。
(9)重金属在蔬菜中含量与根系土总量未表现出显著相关性,根系土Pb含量未超出国家土壤二级标准,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb却全部超出食品卫生限量标准,超标倍数在1.5~4倍之间;根系土Cd总量超出国家土壤二级标准,但蔬菜并未全部超标。Zn、Cu、Ni则在根系土和蔬菜中均仅有少数样品轻微超标。该地区土壤Pb具有较高的活性,更利于生物的吸收利用。
(10)潜在生态风险评价显示,整个流域存在着高的潜在生态风险,其平均潜在生态风险指数RI为704.9,显示为强风险。上坝村3块水田潜在生态风险指数RI均接近600,近强风险,而其余表层土RI均高于600,为强风险。陈公湾因Cd的拉高,潜在生态风险指数RI达到365.3,显示为中等风险。根系土潜在生态风险指数RI在华屋村、凉桥村、水楼下村显示强风险,上坝村显示为中等风险,风险危害向下游呈降低趋势。
(11)从尾砂向生命系统释放迁移过程的4个重要的反应界面控制了重金属的生态环境地球化学迁移。尾砂/水反应界面,控制重金属从源头尾砂中的释放;水/沉积物反应界面,控制重金属在水体中与河流沉积物的沉淀与释放的平衡;土壤/间隙水溶液界面,控制土壤生物有效性;土壤/植物界面,控制生物对重金属的吸收与利用。通过调节反应界面的环境条件,可以阻止反应的发生,为环境治理修复的提供参考依据。
(12)各介质间的相互作用较好地刻画大宝山矿区因为矿产开采,重金属元素从内生环境中曝露,然后在表生环境中释放、迁移、转化、归宿的迁移模式。矿区重金属元素的迁移,导致了矿区周围及下游地区环境中重金属显著积累,生态压力不断加剧,并以食物链的方式进入植物和动物体内,最后通过多种途径进入人体,危害生命健康和生态安全。
本研究的创新之处主要体现在:
(1)选取危害严重、代表性强的大宝山矿为研究对象,剖析其开发引起的环境地球化学效应,对其它热湿地区金属硫化物矿山研究和污染治理提供示范意义。
(2)对大宝山矿生态系统进行深入剖析,揭示大宝山周边及下游地区的污染表征与矿山开采矿种及伴生元素种类有关,且Cd还与当地的高背景密切相关。
(3)剖析重要介质间的相互作用,揭示尾砂/水界面、河底沉积物/水界面、土壤/间隙水溶液界面及土壤/植物界面等4个重要界面交互作用控制重金属从矿山尾砂向生命系统转移的生态环境地球化学迁移图像:尾砂/水反应界面,决定重金属从源头尾砂中的释放;水/沉积物反应界面,决定重金属在水体中与河流沉积物的沉淀与释放的平衡;土壤/间隙水溶液界面,决定土壤生物有效性;土壤/植物界面,决定生物对重金属的吸收与利用。通过调节反应界面的环境条件,可以阻止反应的发生,为环境治理修复的提供参考依据。
The acid mine drainage(AMD), solid wastes and heavy metals produced incourse of mining activities are included among major environmental hazards. TheDabaoshan Mine is a Fe-Cu polymetallic sulfide deposits famous for its giant scale. Itis located in warm and humid area of South China. It is specifically typical inenvironmental effects of sulfide mine and mining activities. It is responsible for thepresent situation of the Shangbacun village which is situated in the lower reaches ofthe mine and famous for its nickname“cancer village”and“poverty village”.Symptom of“Itai-Itai disease”also appears in the village.The present study carries systemic field investigations and sampling around themining area and lower reaches of the mine and the revolved Hengshishui river, andanalyzes the chemical contents of mine tailings, the waste water of mining and milling,water system, river sediments, soil and edible leaf vegetables. The species of heavymetals and its mechanisms of releasing, transportation and transform are alsodiscussed,with assessment of the degree of pollution and potential risk in differentenvironmental media, as well as the geochemical environmental effects of miningactivities. A ecological and geochemical transportation model of heavy metals isproposed at the end.
It is concluded that:
(1) The tailings are the main source of the AMD forming and heavy metalreleasing. They include a great number of sulfide minerals, and are rich in heavymetals. The concentration of heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn is up to 637.40,5330.37, 17.76, 421.12, 61.15, 67.54, 1580.24 mg/kg respectively. The Fe-Mn oxides and the residuals are main species, and the other species (exchangeable, carbonates,organics) is respectively 40%, 20%, 40 % and 32% of the total.
(2) The water system is characterized by low pH value and high heavy metalsand SO42- concentrations, and negative correlation between the heavy metals and theSO42- concentrations. The heavy metals and SO42- gradually decrease in concentrationwhile the pH value increases from the upper to the lower reaches, which indicates thedirect relationship of pollutions and mining activities. The tailing minerals are crushedand releasing high concentrations heavy metals in the experiment of weathering andeluviating. The high heavy metals concentrations and releasing speed in early timewas decreasing along with increasing experiment times, it is negative correlationbetween the increasing pH value and decreasing concentrations of heavy metals ineluviating solution.
(3)The concentrations of Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu in river water is decreasing graduallyfrom upper to lower reaches, but they all exceed the irrigation water quality standard21, 27, 62, 18 times in Tielong reaches, and that is 10, 17, 33, 13 times in Caoduikengreaches, and 7, 11, 16, 4 times in Hengshishui reaches and 7.0, 5.5, 16.2, 4.0 times inShangbacunVillage.
(4) The results of water assessment show that the single pollution indexes arevery high, and that of Cd is highest, the compositive pollution index (PI) is heavypollution in Tielong reaches. The pollution of Caoduikeng reaches and Hengshishuireaches are similar to the Tielong reaches, but degree of pollution is lower, the PIpresent middle-light pollution. The single pollution indexes and compositive pollutionindex (PI) inTaipinghe, Lengshuijing and Qiuwuba are all non-pollution.
(5) The part of heavy metals of water precipitated and accumulated in sediments.the geoaccumulation index present different level pollution of Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu, and theupper reaches is higher than the lower reaches. The pollution level of Cd isstrong-very strong and that of Pb and Zn is strong and middle-strong respectively. Thesimilar pollution level is in irrigation trench in Shangbacun village.
(6) The soils were polluted heavily in agricultural ecosystem. The concentrationof heavy metals exceeded the national soil secondary standard, but the variety inprofile was changed by new water source for irrigation in recent years. Thegeoaccumulation index present the pollution level of Cd is up to strong-very strong,that of Pb and Zn is strong and middle-strong.
(7) In whole drainage area, single pollution indexes of topsoil are highabnormally, and that of Cd is highest, the compositive pollution index (PI) presentsmiddle pollution, and the Nemerow Index (PN) is heavy pollution. The singlepollution indexes of Cd decreased and that of Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr increased, the PIandPN present middle and heavy level pollution respectively when the assessment is baseof the heavy metals concentrations of Chengongwan. The characteristics of pollutionare similar to the water and sediments of river which indicated the direct relationshipof pollutions and mine elements obviously. But the pollution of Cd is relation withhigh background value especially.
(8) The heavy metals exchangeables are the main species absorbed by plants.The exchangeables concentrations of all topsoils are high and increasing with the totalconcentrations. The exchangeables decrease downwards profiles and present negativecorrelation with the change of pH value in profiles. The residuals and Fe-Mn oxidesspecies are large amount of totals except Pb in Tielong dam and Shuilouxiacun andShangbacun village, but the biovalidity of exchangeables and carbonates and organicsare high.The mobilityof Pb and Cd are strong.
(9) Obvious correlation of concentration did not present between rhizospheresoils and vegetables. Pb concentration of rhizosphere soils did not exceed the nationalsoil secondary standard but the Pb of vegetables exceeded the food hygiene limitstandard. Cd of rhizosphere soils all exceeded the national soil secondary standard;Cd of vegetables exceeded the food hygiene limit standard. Only a few of Zn, Cu, Niof rhizosphere soils and vegetables exceeded standard. Pb mobility of soils is strongand absorbed byplant easilyin local.
(10) Potential risk index (RI) assessment shows that potential ecological risk isstrong in whole drainage area. The average RI of three Shangbacun topsoil approachto 600 which present strong risk, the others are strong risk which RI exceeded 600.The RI is middle risk in Chengongwan because high Cd pollution. The RI ofrhizosphere soils are strong risk in Huawucun, Liangqiaocun and Shuilouxiacunvillage, and that of Shangbacun village is middle risk, the risk level decreasesgraduallyfrom upper to lower reaches.
(11) The four reaction interfaces of releasing and transportation from tailings toecological system control ecological environmental geochemical transportation ofheavy metals. The interface of tailings/water decide the releasing of heavy metals from main source of tailing; the interface of water/sediments decide the equilibrium ofprecipitation and releasing between water and sediments; the interface of soils/porewater decide the biovalidity of the soils; and the interface of soils/plant decide theabsorption and utilization of livings. The interface reaction can be prevented throughchanging the environmental conditions of interfaces, which help to afford referenceframe for environmental restore.
(12) The interaction of different mediums pictured the transportation model ofexposition from deposits and releasing, transportation, transform and end-result insurface environment. The transportation of heavy metals from mining area formedheavy metals accumulation around mining area and lower reaches, produced moreecological press. The heavy metals transport to plants and animals through food chainand to human at last, harm life health and ecological safe.
Inclued among the main initial points of the studyare that:
(1) Select the Dabaoshan Mine which has caused severe hazard, and isspecifically typical as studied subject, to reveal the geochemical environmental effectsof mining activities, and thus provide a model to study metal sulfide mine andenvironmental restore in warm and humid areas.
(2) Analyze the ecosystem of Dabaoshan Mine, revealing the direct relationshipof pollutions and mine elements, the pollution of Cd is relation with high backgroundvalue especially.
(3) Reveal the interaction of different mediums, and pictured that the fourreaction interfaces control ecological environmental geochemical transportation ofheavy metals releasing and transportation from tailings to ecological system. Theinterface of tailings/water decide the releasing of heavy metals from main source oftailing; the interface of water/sediments decide the equilibrium of precipitation andreleasing between water and sediments; the interface of soils/pore water decide thebiovalidity of the soils; and the interface of soils/plant decide the absorption andutilization of livings. The interface reaction can be prevented through changing theenvironmental conditions of interfaces, which help to afford reference frame forenvironmental restore.
本研究对大宝山矿区及其下游临区进行了系统的野外考察和采样,并在实验室较全面分析了尾矿库尾砂、采选废水、尾矿库积水、河流水、河流沉积物、土壤、可食用叶菜类蔬菜等样品;评估重金属在不同环境介质中的污染程度及潜在风险,揭示重金属在不同环境体系中的存在形态及释放、迁移、转化规律,深入剖析该矿山开发的环境地球化学效应以及重金属的生态地球化学迁移过程等。
本研究取得以下主要结论和认识:
(1)尾砂库堆放的尾砂是下游酸性废水形成和重金属释放的主要源头。尾砂中含有大量的黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物矿物,其重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn含量分别高达637.40、5330.37、17.76、421.12、61.15、67.54、1580.24 mg/kg。它们的形态分布以残渣态和铁锰氧化态为主,其次是可交换态、碳酸盐态和有机态,后三种形态具有较强的活化迁移潜力,Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu这三种形态分别占总量的40%、20%、40%和32%。
(2)受尾砂库外排酸性废水的影响,大宝山流域水体具有低的pH值、高的SO42-和重金属含量特点,且SO42-和重金属含量与pH值呈负相关。顺向下游地区,水体pH值逐步升高,SO42-和重金属含量降低,明显指示它们与矿山及矿山开发的直接关系。在风化淋滤实验中,尾砂矿物破碎细化,并释放出高浓度的重金属。淋滤初期重金属从硫化物中释放尤其快而多,随时间增加淋滤液的pH值逐渐升高,重金属浓度逐渐降低,呈显著负相关。
(3)沿横石水上游顺流而下,重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu在河水中的含量逐步减低,但均超标(农田灌溉水质标准)。在铁龙河段,Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu超标最高分别达21倍、27倍、62倍、18倍;在槽对坑河段,超标最高分别达10倍、17倍、33倍、13倍;在横石水河段,超标最高分别达7倍、11倍、16倍、4倍。在上坝村,其Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni的超标分别达到7.0倍、5.5倍、16.2倍、4.0倍、2.8倍。
(4)水体的污染评价结果显示,在铁龙河段,重金属单因子污染指数均很高,并以Cd为最,综合污染指数PI表现为重度污染。在槽对坑河段,仍以Cd的污染最重,但整体污染程度低于铁龙河段,综合污染指数PI显示现为中-轻度污染。在横石水河段,单因子污染指数以Pb、Zn、Cd为最高,综合污染指数仍表现为中-轻度污染。相比较,未受矿山污染的太平河、冷水泾、丘屋坝河段,其单因子指数和综合污染指数均显示为未污染。
(5)重金属离子排入下游河流后,部分会发生沉降,并在沉积物中累积。地累积系数显示,沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu都存在不同程度的污染,最严重的Cd甚至达到强-很强污染,Pb、Zn也分别形成了强污染和中-强污染,且上游污染明显重于下游地区。上坝村灌溉主渠Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu也形成中-强污染,仍以Cd为最严重。
(6)农业生态系统受影响最严重是污灌土壤。表层土壤重金属含量普遍高于国家土壤二级标准,但近年来灌溉水源的替代改变了纵向变化格局。地累积系数显示,Cd污染最为严重,污染等级甚至达到强-很强污染,Pb、Zn也分别形成了强污染和中-强污染。上坝村Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu也形成不同程度的污染,仍以Cd为最严重,达到强污染。
(7)在整个流域,土壤重金属单因子污染指数均异常高,仍以Cd最为严重,综合污染指数PI显示为中度污染,内梅罗综合指数PN为重度污染。若以未受矿山废水影响的陈公湾表土为评价基准时,Cd单因子污染贡献有所降低,而Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr则有很大程度的增加,PI和PN仍异常高,分别显示为中度和重度污染,污染情况与河流水体及河流沉积物类似。这表明,污染表征显然和大宝山开采矿种及伴生元素种类有关,但Cd还与当地的高背景密切相关。
(8)重金属可交换态是植物吸收利用主要形态,该区表层土壤具有较高的可交换态含量,并随总量的增加而增加,与土壤pH值表现为负相关。在土壤剖面上,重金属可交换态含量向下迅速降低,并逐渐趋于稳定,应和耕作有关。除Pb在铁龙库口、水楼下村和上坝村表层土中,可交换态含量所占比例异常大之外,整个剖面上全部元素均以残渣态和铁锰氧化态为主,可交换态、有机态和碳酸盐态次之。但可交换态、有机态和碳酸盐态生物有效性较高。元素活性以Pb、Cd最高。
(9)重金属在蔬菜中含量与根系土总量未表现出显著相关性,根系土Pb含量未超出国家土壤二级标准,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb却全部超出食品卫生限量标准,超标倍数在1.5~4倍之间;根系土Cd总量超出国家土壤二级标准,但蔬菜并未全部超标。Zn、Cu、Ni则在根系土和蔬菜中均仅有少数样品轻微超标。该地区土壤Pb具有较高的活性,更利于生物的吸收利用。
(10)潜在生态风险评价显示,整个流域存在着高的潜在生态风险,其平均潜在生态风险指数RI为704.9,显示为强风险。上坝村3块水田潜在生态风险指数RI均接近600,近强风险,而其余表层土RI均高于600,为强风险。陈公湾因Cd的拉高,潜在生态风险指数RI达到365.3,显示为中等风险。根系土潜在生态风险指数RI在华屋村、凉桥村、水楼下村显示强风险,上坝村显示为中等风险,风险危害向下游呈降低趋势。
(11)从尾砂向生命系统释放迁移过程的4个重要的反应界面控制了重金属的生态环境地球化学迁移。尾砂/水反应界面,控制重金属从源头尾砂中的释放;水/沉积物反应界面,控制重金属在水体中与河流沉积物的沉淀与释放的平衡;土壤/间隙水溶液界面,控制土壤生物有效性;土壤/植物界面,控制生物对重金属的吸收与利用。通过调节反应界面的环境条件,可以阻止反应的发生,为环境治理修复的提供参考依据。
(12)各介质间的相互作用较好地刻画大宝山矿区因为矿产开采,重金属元素从内生环境中曝露,然后在表生环境中释放、迁移、转化、归宿的迁移模式。矿区重金属元素的迁移,导致了矿区周围及下游地区环境中重金属显著积累,生态压力不断加剧,并以食物链的方式进入植物和动物体内,最后通过多种途径进入人体,危害生命健康和生态安全。
本研究的创新之处主要体现在:
(1)选取危害严重、代表性强的大宝山矿为研究对象,剖析其开发引起的环境地球化学效应,对其它热湿地区金属硫化物矿山研究和污染治理提供示范意义。
(2)对大宝山矿生态系统进行深入剖析,揭示大宝山周边及下游地区的污染表征与矿山开采矿种及伴生元素种类有关,且Cd还与当地的高背景密切相关。
(3)剖析重要介质间的相互作用,揭示尾砂/水界面、河底沉积物/水界面、土壤/间隙水溶液界面及土壤/植物界面等4个重要界面交互作用控制重金属从矿山尾砂向生命系统转移的生态环境地球化学迁移图像:尾砂/水反应界面,决定重金属从源头尾砂中的释放;水/沉积物反应界面,决定重金属在水体中与河流沉积物的沉淀与释放的平衡;土壤/间隙水溶液界面,决定土壤生物有效性;土壤/植物界面,决定生物对重金属的吸收与利用。通过调节反应界面的环境条件,可以阻止反应的发生,为环境治理修复的提供参考依据。
The acid mine drainage(AMD), solid wastes and heavy metals produced incourse of mining activities are included among major environmental hazards. TheDabaoshan Mine is a Fe-Cu polymetallic sulfide deposits famous for its giant scale. Itis located in warm and humid area of South China. It is specifically typical inenvironmental effects of sulfide mine and mining activities. It is responsible for thepresent situation of the Shangbacun village which is situated in the lower reaches ofthe mine and famous for its nickname“cancer village”and“poverty village”.Symptom of“Itai-Itai disease”also appears in the village.The present study carries systemic field investigations and sampling around themining area and lower reaches of the mine and the revolved Hengshishui river, andanalyzes the chemical contents of mine tailings, the waste water of mining and milling,water system, river sediments, soil and edible leaf vegetables. The species of heavymetals and its mechanisms of releasing, transportation and transform are alsodiscussed,with assessment of the degree of pollution and potential risk in differentenvironmental media, as well as the geochemical environmental effects of miningactivities. A ecological and geochemical transportation model of heavy metals isproposed at the end.
It is concluded that:
(1) The tailings are the main source of the AMD forming and heavy metalreleasing. They include a great number of sulfide minerals, and are rich in heavymetals. The concentration of heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn is up to 637.40,5330.37, 17.76, 421.12, 61.15, 67.54, 1580.24 mg/kg respectively. The Fe-Mn oxides and the residuals are main species, and the other species (exchangeable, carbonates,organics) is respectively 40%, 20%, 40 % and 32% of the total.
(2) The water system is characterized by low pH value and high heavy metalsand SO42- concentrations, and negative correlation between the heavy metals and theSO42- concentrations. The heavy metals and SO42- gradually decrease in concentrationwhile the pH value increases from the upper to the lower reaches, which indicates thedirect relationship of pollutions and mining activities. The tailing minerals are crushedand releasing high concentrations heavy metals in the experiment of weathering andeluviating. The high heavy metals concentrations and releasing speed in early timewas decreasing along with increasing experiment times, it is negative correlationbetween the increasing pH value and decreasing concentrations of heavy metals ineluviating solution.
(3)The concentrations of Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu in river water is decreasing graduallyfrom upper to lower reaches, but they all exceed the irrigation water quality standard21, 27, 62, 18 times in Tielong reaches, and that is 10, 17, 33, 13 times in Caoduikengreaches, and 7, 11, 16, 4 times in Hengshishui reaches and 7.0, 5.5, 16.2, 4.0 times inShangbacunVillage.
(4) The results of water assessment show that the single pollution indexes arevery high, and that of Cd is highest, the compositive pollution index (PI) is heavypollution in Tielong reaches. The pollution of Caoduikeng reaches and Hengshishuireaches are similar to the Tielong reaches, but degree of pollution is lower, the PIpresent middle-light pollution. The single pollution indexes and compositive pollutionindex (PI) inTaipinghe, Lengshuijing and Qiuwuba are all non-pollution.
(5) The part of heavy metals of water precipitated and accumulated in sediments.the geoaccumulation index present different level pollution of Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu, and theupper reaches is higher than the lower reaches. The pollution level of Cd isstrong-very strong and that of Pb and Zn is strong and middle-strong respectively. Thesimilar pollution level is in irrigation trench in Shangbacun village.
(6) The soils were polluted heavily in agricultural ecosystem. The concentrationof heavy metals exceeded the national soil secondary standard, but the variety inprofile was changed by new water source for irrigation in recent years. Thegeoaccumulation index present the pollution level of Cd is up to strong-very strong,that of Pb and Zn is strong and middle-strong.
(7) In whole drainage area, single pollution indexes of topsoil are highabnormally, and that of Cd is highest, the compositive pollution index (PI) presentsmiddle pollution, and the Nemerow Index (PN) is heavy pollution. The singlepollution indexes of Cd decreased and that of Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr increased, the PIandPN present middle and heavy level pollution respectively when the assessment is baseof the heavy metals concentrations of Chengongwan. The characteristics of pollutionare similar to the water and sediments of river which indicated the direct relationshipof pollutions and mine elements obviously. But the pollution of Cd is relation withhigh background value especially.
(8) The heavy metals exchangeables are the main species absorbed by plants.The exchangeables concentrations of all topsoils are high and increasing with the totalconcentrations. The exchangeables decrease downwards profiles and present negativecorrelation with the change of pH value in profiles. The residuals and Fe-Mn oxidesspecies are large amount of totals except Pb in Tielong dam and Shuilouxiacun andShangbacun village, but the biovalidity of exchangeables and carbonates and organicsare high.The mobilityof Pb and Cd are strong.
(9) Obvious correlation of concentration did not present between rhizospheresoils and vegetables. Pb concentration of rhizosphere soils did not exceed the nationalsoil secondary standard but the Pb of vegetables exceeded the food hygiene limitstandard. Cd of rhizosphere soils all exceeded the national soil secondary standard;Cd of vegetables exceeded the food hygiene limit standard. Only a few of Zn, Cu, Niof rhizosphere soils and vegetables exceeded standard. Pb mobility of soils is strongand absorbed byplant easilyin local.
(10) Potential risk index (RI) assessment shows that potential ecological risk isstrong in whole drainage area. The average RI of three Shangbacun topsoil approachto 600 which present strong risk, the others are strong risk which RI exceeded 600.The RI is middle risk in Chengongwan because high Cd pollution. The RI ofrhizosphere soils are strong risk in Huawucun, Liangqiaocun and Shuilouxiacunvillage, and that of Shangbacun village is middle risk, the risk level decreasesgraduallyfrom upper to lower reaches.
(11) The four reaction interfaces of releasing and transportation from tailings toecological system control ecological environmental geochemical transportation ofheavy metals. The interface of tailings/water decide the releasing of heavy metals from main source of tailing; the interface of water/sediments decide the equilibrium ofprecipitation and releasing between water and sediments; the interface of soils/porewater decide the biovalidity of the soils; and the interface of soils/plant decide theabsorption and utilization of livings. The interface reaction can be prevented throughchanging the environmental conditions of interfaces, which help to afford referenceframe for environmental restore.
(12) The interaction of different mediums pictured the transportation model ofexposition from deposits and releasing, transportation, transform and end-result insurface environment. The transportation of heavy metals from mining area formedheavy metals accumulation around mining area and lower reaches, produced moreecological press. The heavy metals transport to plants and animals through food chainand to human at last, harm life health and ecological safe.
Inclued among the main initial points of the studyare that:
(1) Select the Dabaoshan Mine which has caused severe hazard, and isspecifically typical as studied subject, to reveal the geochemical environmental effectsof mining activities, and thus provide a model to study metal sulfide mine andenvironmental restore in warm and humid areas.
(2) Analyze the ecosystem of Dabaoshan Mine, revealing the direct relationshipof pollutions and mine elements, the pollution of Cd is relation with high backgroundvalue especially.
(3) Reveal the interaction of different mediums, and pictured that the fourreaction interfaces control ecological environmental geochemical transportation ofheavy metals releasing and transportation from tailings to ecological system. Theinterface of tailings/water decide the releasing of heavy metals from main source oftailing; the interface of water/sediments decide the equilibrium of precipitation andreleasing between water and sediments; the interface of soils/pore water decide thebiovalidity of the soils; and the interface of soils/plant decide the absorption andutilization of livings. The interface reaction can be prevented through changing theenvironmental conditions of interfaces, which help to afford reference frame forenvironmental restore.
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